Ukutshala ngempumelelo izithombo ezinempilo kudinga imikhuba efanele yezolimo. Uma umsebenzi wenziwa kahle, ngokuya ngezidingo zobuchwepheshe bokutshala nokunakekela, khona-ke izithombo ezikhulayo ziyinqubo elula futhi nezinto zokutshala zitshalelwe indawo enempilo ngokuphelele. Kepha kuyenzeka futhi ukuthi amahlumela anempilo, anobungane aqala ukubuna futhi emva kwezinsuku ezingama-1-3 izithombo ziyafa ngokuphelele.
Izithombo ezishisayo zepepper.
Izizathu zingaba ukulimala okungatheleleki ezitshalweni ezihambisana nokuphulwa kwezidingo zobuchwepheshe bezolimo emasikweni akhula ezimweni ezikhulayo (ukukhanyisa okunganele, izinga lokushisa eliphansi, umswakama ophakeme, ukweqisa ngokweqile, njll.) Futhi, ngenxa yalokho, kulimala izithombo ezibuthakathaka ngokutheleleka kwenhlabathi ngendlela yezifo zokukhunta kanye namagciwane ngomlenze omnyama, ukubola nabanye. Le ndatshana inikelwe ukuthi ungazigwema kanjani izifo eziba yisithombo esidalwa ngamaphutha akhula, ukuthi ungawunqoba kanjani umlenze omnyama nezinye izifo.
Imithetho elula yokukhulisa izithombo ezinempilo
Izinyathelo ze-Agrotechnical zivimbela ikakhulukazi, kepha uma lezi zinyathelo ezilula zingalandelwa, kuzoba nzima kakhulu ukukhulisa izithombo ezinempilo.
1. Ukubulala magciwane ingxube yenhlabathi yezithombo
Ukubulala amagciwane kwenhlabathi kanye nokuxuba lapho kukhula izithombo ezitsheni, emabhodweni, kumakhasethi nakwezinye izitsha kufanele kwenziwe njengesilinganiso sokuphoqelelwa kwe-agrotechnical.
Sikucebisa ukuthi ufunde impahla yethu: Ungayilungisa kanjani inhlabathi yezithombo?
Uma ungakhange ukwazi ukungcwelisa ingxube yenhlabathi ngaphambili, ungayibulala amagciwane ngaphambi kokuhlwanyela imbewu usebenzisa enye yezindlela eziphakanyisiwe noma eyakho yokuqala.
- Inhlabathi elungiselelwe ithulwe ngamanzi abilayo, lapho i-potassium permanganate ichithwa khona (isixazululo esingu-1-2%). Kungakapheli izinsuku ezingama-2-3, inhlabathi eyachitheka ixubene, yomiswe. Ngemuva kwezinsuku ezintathu, phinda inqubo ngesisombululo se-soda. Dissolve 100 g we-baking soda ku-10 l wamanzi. Lapho wenza ukwamukela ngakunye, inhlabathi iyoma futhi ixutshwe.
- Emavikini lamabili ngaphambi kokuhlwanyela imbewu, ingxube yenhlabathi iphathwa ngomunye wemikhiqizo yezinto eziphilayo: i-planriz, phytosporin, isivuno se-Ekomik, iBaikal EM-1 ngokusho kwezincomo.
- Ngaphambi kokuhlwanyela, ungaphatha inhlabathi nge-Bordeaux liquid (1% solution) noma nge-zethusi sulfate (solution eyi-0.5%). Ukuqoqwa kwezixazululo kufanele kube okuphansi ukuze kungashisi izimpande ezincane ngesikhathi sezithombo.
Ngemuva kwazo zonke izinqubo zokubulala amagciwane, ingxube yenhlabathi yomile, igcwele iziqukathi, iniselwa ngamanzi afudumele afudumele ku-24 ° C futhi ihlwanyele enhlabathini emanzi.
Kuyabonakala. Izithombo ezikhulelwe emabhodweni we-peat nakumakhasethi epulasitiki empeleni aziguli ngomlenze omnyama.
2. Ukulondolozwa kwenhlabathi engathathi hlangothi
Imvelo ye-Acidic ilungele ukuthuthukiswa kwezifo zokukhunta kwenhlabathi. Ngakho-ke, ngaphambi kokuhlwanyela imbewu yezithombo, kubalulekile ukuhlola inhlabathi nge-acidity (iphepha le-litmus). Okuhle kubhekwa njenge-pH = 6.0-6.5. Ukunciphisa inhlabathi usebenzisa isikhunta, ufulawa we-dolomite, umlotha wokhuni. Indawo engathathi hlangothi ibaluleke kakhulu kuzithombo. Ngokunyuka kwe-acidity yenhlabathi, ezinye izakhi zomzimba zitholakala zingafinyeleleki ezitshalweni. Abanye abalimi balima inhlabathi ngaphansi kwezithombo ngomlotha owomile ngokufakwa kwesihlabathi, bagcina ukungathathi hlangothi kwenhlabathi futhi ngasikhathi sinye bome ngomswakama ngokweqile.
