Emasimini, ukuvuthwa ngokungafanele kuthatha izindawo ezinesizotha. Imifino ye-radish yezimpande iyaziswa ngokuqukethwe okuphezulu kwamafutha athile abalulekile (angavamile), usawoti wamaminerali, uvithamini C nezinye izinto ezigciwane. Inendaba eyomile ephindwe kabili njenge-radish, ushukela omningi kanye namaprotheni.
Isithombo sithinta i-metabolism, sinomthelela we-diuretic ne-choleretic, ogqugquzela ukukhishwa kwamajusi wokugaya ukudla. Isithombo singukucindezela ukukhwehlela okukhombisa ukubanda okuncane. Sebenzisa isithombo esenziwe nge-grated exutshwe noju, noma usawoti, noma ujusi wawo nje.
© Mbdortmund
Isithombo (lat.Ráphanus) - Uhlobo oluncane lwesitshalo se-herbaceous esisetshenziswa emndenini we-Brassicaceae.
Ikhula indle eYurophu nasendaweni efudumele yase-Asia.
Izitshalo ezineziqu ezilula noma ezingamagatsha. Ezimweni ezitshaliwe nezinye zasendle, izimpande ziyaqina, zidliwe. Amacembe ama-lyre-pinnate noma abunjiwe ngopende. Izahluko ziqondile, ziyafiphala, azikhohlakali. Ama-petals a-obovate kabanzi, ama-marigold amade, ophuzi, omhlophe noma onsomi-onsomi. I-ovary ku-pedicle emfushane kakhulu; ikholomu alicacile; ukucwaswa, okuncane, okubuthakathaka nge-bilobate.
Izithelo - pods cylindrical ophela ngekhala elide futhi egqekeza izingxenye. Uma i-pod inezingxenye ezimbili, khona-ke ingxenye engezansi kakhulu ayinalutho noma i-embryonic, imvamisa kakhulu inezinhlamvu eziyi-1-2, kanti eliphakeme linembewu eminingana. Imbewu i-ovoid-spherical, impande yombungu iphakathi kwesitolo phakathi kwama-cotyledons.
Isithombo sinokunambitheka okubukhali nephunga elithile. Isipayisi esine-spice sivusa inkanuko futhi sithuthukisa ukugaya, ngakho-ke, singasetshenziswa singavuthiwe njengesengezo ekunzima ukugaya izitsha.
Basebenzisa ama-radish ahlanganiswe kahle futhi enosawoti omncane, anganambitheka ngamafutha kalamula nemifino. Bawusebenzisa noshizi obudala kanye nobhiya. Isithombo singahanjiswa emafutheni bese sisebenza njengesitsha esisehlangothini. Ingasetshenziswa kuma-pastes nakumasaladi. Ngamanani amancane, isithombo singezwa kumasaladi ahlanganisiwe noviniga. Amaqabunga ama-radish amancane asetshenziselwa futhi amasaladi..
Isithombo isitshalo esise-biennial cross-pollinated plant. Ngonyaka wokuqala, kwakha izitshalo zezimpande zemibala ehlukahlukene, bobukhulu nosayizi, kuye ngezinhlobonhlobo. Isithombo isitshalo esibamba amakhaza. Imbewu yayo iqala ukumila ngamazinga okushisa ayi-4 ° C, izithombo nezitshalo ezindala zibekezelela iqhwa kuya ku-5 ° C.
Ngokuya ngezinhlobonhlobo, kwakheka isivuno esikhulu sezimpande sesimo esiyindilinga noma sendawo nemibala ehlukahlukene (emnyama, emhlophe, onsomi). Kuzo zonke izinhlobo, i-pulp yezimpande imhlophe.
© Chris 73
Ukukhetha indawo nomhlabathi wokuwotela
Isithombo sikhula kahle enhlabathini evundile, enhlabathini enomswakama ecebile. Izitshalo ezimpande zesithombo zikhulu impela, ngakho-ke inhlabathi engaphansi kwesithombo yambiwa entwasahlobo noma ehlobo kuye ekujuleni konke kokhamba lwe-humus (30-35 cm). Ngaphansi nefosholo, kumanyolo kusetshenziswa i-1 sq.m: i-10-15 g ye-urea, 30-40 g ye-superphosphate, 15-20 g we-potassium chloride. Ukusuka ekwindla, ngaphansi kwesithombo, kuze kufike ku-10 kg we-humus nge-1 sq.m.
Zonke izilimo zemifino ngaphandle kwalezo ezibethelwa (i-turnip, radish, rutabaga, iklabishi yazo zonke izinhlobo) zingandulela isithombo.
