IMedlar isihlahla esihle kakhulu, noma esihlahleni sinezithelo ezimnandi, ezidliwayo, kepha ezinzima. Amaqabunga amade aluhlaza amnyama e-medlar, emagatsheni avulekile, angahlobisa noma iyiphi ingadi. Izithelo ze-medlar ziqukethe inani elikhulu lezinto ezidingekayo kumuntu futhi, ngaphezu kwalokho, zinambitheka ngokweqile.
I-Medlar German (Mespilus germanica).
Ekuthengisweni kwezitshalo, ama-medlar angawomndeni opinki (Rosaceae), lapho yabiwa ngohlobo oluhlukile lweMushmula (Mespilus) Uhlobo lufaka izinhlobo ezi-3 ze-medlar, zazo izinhlobo ezidume kakhulu. UMedlar waseJalimane (Mespilus germanica) noma okwejwayelekile.
UMedlar waseJalimane inezimpawu eziningi. Ngakho-ke, i-loquat yaseJalimane eCaucasus ibizwa ngokuthi Caucasian, isihlahla sangempela, i-chishkovym (inkomishi), i-chishka. Kwezinye izindawo, igama lesigaxa, ezgil, njll.
Yize ama-medlar abizwa ngokuthi amaJalimane, izwe langempela lesiko yithambeka lentaba enyakatho ne-Iran, izindawo eziseningizimu naseningizimu-mpumalanga ye-Asia Minor.
I-medlar yaseJalimane - isihlahla esiqobayo esifinyelela ku-4-8 m mude, isikhathi sokuphila kwayo cishe siyiminyaka engama-50. Iheha ngomqhele ohlaza okwesibhakabhaka ongajwayelekile ehlobo futhi, ngenxa yobuhle bayo, inikezwe iqembu lezitshalo ezihlobisayo zokuhlobisa ezisetshenziswa ekuhlobiseni amapaki, amakhona okuphumula emakamelweni ehlobo.
Uhlelo lwezimpande lwe-medlar Germanic luhlotshisiwe, kepha olungaphezulu, lubekwe phezulu kwenhlabathi engaphezulu kwama-60-70 cm, lukhule kahle. Isiqu sesiqondile, amagatsha agobile, akha umqhele osabalalisa kabanzi. Amagxolo esiqu kanye namagatsha anamathambo ansundu. Amagatsha nesiqu sezimo zasendle zinamachaphaza anameva amancane.
E-medlar yaseJalimane emaphethelweni amahlumela ngonyaka owedlule, ifomu lezimbali elilodwa, eliqala ukuqhakaza ngoMeyi - Juni. Izimbali zihlala zenziwa nge-corolla emhlophe noma ebomvana, ifinyelela ku-3 cm ubukhulu. Ifana kakhulu nezimbali ze-quince.
Izithelo ze-medlar yaseJalimane zinomumo oyindilinga owenziwe nge-apula, onobubanzi obungama-2-5 cm. Ngokubukeka, zivame ukufana nezithelo zama-rose okhalweni amakhulu. Isikhumba sezithelo sinombala onsundu ngombala onsundu.
I-pulp yezithelo ezivuthiwe imnandi, imuncu kancane, i-tart enambitheka nge-apula-quince. Kuvunelwe ukudla ngemuva kwesithwathwa sokuqala noma ngaphambili, kubekwe endaweni yokugcina isikhathi eside. Izithelo ezifriziwe zithola ukunambitheka okumnandi futhi ulahlekelwe yi-astringency. Izithelo kumagatsha zihlala kuze kube yilapho kuneqhwa elinamandla, futhi ebusika obuthambile kuze kube sentwasahlobo.
Abanye abalimi baqhathanisa ukunambitha kwepulpothi yezithelo ezivuthiwe neapilesaise futhi bakubize ngokuthi ujamu onephunga egatsheni.
Ukukhula medlar yaseJalimane akudingi amasu akhethekile lapho utshala izithombo futhi unakekela izihlahla.