3. Ukuhambisana nobuningi bezithombo ezime kanye nezithombo
Ekhishini lokugcina ukushisa ngaphezulu kwezindawo ezinkulu, ukuhlwanyelwa kufanele kwenziwe ngesilinganiso esinconyiwe, hhayi ukubumbana ubukhulu bezitshalo. Amahlumela obukhulu obukhulu bezithombo angabulawa ngokuhlwula izitshalo ezibuthakathaka: ungakhumuli bese uphonsa isithombo esibuthakathaka ezingeni lomhlabathi.
Izithombo ezinamanzi zakha i-microclimate yazo enomswakama futhi zivuse ukukhula kwe-mycelium ye-pathogenic. Lapho izithombo ezinwebekile zishiya ibanga phakathi kwezithombo eziyi-1.5-2 cm, ezizonikeza umoya omncane nokukhanya okwanele kokukhula ngakunye. Lapho uhlwanyela izithombo ezitsheni ezihlukile, kungcono ukuhlwanyela imbewu emibili ngayinye, futhi ngemuva kokuhluma, khipha isitshalo esibuthakathaka (futhi ngokunamathisela).
4. Ukuhambisana nokubusa komoya nomoya womhlabathi
Njengomthetho, izitshalo ezitshalwa ngezithombo zithanda ukushisa. Ngakho-ke, ukugcinwa okuqinile kwezinga elidingekayo lokushisa komoya kanye nenhlabathi kuyadingeka. Ukuhluma kwembewu kuqala kumazinga okushisa komoya ebangeni + 16 ... + 18 ° С, kodwa izithombo zivela kakhulu lapho umoya ufudumala ufike + 25 ... + 30 ° С, kuye ngesitshalo. Ngokushesha ngemuva kokuqhuma okukhulu, izinga lokushisa lomoya kufanele lehliselwe ku + 16 ... + 18 ° C ukuze amahlumela angaluli. Kule modi, izithombo zakha uhlelo lwezimpande ngokushesha. Ngokuzayo, umbuso ofanele wezinhlanyelo zezitshalo eziningi zemifino uhluka phakathi nosuku + 20 ... + 25 ° С, futhi ebusuku + 16 ... + 18 ° С.
Sikweluleka ukuthi unake impahla yethu: Ukugcina izithombo.
Okungabalulekile kangako kuzithombo ukushisa kwenhlabathi. Ukubanda kakhulu, kanye nokushisa ngokweqile, kubangela ukudana kwezitshalo ezisencane. I-optimum engu + 18 ... + 22ºС. Kubaluleke kakhulu ukulondolozela umbuso onjalo wokushisa wenhlabathi ngesikhathi sokumba. Ukwehlisa izinga lokushisa ngezansi kwe-16 +º kuholela ekuwohlokeni kokugeleza kwezakhi namanzi ezitshalweni, futhi izinga lokusinda kwezithombo ezishisiwe liyehla.
Izithombo zikatamatisi5. Ukuhambisana nezimo zokunisela kanye nomswakama
Inhlabathi ngaphansi kwezithombo kufanele ibe nomswakama ngokulinganayo. Nisela izithombo ngamanzi ukufudunyezwa kuze kufinyelele + 20 ° C ekuseni, hhayi kaningi kunezikhathi ezi-1-2 ngesonto, kodwa okungcono ngemuva kokumiswa komhlaba wenhlabathi. Lapho kukhula ekhaya, izithombo ziniselwa ngasemaphethelweni wethangi, endaweni ebamba ukushisa - eceleni kwemisele.
Ezinsukwini zokuqala eziyi-6 ukuya kwezi-10, ukunisela izithombo kwenziwa ukuze amanzi angaweli ezitshalweni. Ukunisela okuvama futhi kuningi kubangela ukubusa komoya kwenhlabathi, umsebenzi wohlelo lwezimpande. Ngaphezu kwalokho, umswakama okhulayo wenhlabathi nomoya kufaka isandla ekukhuleni ngokushesha kwezifo zokukhunta, futhi izithombo ezincane zingafa. Ngakho-ke, ngemuva kokunisela, inhlabathi emanzi kakhulu kufanele yomiswe ngesihlabathi esomile (lokhu kungcono), noma uye ukunisela ngama-pallets.
