Abantu bavame ukuthi wonke umlimi olungileyo kufanele abe nenqwaba yomquba. Ukukhiqizwa komquba wakho awudingi amakhono akhethekile noma imizamo evela kubalimi kanye nezindleko cishe zamahhala. Ngaphezu kwalokho, ngokungangabazeki konga amandla, imali nesikhathi sokuthengwa kwamanye umanyolo, ukuchelela ukhula, kanye nokususwa kukadoti, ngoba imfucuza engadini nekhishi izohamba ngqo nenqwaba yomquba. Ake sibheke ukuthi uzoqala kuphi.
© Mosepors
Izindleko (kusuka ku-lat. I-Compositus - indawo) - Umanyolo we-organic ovela ekubumbeni kwezinto ezihlukahlukene ze-organic ngaphansi kwethonya lomsebenzi wezinto eziphilayo ezincane.
Lapho kwenziwa umquba ezintweni eziphilayo, okuqukethwe kwezakhi zomzimba ezitholakala ezitshalweni kuyanda (i-nitrogen, i-phosphorus, i-potassium nezinye) amaqanda we-pathogenic kanye ne-helminth amaqanda awatatanyiswa, inani le-cellulose, i-hemicellulose kanye nezinto ze-pectin ziyancipha (zibangela ukuguquguquka kwezindlela ezincibilikisayo ze-nitrogen yenhlabathi ne-phosphorus ezinhlotsheni zezinto eziphilayo ezingancishiswa izitshalo), Umanyolo uyekelela, okwenza ukuthi ukusebenza kwawo kusebenze emhlabathini.
Izindleko zisetshenziselwa zonke izilimo, cishe kumthamo ofanayo nomquba (1.5-4 kg / sq.m). Zilethwa ngezimbhangqwana (okusho ukuthi zibasakaze ngensimu esanda kulinywa, ngokwesibonelo, ngaphambi kokutshala amazambane), ngaphansi kokulima ubusika nokulima, emigodini lapho kutshalwa izithombo. Ukwenza umquba akukho ngaphansi komquba ngokuya ngezakhiwo zokufaka umanyolo, futhi ezinye zazo (ngokwesibonelo, i-peat moss ngefulawa ye-phosphorite) iyadlula.
© Malene
Zuza
Umquba wegadi muhle futhi unenzuzo ngomqondo wonke. Kwizitshalo, umquba owethulwe enhlabathini ungumanyolo omuhle kakhulu we-organic, ogcwele izinto zokulandela kanye ne-humus ebalulekile. Ngomhlabathi - indawo yemvelo, indlela yokuthuthukisa ukwakheka kwenhlabathi, enomthelela wokukhulula nomswakama. Isabalaliswa enhlabathini engaphezulu, umquba yinhlanganisela enhle kakhulu yezitshalo evimbela ukukhula kokhula futhi isize ukugcina umswakama ezimpandeni zezitshalo. Izakhamizi ezihlala engadini ziyayithanda inqwaba yomquba. Leli “igumbi lokudlela” elihle kakhulu lezinyoni nezilwane ezincane ezingavikeleki, kanye nendawo yokuhlala eningi nokuzalaniswa kwama-earthworms, wona (kanye namagciwane kanye nesikhunta) empeleni okubolayo into eyenziwe ngezinto eziphilayo, kukhiqiza umquba.
Lapho ukhiqiza umquba wakho wengadi, asikho isidingo sokushisa imfucuza engadini, amaqabunga amadala, iphepha, ukufakwa kanye nekhadibhodi, kunoshevu umkhathi ozungezile nomakhelwane ngentuthu.. Akunasidingo sokuthenga umanyolo wokwenziwa kanye nenhlabathi esezingeni eliphezulu engadini. Bekungeke kube ukweqisa ukusho ukuthi ukukhiqizwa nokusetshenziswa komquba wethu kusiza kakhulu impilo yomlimi futhi kunomthelela ekuvikeleni imvelo. Ukutshala izingadi ngaphandle kokungcola kanye nokusebenzisa umanyolo engadini esikhundleni somanyolo wamakhemikhali ayingozi futhi abizayo kuyizici ezibalulekile zomqondo wokulima ingadi.