Ukusabalala kwe-medlar yaseJalimane
Ezimweni zemvelo, i-medlar yaseJalimane ikhula kahle futhi ikhula emazweni anezinhlobo zasehlobo ezishisayo nezifudumele, ezifudumele kancane (ngisho nangcono - ngaphandle kweqhwa) ebusika. Kodwa-ke, izihlahlana nezihlahla zesiko kunokuphikisana okuhle nesithwathwa. Endle, iJoquat yaseJalimane isakazeke eBalkan, eTranscaucasus, e-Armenia, eGeorgia, eSouth Ossetia naseAzerbaijan. Kutholakala ezitshalweni zasendle nezasendle eningizimu nasentshonalanga ye-Ukraine, ezivandeni zase-amateur ezifundeni ezifudumele zeMoldova, ngisho nasezifundeni zaseBaltic.
E-Russia, ikhula ngaphansi kwezimo zemvelo emahlathini akhanyayo aseningizimu yeCrimea, esifundeni saseCaucasus nasezifundeni zaseCaspian. Banikezwe izakhiwo ezizuzisayo ze-medlar German, abalimi abengeziwe baqala ukuhlakulela izinhlobo ezitshaliwe ze-medlar ezindaweni ezise-dachas nasezindaweni ezihlangene.
Izithelo medlar Germanic.
Kungani bathanda i-loquat?
Izinzuzo ze-medlar zomzimba zifakazelwe izinkulungwane zeminyaka ekudleni nasekwelapheni izifo eziningi. I-medlar inokuqukethwe okuphakeme kwamavithamini (A, B1, B2, B3, B6, B9, C, E, K, PP nabanye), ukulandelela izinto ezibandakanya iodine, i-zinc, i-selenium, i-magnesium, i-manganese. umsebenzi we-yegilo yegilo, ama-pancreas, i-adrenal gland.
Izithelo ze-medlar yaseJalimane zisetshenziselwa ukwenziwa kwe-jam, jams, marshmallows, ukulondolozwa, i-marmalade, iziphuzo, iziphuzo zezithelo, newayini. Izithelo ze-medlar zisezingeni eliphansi lekhalori futhi zisetshenziswa ekudleni okulahlekelwe isisindo.
Ngasikhathi sinye, i-medlar kumele ingeniswe ngokucophelela ekudleni, ikakhulukazi ezinganeni. Kuyayicasula i-mucosa esiswini futhi kufakelwe izifo zezifo zethambo esiswini, kuhambisana ne-acidity ephezulu, ezinqubweni zokuvuvukala kwamanyikwe.
I-Medlar ayikwazi ukusetshenziswa ekudleni okwenziwa yi-allergic kumanani akhuphukile amavithamini nezinye izinto ezitholakala ezithelo ze-German medlar.
Imbali yezindondo zaseJalimane.
Ungakhula kanjani medlar waseJalimane emhlabathini ovulekile?
Njengesitshalo sokuhlobisa, i-medlar Germanic ikhula yonke indawo ezindaweni eziseningizimu. Eminyakeni yamuva nje, abafuyi bezindawo bathole amafomu engadi angenza isivuno sezithelo ngaphansi kwezimo zokukhula ezibandayo.
Isimo semvelo
I-medlar yaseJalimane iyakhula futhi ithele izithelo emhlabathini ovulekile kuzo zonke izindawo eziseningizimu neziseduze, isimo sezulu esihambisana nezidingo zesiko. Kwakha izithelo ezidliwayo ezihlukaniswa amandla aphezulu. Izihlahla zineqhwa eliphakeme lokuqina, futhi zibekezelela iqhwa kuze kufike ku-30ºº. Ezinye izinhlobo zikhula ngomzila ophakathi nendawo.
I-medlar enkulu yaseMedlar yaseJalimane, ezindaweni ezinomthunzi izizwa icindezelwe futhi ithuthukile.