Ungasebenzisa izingxenyana ezincane ze-peat ephezulu noma i-humus eyomile ukufaka inhlabathi enamanzi. Umswakama ofanele womoya kufanele ugcinwe emazingeni angama-70-75%. Ukwehlisa umswakama womoya, igumbi linomoya, kodwa ngaphandle kokusalungiswa.
6. Ngaphandle kokuchayeka kabusha, ungazitholi izithombo ezisezingeni eliphakeme
Uma izimo zasekhaya zivumela, futhi inani elincane lezithombo liyadingeka, khona-ke iziqukathi zivezwa ewindini ligcwaliswe kahle ukukhanya kwemini. Kepha kwesinye isikhathi, kungakhathalekile ukuthi inani lezithombo selikhulile, kuyadingeka ukungezelela, ikakhulukazi lapho kuhlwanyelwa imbewu ngoJanuwari -Febhuwari.
Kuzithombo, amahora okukhanya anconyiwe okungenani angamahora ayi-12-14 ngosuku, kepha ekuqaleni kwentwasahlobo nobusika, afika ku-50% wesilinganiso sokukhanyisa esidingekayo alethwa ezitshalweni. Ekujuleni kokukhanya okuphansi, izitshalo ziyi-chlorotic, zinwebeka futhi zigobeka zibheke emthonjeni wokukhanya. Ngakho-ke, ukufakwa kufakwa emakamelweni asekhaya nasezindlini zokugcina izithombo ukuhlinzeka ngezithombo ngezinga elidingekayo nokuqina kokukhanyisa, kodwa hhayi ngamalambu okushisa, kodwa abakhethekile ngokukhanya okubandayo.
Izithombo ze-dosing zivame ukwenziwa kusuka ngo-7 a.m kuya ku-20 p.m. Abalimi abaningi basebenzisa i-phytolamp noma i-fluorescent daylight. Njengamanje, abalimi abamba ukushisa okuningi bashintshela kumalambu e-LED. Zikhipha ukukhanya okubomvu nokuhlaza okwesibhakabhaka okuyi-lightra, ethuthukisa ukuthuthukiswa kwezithombo, empeleni ayikhanyi ukushisa futhi kukonga kakhulu ukusetshenziswa kwamandla.
7. Musa ukweqisa izithombo
Lapho uthenga ingxube yenhlabathi eyenziwe ngomumo yezithombo ezikhula ekhaya, awudingi ukufaka umanyolo owengeziwe, ikakhulukazi lawo yi-nitrogen. Uma ingxube yenhlabathi ilungiswa ngokuzimela, izitshalo kuyodingeka zondliwe. Noma ngomxube womhlabathi olungiselelwe kahle, ungakwenza ngaphandle kokufaka umanyolo, ikakhulukazi izilimo ezinezithombo zazo ezinesikhathi esifushane sokuchelela (izinsuku ezingama-27 ukuya kwezi-35).
Izitshalo ezikhula ngokujwayelekile ezinamahlamvu aluhlaza, isiqu esinamandla asidingi ukondliwa okwengeziwe. Ukondliwa kwe-nitrogen okwedlulele kubuhlungu kakhulu kwizithombo. Kubangela ukwelula kwezitshalo nendawo yazo yokuhlala. Iziqu ziba mncane, zilula, zibe nama-internode ende, amaqabunga aba luhlaza ngombala obuhlungu. Ukuwohloka okujwayelekile kwezitshalo kunomthelela ekuthelelekeni kwezitshalo okushesha. Ukugwema ukweqisa, izithombo ngaphambi kokumbila akudingi ukuthi kudliwe.
Izinsuku eziyi-7-16 ngemuva kokukhethwa, ukudla okondlayo nge-kemira, i-nitroammophos, ukumiliselwa komlotha kwenziwa ngokufakwa kwezithuthukisi zokukhula - i-epin, zircon nabanye. Uma izithombo zigcwele i-nitrogen, kungenzeka ukufeza ukunisela okuningi bese ngokushesha kukhipha amanzi epanini, bese ufaka umhlabathi ngesihlabathi esomile ngesendlalelo esingafika ku-2 cm. Ungenza udaka oluncane noma phansi, utshani obunqunyiwe obusezingeni lomhlaba. Amagciwane omhlabathi azoqala ukubola u-fiber bese esebenzisa i-nitrogen ethe xaxa emhlabathini ngalokhu. Ukuze uthuthukise ukulinganisela kokudla ngalesi sikhathi, izitshalo zingafafazwa nge-ferovit (i-iron chelate).