Izici zezemvelo ezithinta ukubola kwezinto eziphilayo
Ukuwohloka kwezinto eziphilayo kuthonywa yizici eziningi, zazo ezintathu eziphambili okufanele zihlukaniswe:
1. I-oxygen
Ukukhiqizwa komquba kuncike ekutholakaleni komoya-mpilo. Ukubola kwe-aerobic kusho ukuthi ama-microbes asebenzayo esinqwabeni adinga umoya-mpilo, kuyilapho ukubola kwe-anaerobic kusho ukuthi ama-microbes asebenzayo awadingi i-oksijini yempilo nokukhula. Izinga lokushisa, umswakama, usayizi wabantu abangamagciwane, kanye nokutholakala kwezakhi zinquma inani le-oksijini edingekayo lapho kwenziwa umquba.
2. Umswakama
Kuyadingeka ukugcina umswakama omningi ku-inqwaba yomquba (umquba), kepha kuyadingeka ukunikeza ukufinyeleleka komoya kwamagciwane we-aerobic. Izinto ezahlukahlukene zinomthamo ohlukile wokufaka amanzi, futhi ngaleyo ndlela zinqume inani lamanzi adingekayo lapho kwenziwa umquba. Isibonelo, izinto zokhuni kanye ne-fiber ezifana ne-bark, sawdust, shavings, hay noma utshani zibamba umswakama ongamaphesenti angama-75-85. Umanyolo oluhlaza, njengotshani notshani nezitshalo, ungabamba umswakama wamaphesenti angama-50-60.
Okuqukethwe okungaphansi komswakama lapho kuboniswa khona imisebenzi yama -organorganis ngamaphesenti ayi-12-15, okuphezulu kungama-60-70%. Ngokusobala, ukwehlisa umswakama wesisindo somquba kumquba, kuncipha kancane inqubo yokwakheka komquba. Isipiliyoni sikhombisile ukuthi umswakama ungaba yisici esinqunyelwe uma sehla ngaphansi kuka-45-50%.
3. Ukushisa
Ukushisa yinto ebalulekile yokwenza umquba. Amazinga okushisa aphansi angaphandle ebusika anciphisa inqubo yokubola, kanti amazinga okushisa afudumele ehlobo asheshisa inqubo. Ezinyangeni ezifudumele zonyaka, umsebenzi we-micobiological omkhulu ngaphakathi kwenqwaba yomquba uholela ekwakhekeni komquba emazingeni okushisa aphezulu kakhulu. Imicrobes ebolayo i-organics ihlukaniswe izigaba ezimbili eziyinhloko: i-mesospheric, lezo ezihlala futhi zikhulele emazingeni okushisa ayi-10 ° C - 45 ° C, kanye ne-thermophilic, lezo ezikhula ngempumelelo emazingeni okushisa angaphezu kuka-45 ° C. Inqwaba yomquba iningi lezigaba zokuqala lihamba esigabeni se-thermophilic. Kulesi sigaba, izinto eziphilayo zidalwa amanzi ngokushesha, futhi zidinga ukuthi zigcinwe njalo zimanzi futhi zingena umoya. Izinga lokushisa ngaphakathi kwenqwaba yomquba likhuphukela kuma-60-70 ° C, okunomthelela ekubandezelweni kwegesi okubandayo kwezinto ezibonakalayo. Kuleli zinga lokushisa, imbewu yokhula kanye nezinto eziningi ezincane ze-pathogenic (phytopathogenic) ziyachithwa. Kodwa ungakhohlwa ukuthi uma umphumela onjalo utholakala, inani elanele lezinto eziphilayo liyadingeka.