Uma unikezwe uhlelo lwempande olungagudli nje, izihlahla zidinga ukuthambisa. Ngeke zikwazi ukusondela kwamanzi aphansi komhlaba, ngakho-ke ukuthambisa kufanele kube ngokulinganayo.
I-medlar yaseJalimane itshalwe ekwindla ngasekupheleni kuka-Okthoba-Novemba.
Isihlahla se-medlar saseJalimane.
Ukulungiswa kwenhlabathi nokutshala kwangaphandle
Uhlobo lomhlabathi olufanele lwe-medlar Germanic lu-acidic kancane (pH = 5-6), inhlabathi evundile, nenomoya, nenhlabathi evumeleka ngamanzi (ama-sandwich we-sandy chernozems, i-soddy, i-humus nabanye).
Ukutshala izithombo ze-medlar, umgodi wokutshala ongama-40-50x40-50 cm ulungiswa kusengaphambili. Ukudepha kuze kufike ku-70-80 cm. Usayizi wokugcina womgodi wokutshala kufanele udlule i-1/3 yohlelo lwezithombo. Beka eceleni inhlabathi engaphezulu ukulungiselela ingxube yenhlabathi. Phansi komgodi wokufika, beka imisele engamamitha ayi-20-25 ukuphakama kusuka kubumba olwandisiwe, itshe elichotshoziwe, izitini eziphukile, kanye namatshe amatshe amancane, ukuze kuthi ngesikhathi semvula ende isikhathi eside amanzi angahambi endaweni yesistimu yezimpande.
Ku ungqimba lwenhlabathi olungaphezulu oluhlukanisiwe (uma lusindayo ngokwezinto ezibonakalayo) engeza umquba noma umquba ovuthiwe nesihlabathi ngesilinganiso esingu-1: 1. Hlanganisa kahle, engeza i-nitrophosphate (70-80 g / kahle) noma omunye umanyolo wamaminerali ophelele osuselwa ku-phosphorus ne-potassium, ngokulandelana, ku-40 no-30 g / kahle.
Ubuchwepheshe bokutshala izithombo abufani nakwezinye izilimo zezithelo. Ngesikhathi sokutshala, kuyadingeka ukuqapha indawo yentamo yezimpande ye-medlar yaseJalimane. Ukungena kwalo enhlabathini kuthinta kabi ukukhula nokukhula kwesihlahla. Ikhola yezimpande kumele ibe sezingeni lomhlabathi.
Kuyadingeka ukushayela isigodi emgodini wokufika bese ubopha i-medlar seedling nge iribhoni elithambile noma i-twine ebanzi kulo ngesilinganiso sesishiyagalombili ukuze isiqu singagobi. Ngemuva kokunisela, inhlabathi ezungeze izithombo ifakwe umquba nge-humus, i-peat yamahashe, nomquba.
I-medlar yaseJalimane ingeyazo izilimo ezizenzela umthi, kepha kungcono ukutshala izithombo eziningana (2-3) ngesihenqo esihlukile. Lapho utshala engadini exutshwe, izithombo ngokushesha zibekwa endaweni ebekiwe. Isiko alikubekezeleli ukufakelwa.
Ngokubuka ukwakheka komqhele (kusakazeka impela) phakathi kwezihlahla kushiya isikhathi sokuphakama okuyi-3-4 m. Uma ukhetha indawo, udinga ukubheka ukuthi i-medlar ayikubekezeleli ukusondela kwe-walnut ne-apricot. Zonke ezinye izilimo ziyabekezelela, ikakhulukazi i-apula, eliphakathi kwe, quince.
Ukunakekelwa Kwangaphandle kweMedlar
Ukugqoka okuphezulu
Isikhathi eside sokumila kwe-medlar yaseJalimane kuholela ekunciphiseni kwenhlabathi, ngakho-ke isiko lidinga ukufakwa kumanyolo, oqala ngokoqobo kusuka onyakeni wesibili wokuphila kwezitshalo endaweni ehlala njalo. Izitshalo ezincane zondliwa ngemuva kwamaviki angama-3-4, abantu abadala (ngokuqala kokuzala) izikhathi ezingama-2-3 ngesikhathi sokukhula.