Umlenze omnyama kwizithombo zikagwayi.
Izinyathelo Zokulawula Izifo
Izinyathelo ze-agrochemical ziyindlela esheshayo nethembekile yokuvikela izithombo ekulimaleni kwezifo. Kulezi zifo, izifo ezingathi sína yilezi zilonda ezifweni zokukhunta kanye namagciwane. Umlenze omnyama uyingozi kakhulu kuzithombo. Ubunzima balesi sifo buphakeme kakhulu - kuya ku-epiphytotic. Kungakapheli izinsuku ezingama-2-3, izimpande zezitshalo zithinteka yi-mycelium eningi futhi izithombo ziyafa. Ngakho-ke, kubaluleke kakhulu ukuhambisana nazo zonke izidingo ze-agrotechnical zezithombo ezikhulayo.
Yini efaka isandla ekuthuthukisweni kwemilenze emnyama ezitshalweni?
Naphezu kwawo wonke amalungiselelo okutshala izithombo, ezinye zezinhlaka ezijwayelekile zen fungal spores, noma i-sclerotia, zihlala ziphilile futhi zikwindlela yokuphumula. Anqwabelana enhlabathini, kumfucumfucu wezitshalo, embewini, ezitheni zokhuni zokugcina izithombo. Igciwane elinqwabelene ngaphansi kwezimo ezifanele liqala ukwanda kakhulu. I-mycelium ikhula enhlabathini. Ezingeni lezimpande, ukutheleleka kwezitshalo kuyaqala, okubonakala ngaphandle ngendlela yokutshala nokufakwa kwezithombo. Ukugxila komuntu ngamunye kwezitshalo ezinezifo kuhlangana kube yinkambu eqhubekayo yesikhathi esifushane kunazo zonke. Uma izinyathelo eziphuthumayo zingathathwanga, izithombo zingafa ngokuphelele. Ukuze uvikele izitshalo ngokuphelele, kubalulekile ukwenza umsebenzi we-agrotechnical kanye ne-agrochemical ngokufana.
Izici ezihlukile zokunqotshwa komlenze omnyama
Uma zonke izidingo zobuchwepheshe bezolimo zihlangatshezwa, kepha izithombo zilele ngokwehlukana, okuyisisekelo esikhula ngokushesha, khona-ke izithombo noma izithombo ezincane ziyagula. Uma kwenzeka isifo sinomlenze omnyama, isiqu engxenyeni ye-basal iba mnyama, isifunda esikhulu esimnyama siyabonakala. Lesi sifo sibangelwa izinhlobo eziningana zesikhunta zenhlabathi: ezinye zithinta izithombo zezinsuku zokuqala zokukhula nentuthuko. Izitshalo ezincane eziye zagula ngalesi sikhathi zimnyama, ziba mucous, futhi zibole endaweni lapho i-mycelium ikhula ngaphakathi kwesitshalo (izimpande, intambo yempande, ingxenye engezansi yesithombo). Amanye amaqembu fungal athinta izithombo abadala ukulungele ukutshala. Isifo sakhe sizibonakalisa ngesimo sokuncipha nokubamnyama (kuze kube mnyama) yentamo yezimpande, yomiswa kwengxenye yesifo. Isitshalo asifi, kepha esitshalwe emhlabathini siyagula isikhathi eside futhi amafomu hhayi imikhiqizo enempilo (inhloko yezilimo zeklabishi zithinteka kakhulu).
Yini okufanele uyenze uma izithombo zithola uhlaka olumnyama?
Izinsuku zokuqala zezithombo ngokuvamile azinkcenkceshelwa, ukuze ungacasuli indawo yokuhlala. Uma bekungenakwenzeka ukuvimbela ukuthuthukiswa kwalesi sifo, izitshalo ezinesifo ziyasuswa bese zishiswa. Ingxenye yenhlabathi, lapho izitshalo ezinesifo zazikhona, nayo iyasuswa, futhi indawo iphathwa ngokufakwa umlotha. Ngokuvamile, izixazululo ezinjalo zilungiswa kusengaphambili ukuze ungachithi isikhathi esiyigugu. Hlakaza izinkomishi ezi-2 zomlotha wokhuni kumalitha ayi-2 amanzi abilayo. Phikelela amahora angama-6-7. Hlunga futhi uthele ngamalitha angama-9- 10 wamanzi afudumele. Lesi sixazululo sifafazwa ngezitshalo nangomhlabathi, cishe nge-1 l / sq. m isikwele. Ekhaya, ngaphambi kokufafaza, udinga ukwenza i-tray enezithombo endaweni eyodwa.