Isigaba esilandelayo senzeka emazingeni okushisa angaba ngu-40 ° C, kuyilapho ezinye izinto ezincane ezihamba phambili futhi ukubola okuphelele kwezinto zokwenziwa.
Esigabeni sokugcina sokubumba komquba, izinga lokushisa laso lilingana namazinga okushisa asele, iphunga lomhlaba livela phezu kwenqwaba. Okuqukethwe kusetshenzelwa ku-humus.
Indlela elula futhi ngasikhathi sinye esisebenzayo yokusheshisa inqubo yokuvuthwa komquba ukufaka ama-bacterium akhethekile e-biomass esigaba sokuqala sokulungiselela.
Kulokhu, okokuqala, ama-microorganisms akhethwe ngokukhethekile aqala ukucubungula ngokushesha ngokushesha nangejubane elikhulu, futhi okwesibili, iphunga lotshani kanye namanye amakha angathandeki anyamalala.
© Solipsist
Indlela esheshayo yokwenza umquba
Uma ugoqoza amagxolo, amagatsha ezihlahla, okhonela utshani, amaqabunga ... nokuthi yini enye efikayo engadini, bese uyishiya isikhashana ekhoneni elisecaleni (ukuze ungabhubhisi umbono), bese ekugcineni konke lokhu ngolunye usuku ukubola bese kuphenduka umquba osezingeni eliphezulu. Kuzothatha iminyaka eminingana le nqubo. Le yindlela ebizwa ngokuthi eyenziwe kancane (ebandayo) yokwenza umkhiqizo womquba.
Ngokuphambene nalokho, indlela esheshayo (eshisayo) ithatha izinyanga ezingaba ngu-3-6 futhi inikezwa yizimo ezimbalwa ezibalulekile: ukufinyeleleka komoya, i-nitrogen, umswakama kanye nokushisa (izinga lokushisa kuzinqwaba ezinkulu zomquba womquba zingafinyelela ku +85 C!).
1. Uzodinga ipulangwe noma ipulasitiki yokwakhiwa komquba, efakwe endaweni eqokiwe. Izinzuzo zesakhiwo sokhuni sokokukhiqiza umquba ukuthi ivumela umoya ukuba udlule futhi ugcinwe umoya omncane. Umklamo onjalo ungathengwa esikhungweni segadi noma uzenzele wena. Ngenqubo ephumelelayo, ivolumu yesakhiwo sokhuni kumele okungenani ibe ngu-1 m3 (1x1x1). Umgqomo wepulasitiki wona ugcina ukushisa kahle futhi kuselula, ungasetshenziswa ezindaweni ezahlukahlukene engadini. Noma yiluphi uhlelo lomquba kufanele lube nendawo yokuvula ephezulu noma eseceleni (amanye amabhasikidi epulasitiki awanawo phansi noma lo mgodi uyasuswa) ukufinyeleleka kalula komquba owenziwe ngomumo.
2. Beka ezansi cishe ngo-10 cm wezinto ezihlanganayo - utshani, utshani, amahlumela noma amagatsha akhula ngesihlahla sonwele. Lokhu kuyadingeka ukuze kuqinisekiswe ukuthi kudonswa amanzi futhi kufinyelela emoyeni.
3. Beka izinto zomquba ekushintshanisweni kwezendlalelo. Isibonelo, kusendlalelo yemifino noma yemfucumfucu yezithelo, faka ungqimba lwephepha elinwetshisiwe, bese kuba ungqimba oluncane lotshani obelukhuni, bese kuba ungqimba lwezinto ezibunjiwe ngonyaka, bese kuba ungqimba lwamaqabunga wonyaka odlule nokunye. Kubalulekile ukuthi izingqimba eziluhlaza ("ezimanzi nezithambile") zihambelane nezendlalelo ezinsundu ("ezomile nezilukhuni") - lokhu kuzonikeza umoya omncane, kusheshise inqubo, futhi ngokuzayo - ukuthungwa okuhle komquba okuqediwe. Ungalokothi ucindezele noma uhlanganise okuqukethwe, lokhu kuzophazamisa ukubumbana.