I-Medlar ifakwa kumanyolo we-organic entwasahlobo noma ekwindla. I-mullein entsha ifakwa emanzini ngesilinganiso esingu-1: 8. Uma ukuzala kwenhlabathi kuphansi, ngakho-ke ngaphezu kwalokho, ngesikhathi sokuqhakaza, ziphekelwa ngomanyolo we-phosphorus, futhi ngesikhathi sokukhula okusebenzayo nokuthuthukiswa kwezithelo ngamanyolo we-potash.
I-Medlar isabela kahle ekugqokeni okuphezulu ngomlotha kanye nama-microelements, izixazululo zazo zingasetshenziswa emhlabathini noma ngendlela yefoliar ngokufafaza. Njengoba iqabunga leqabunga le-medlar libushelelezi, kufanele kufakwe insipho noma isinamathe ekhethekile kwisisombululo sezakhi. Amanyolo aqinile asetshenziswa ngaphansi kokunisela. Ngemuva kokuchelela, mulching womhlabathi kuyaphoqelelwa.
Izithelo medlar German esihlahleni.
Ukuthena kukaMedlar
Ngaphakathi komqhele, amagatsha aqobayo asikwa futhi adinga ukusikwa kwendle (okomile, ogulayo, okhula ngaphakathi, amajika). Eminyakeni emibili yokuqala ngemuva kokutshala imbewu enezihlahla ezi-medlar ezineminyaka engu-2-3 ubudala, amagatsha anamathambo e-oda lokuqala anqunywa ngo-1/2, iminyaka emi-2 elandelayo nge-1/4. Amahlumela akamuva we-oda yesi-2 kule nkathi ancishiswa abe amasentimitha angama-20-25. Ngokuzayo, ikakhulukazi ukuthenwa kwenhlanzeko kanye nokuthenwa kwamagatsha akhipha ngale kwevolumu enkulu yomqhele kwenziwa.
Izindlela zokusakazeka kwe-medlar German
I-medlar yaseJalimane isakazwa ngembewu nange-vegetatively - ngezinsika, ngezingodo, amahlumela ezimpande nangaphakathi.
Ukusakazeka kwembewu kaMedlar
Ngokusakazwa kwembewu ye-medlar, izinhlamvu ezihlukile zesitshalo somama esikweni ziyagcinwa.
Isimo: imbewu kumele ibe isha, ikhishwe esithelweni ngaphambi kokutshala enhlabathini. Amathambo owomile anciphisa ukuhluma amahlandla amaningi. Imbewu ye-medlar ekwindla yeGerman ngasekupheleni kuka-Okthoba - ekuqaleni kukaNovemba itshalwe emhlabathini. Ebusika, bavuka imvelo futhi bavuke ngonyaka olandelayo.
Ungakhula izithombo ezi-medlar ekhaya (ebhodweni noma kwesinye isitsha) ngokuhlwanyelwa kwembewu esiqandisini nakwisithombo sentwasahlobo esingu-20-30 cm sesitshalo emhlabathini ovulekile. Ukunakekelwa okuthe xaxa kwezithombo nezihlahla zezithelo zabantu abadala be-medlar yaseJalimane kuyafana nakwezinye izilimo.
Izithelo ezivuniwe medras German.
Ukusakazeka kwe-Medlar ngokuklanywa
I-medlar yaseJalimane isatshalaliswa kahle ngokubekwa. Ekwindla, igatsha lonyaka liphonswa emhlabathini ngensimbi eyi-V ebunjiwe epanini elimbiwe. Ngasohlangothini lomhlabathi, ukusikeka kwenziwa ezindaweni eziningana ku-cortex, okunomthelela ekugxilweni kwejubane ngokushesha. Ungqimba luniselwa ngesisombululo sezimpande, olufafazwe ngomhlaba, olufakwe emanzini.