Izinsuku ezingama-5-7 ngemuva kwezithombo ezingama-100%, izithombo ziphathwa ngokufafaza kahle ngesixazululo se-humate-EM, esikhulisa kakhulu ukungatheleleki kwezitshalo futhi ngasikhathi sinye zithinte izilokazane. Isixazululo silungiswa ngesilinganiso se-1 cap nge-10 l lamanzi afudumele. Ungasebenzisa amanye amalungiselelo omzimba.
Namuhla, ochwepheshe bahlongoza uhlu olukhulu lwamakhemikhali namalungiselelo we-biochemical asiza ukuvikela izithombo ezifweni ezahlukahlukene, kufaka phakathi umlenze omnyama. Ngezithombo ezikhulayo, kuphephile empilweni yomndeni ukusebenzisa imikhiqizo yemvelo. Zibhubhisa ngempumelelo isikhunta somhlabathi kanye nezifo zokukhunta ezitshalweni futhi azinangozi nakancane kubantu nasezilwaneni ezifuywayo.
Ngokusho kwemiyalo, amalungiselelo we-biofungicidal avumela ukufafazwa okuhleliwe kwezitshalo nenhlabathi kuyo yonke inkathi ekhulayo yezithombo, okuzoyivikela ngokuphelele ezifweni hhayi ngomlenze omnyama kuphela, kodwa futhi nangokubola, i-powdery isikhutha, ukulimala sekwephuzile, i-peronosporosis nezinye izifo. Kusetshenziselwa ukufafaza futhi kufakwe emhlabathini ngokuhambisana nezincomo - alirin-B, phytosporin-M, trichodermin, igamair-SP, phytolavin-300, bactofit, njll.
Indlela ephumelelayo yokulwa nomlenze omnyama iyakhulula futhi ihehe. Ukuyekisa uqweqwe kuzokhulisa ukufinyeleleka kwe-oksijini ezimpandeni, futhi kungabandakanyi izinqubo zokubola. Ezinsukwini ezingama-2-3 ngemuva kwezithombo ezinkulu, amahlumela afakwa ogaxwa ngokucophelela futhi aniselwa besebenzisa izimbobo namafugo. Izithombo kufanele zihlale zomile ngalesi sikhathi.
Ngaphambi kokukhetha izitshalo, ngenhloso yokuvimbela, ingxube yenhlabathi iphathwa ngesibabule se-colloidal ngesilinganiso esingu-5 g nge-skwele ngasinye. m Ungangeza i-crystallon noma i-kemiru ngemithamo emincane kakhulu kwingxube yenhlabathi bese uhlangana kahle. Ifomu elifinyelelekayo kanye nokuba khona kwezinto zokulandela umkhondo kumanyolo kuzosiza izitshalo ngemuva kokuntywila ukujwayela izimo ezintsha. Abanye abalimi, ngaphambi kokukhetha izithombo, ukuze bavikele emlenzeni omnyama, engeza isidakamizwa iBarriers, iBarriers, iFitosporin engxube yenhlabathi futhi uyixube kahle. Izitshalo ngemuva kokulima okunjalo empeleni azinawo umlenze omnyama.
Ukulungiswa kwe-Barrier ne-Barrier, njengoba kuqukethe i-zethusi, kuvimbela hhayi isikhunta nje kuphela, kepha nokutheleleka ngegciwane. Ngakho-ke, kunconywa ukuthi kwethulwe ukuze kuvikelwe izithombo zabantu abadala emlenzeni omnyama ngaphambi kokutshala endaweni ehlala njalo. Ngaphambi kokwehla, amalungiselelo angenhla we-Barrier, Barrier noma ngesisombululo se-phytosporin, trichodermin, i-Planriz angeniswa emithonjeni. Uma kungekho amalungiselelo, khona-ke ngaphambi kokudlulisa izithombo, umthombo ngamunye uthululwa ngosuku olulodwa ngaphambi kokufakelwa ngesisombululo se-1% se-potanganum permanganate.
Ngakho-ke, ukubheka zonke izidingo zobuchwepheshe bezolimo bokutshala izithombo, ungathola into enempilo yokutshala.
Ukunaka! Kumazwana akhulunywa ngalokhu, sikucela ukuthi wabelane ngemfihlo yakho namasu afakazelwe wokukhulisa izithombo ezinempilo.