4. Ngaphezulu kwesendlalelo ngasinye, ungangeza umhlaba omncane noma umquba obolile kuma-herbivores ukusheshisa inqubo yokubumba.. Esikhungweni sezingadi, kuthengiswa “ama-accelerators” akhethekile okwakha umquba, ungawasebenzisa. Ama-Catalysts for the decomposition reaction nawo asikiwe utshani obusha kanye nezinsumpa eziqoqa i-nitrogen ohlelweni lwazo lwezimpande. Thuthukisa kakhulu ikhwalithi yezitshalo zomquba eziqediwe ezicebile ezintweni eziwusizo: i-nettle, comfrey, yarrow, dandelion nabanye.
5. Gcina uhlelo lwakho lokukhiqiza lomquba lubhekwe ngaphezulu ukuze ulondoloze izinga lomswakama ofanele futhi ulondoloze ukushisa. Obhasikidi beplastiki bavame ukuba nabaphezulu, futhi ngokhuni olwenziwe ekhaya ungasebenzisa ukugoqa engadini, ucezu lwesigodlo sakudala noma okunye. Izinga lokushisa elifanelekile lokukhiqiza umquba ngu +55 C.
6. Ngezikhathi ezithile, okuqukethwe kufanele kuguqulwe ukuze kuvunyelwe umoya ungene ku-compost ewumphumela.
Ama-compost we-Rotary ayinto esungulwe kamuva nje.. Izakhiwo ezinjalo zivumela umquba ukuba wenziwe ngesikhathi esifushane (ngokusho kwabakhiqizi emavikini ama-2) ngenxa yokuhanjiswa ngokulinganayo kwezinto kanye nokushisa ngaphakathi esitsheni. Umgcini wegadi uyadingeka kuphela ukushintshanisa isakhiwo kabili ngosuku, okungekho nzima ukukwenza ngosizo lwesibambo esikhethekile. Umthamo wale modeli ngamalitha angama-340.
7. Esimweni sezulu esomile (ezinhlelweni ezivulekile ze-boardwalk) noma lapho izinto ezinsundu zande khona okuqukethwe yinqwaba yomquba, umswakama womquba odingekayo kufanele ugcinwe ngokunisela. Vikela ukungahambi kwamanzi emanzini ohlelweni lomquba, lokhu kuzophazamisa inqubo yokubola.
8. Amakha angathandeki avela kokuqukethwe kubhasikidi womquba akhombisa ukuthi kukhona okuphukile futhi inqubo ihamba kabi. Ukuhogela kwe-ammonia (ammonia) noma amaqanda abolile kukhombisa inani lezinto eziqukethe i-nitrogen (okuluhlaza okotshani) kule nqwaba yomquba nokuntuleka komoya-mpilo. Kulokhu, kumele kufakwe izinto ze-carbon-aqukethe (ansundu).
Uma wenze konke kahle, khona-ke ngemuva kwezinyanga ezimbalwa okuqukethwe inqwaba yomquba kufanele kube nombala onsundu nephunga elisha elimnandi lomhlaba - izimpawu zokuthi umquba wakho ulungele ukusetshenziswa engadini. Uma ugcwalise uhlelo kancane kancane (okungenzeka ukuthi kukhiqizwe ngokuqhubekayo), lapho-ke kufanele uqale ukhethe umanyolo ophelile kusuka phansi. Izendlalelo eziphakeme ngaleyo ndlela ziyohamba phansi, zikhulule isikhala sendawo entsha.