Inhlabathi, lapho kukhiqizwa khona ungqimba we-medlar, kufanele ibe yomswakama njalo, kepha ungayigcwalisi. Ukubamba imbala kuthatha iminyaka emi-2. Ingqimba ye-medlar iyisistimu yezimpande eyenziwe kahle namahlumela amaningana. Ngemuva kokubamba imbala, ihlukaniswa yisitshalo somama futhi itshalwe endaweni ehlala njalo engadingi ukufakelwa. Ukufakwa kwesitshalo esihlukanisiwe kwenziwa ngesikhathi sekwindla ngemuva kokuwa kwamaqabunga.
Ukusakazeka kwe-medlar ngokugoma
Izinhlobonhlobo ezikhethiwe noma i-hybrid ye-medlar yaseJalimane ingaxhunyaniswa kwi-pearl, i-quince, isihlahla sama-apula, i-hawthorn. Indlela yokugoma: yegxolo, kuqhekeko.
Ungazama ukugxilisa i-medlar yaseJalimane ku-plum, izithelo zithola i-aftertaste engathandeki, emnandi kakhulu. Ngakolunye uhlangothi, i-medlar yaseJalimane engavunyelwe yiqhwa isetshenziswa njengesitoko samapharele.
Ukuvikelwa kwe-medlar kusuka kwizinambuzane nezifo
I-medlar yaseJalimane ayivelakancane ihlaselwe yizinambuzane nezifo. Abalimi bayazi ukuthi kusuka ezinambuzaneni ze-medlar, ama-aphid onakaliswa yimikhaba. Kulezi zifo - izifo ezikhunta, kufaka ne-soot fungus, ukugqwala oku brown. Ukulimala kwezinye izinambuzane nezifo kuboniswa ezimweni ngazinye futhi empeleni akulimazi izitshalo.
Ngokuvimbela, izihlahla nezihlahlana ze-medlar ziphathwa ngo-3% we-Bordeaux uketshezi ngemuva kokuphonsa amaqabunga ekwindla nasentwasahlobo kuze kube yilapho zivuleka. Kungcono ukungasebenzisi ezinye izindlela zokwelapha, kepha ukusebenzisa, uma kunesidingo, imikhiqizo yezinto eziphilayo:
- ama-bioinsecticides - i-actofit, i-boverin, i-lepidocide, i-bitoxybacillin nabanye.
- biofungicides - mycosan, trichodermin, phytolavine, phytosporin, glyocladin nabanye.
I-Medlar German (Mespilus germanica).
Izinhlobo ezahlukahlukene zama-medlar waseJalimane ngokukhula ezweni
Ezimweni zezulu ezifanele endaweni yeRussian Federation, amazwe e-CIS nakwamanye amazwe, lezi zinhlobo ezilandelayo zama-medlar aseJalimane zamukeleka kakhulu futhi zivamile: uSomnandi Dracheva, uKaradag, uGoitkhovskaya, uSentesha Rozha, uSoshi, Khvamli. Zonke izithelo zezindlela zokuhlukahluka zama-medlar German zikhulu kusuka ku-3 kuye ku-5 cm ubukhulu.
Ezinhlobonhlobo ezingenambewu ze-medlar, i-Apirena (engenazithombo) inganconyelwa, kepha izithelo zayo zincinci neHuge Evreinova, enezithelo ezifika ku-8 cm ubukhulu.
Phakathi kwezinye izinhlobo ze-medlar ezaziwa iminyaka eminingi zokuhlola, abalimi batusa i-bushy ngezithelo ezinkulu "iDutsh", izihlahla eziqondile ezinezithelo ezincane "Nottingham" ne "Royal". Zonke izinhlobo zihlukaniswa ngephunga, izithelo ezinambitheka ngokungathandeki.