© Panphage
Leaf humus
Amahlamvu alahlwe izihlahla nezihlahla, ukubola, kuyacebisa inhlabathi nge-humus. Ukulungiselela i-humus yamaqabunga, kufanelekile ukusebenzisa ibhokisi le-mesh (elifana ne-compost), ungqimba ngalunye lwamahlamvu angama-13-20 cm obukhulu luxutshwa nesisombululo se-ammonium sulfate. Ekwindla, izingqimba zamahlamvu kanye nomanyolo zibekwa nezikhwama ezimnyama, ezenziwe ngamafutha (ukuze kutholakale umoya), ezingathathi isikhala esiningi. Izikhwama ezihlanganisiwe zishiyelwa ekhoneni elikude lensimu, bese kuthi entwasahlobo kube namafomu ama-humus kuzo. Amaqabunga ashiywe ekhreyini elivulekile emoyeni athatha isikhathi eside ukubola. Okwakhiwa komquba, amaqabunga awo noma yiziphi izihlahla ezihlahlamelayo nezihlahlana. Amaqabunga esihlahla sendiza, i-popula ne-maple abola isikhathi eside kunamaqabunga e-oki ne-beech. Amaqabunga e-evergreens awalungele ukwenza ama-humus. I-Leaf humus ifakwe enhlabathini noma isetshenziswe njenge-mulch.
Kusetshenziswa Umquba
Ebhokisini elenziwe ngendlela efanele futhi eligcwalisiwe kahle, umquba awudingi i-tedding, ngoba impahla vele ibunjiwe kahle.. Entwasahlobo nasehlobo, ukuvuthwa kushesha ukwedlula ekwindla nasebusika. Lapho ulala ngesimo sezulu esifudumele, umquba ulungele ukusetshenziswa kungakapheli izinyanga eziyisithupha. Isimo senqwaba siyabhekwa ngezikhathi ezithile futhi, uma kungenzeka, umquba ovuthiwe ukhishwa kusisekelo. Umquba wokuqedelwa unombala onsundu kanye nesakhiwo esigoqeke kahle. Izinto ezingavalwanga zisebenza njengesisekelo sokubeka inqwaba elandelayo. I-mulching yenziwa kuphela ngomquba osuvuthwe kahle, ngoba imbewu ekhula kahle enengca ekwazi ukuhluma ingagcinwa. Umquba ufakwa emhlabathini ngesikhathi sokutshala ekwindla nasebusika ngesilinganiso esingu-5.5 kg / m2.
Yini engena komquba:
Imfucuza yasendlini:
- Imifino eluhlaza, izithelo, okusanhlamvu, itiye lekhofi
- Ukudla okuphekwe kwesokunxele (ohlelweni oluvaliwe)
- Imfucuza yenyama (ohlelweni oluvaliwe)
- Izinkuni zomhlaba ezingabunjiwe
- Hhay, utshani
- Umlotha wezinkuni
- Umquba ngaphezulu we-herbivores
- Umquba omusha we-herbivores (ngezinqwaba ezisheshayo)
- Iphepha lemvelo elihlanganisiwe (ama-napkins, izikhwama, ukufakwa, amakhadibhodi)
- Izindwangu zemvelo ezabiwe
Imfucuza engadini:
- Amagatsha Amancanyana emva kwezihlahla nezihlahla
- Amagatsha amancanyana ahlukaniswa engcebeni engadini, ukhuni, amagxolo nezimpande
- Ngonyaka odlule (isigamu sesivuthiwe) sihamba
- Gunda utshani otshanini
- Ukhula oluncane
- Ulwandle noma ulwelwe lwamanzi amasha
- Enye imfucuza engadini yendalo
Yini engayi komquba:
Imfucuza yasendlini:
- Amathambo amakhulu enyama futhi anzima
- Indlu yangasese
- Amalahle
Imfucuza engadini:
- Amaqabunga omile wesizini yamanje
- Izihlahla ezihlala ziluhlaza
- Izimbali zokhula nezimbali zisetshenziswa
- Izifo ezithinteka yizifo nezinambuzane
- Izinambuzane, amaqanda abo nezibungu
- Ukungcola ngemuva kokusebenzisa i-herbicides (ngaphandle kokuthi kuboniswe ngenye indlela ngumenzi we-herbicide)
Ilinde izeluleko zakho!