Izinsuku kanye nesikimu sokutshala isithombo
Ngokuya ngezinhlobonhlobo, isithombo sihlwanyelwa amahlandla amabili. Ukuthola izitshalo ezimpande esikhathini sasehlobo-ekwindla, imbewu ihlwanyelwa kusuka ngo-Ephreli 25. Ukulondolozwa kobusika - ukusuka ngoJuni 20 kuya kuJulayi 10, kusukela lapho ukuhlwanyelwa kwasekuqaleni kwezinhlobo zasebusika zesithombo kuholela ekuqothulweni kwama-inflorescence ngonyaka wokuqala wokuphila kanye nokuqhekeka kwezitshalo ezimpandeni.
Imisele enobubanzi obungu-1.5-2 cm yenziwa embhedeni ibanga elingama-30-35 cm. Imbewu ihlwanyelwa emiseleni enezidleke zezingcezu ezi-3. Ibanga phakathi kwezidleke lingamasentimitha ayi-15. Uma umhlabathi ungamanzi ngokwanele, khona-ke emva kokutshala, indawo leyo kumele iniselwe. Kamuva, ezinsukwini ezingama-5-6 ngemuva kokuqhuma, kusala isitshalo esisodwa esinempilo esidlekeni ngasinye sezithombo ezintathu.
© Rasbak
Ukunakekelwa Kwesithunzi
Ukunakekelwa isithombo siqukethe ukuthambisa okungapheli, ukhula olusebenza ngesikhathi, ukuncipha, ukubeka usizi nokukhulula imisebe yomugqa. Isithombo siniselwa kanye ngesonto ngamalitha ayi-10-12 nge-1 sq.m.
Ukuncipha kokuqala kwenziwa ngokwakhiwa kwamaqabunga elilodwa noma amabili, elesibili - ngemuva kwezinsuku ezingama-20-30. Ibanga phakathi kwezitshalo emigqeni: ekuqaleni - kuka-6 cm, sekwephuzile - 12-15 cm.
Bondla isithombo ngamanyolo wezimbiwa. Izinto eziphilayo akumele zisetshenziswe, ngoba kunciphisa ikhwalithi yokugcina kanye nekhwalithi yezilimo zezimpande. Umanyolo wamaminerali usetshenziswa ngendlela yesisombululo noma owomile (kuya ngomswakama wenhlabathi).
Chitha ukugqoka okukodwa noma okubili: eyokuqala, lapho isithombo sinamaqabunga amathathu noma amane, okwesibili emva kwezinsuku ezingama-20 kuye kwengxenye yokuqala, lapho isivuno sezimpande siqala ukwakha. I-20 g ye-urea, i-60 g ye-superphosphate, i-15 g ye-potassium chloride iyancibilika ebhakedeni elilodwa lamanzi. Kumugqa we-10-15 m, kusetshenziswa ibhakede lesisombululo. Ngefomu elomile, i-5-10 g ye-urea, i-20-15 g ye-superphosphate, i-5-10 g ye-potassium chloride ifakwa nge-1 sq.
Ukuvuna Isithunzi
Isithombo sokuqala, esifinyelela ububanzi ka-3-4 cm, sivunwa ehlobo, ngokukhetha, ngamagama amathathu kuya kwamane, nezinhlobonhlobo sekwephuzile (yokugcina ubusika) - ngaphambi kokuqala kwesithwathwa (engxenyeni yesibili kaSeptemba). Lapho kuvunwa, umhlaba unyakaziswa ezimpandeni, kususwe izimpande ezincane, bese kuthi izihloko zinqunywe ngesibhakela sommese nekhanda lesitshalo sezimpande, bezama ukungathinti isivuno sezimpande.
Isithombo esinsizwa sigcinwa ezimweni zegumbi izinsuku ezingama-6-7, esiqandisini sekhaya - sifinyelela ezinsukwini ezingama-20. Ukuze wenze lokhu, kufanele ubekwe ezikhwameni zepulasitiki ezinezimbobo ezimbili noma ezintathu.
Ukuze kugcinwe isikhathi eside, izilimo zezimpande zifakwa emabhokisini, ezitsheni noma ezikhwameni zamaphepha, zithululela ungqimba olunesihlabathi esincanyana (2-4 cm). Izitshalo ezingumngcele zingagcinwa emiphongolweni ngesihlabathi esimanzi. Ukushisa kwesitoreji esingu-2-3 ° C
© Goldlocki
Izinhlobo
Ku-non-chernozem zone, zombili izinhlobo zokuvuthwa zokuqala ezenzelwe ukusetshenziswa kwehlobo kanye nokuvuthwa okuphakathi kokukhula nokufika sekwedlule isikhathi sekwindla, ebusika, nasentwasahlobo. Izinhlobo zezinhlobo zasehlobo, izinhlobo ezivame kakhulu Delicacy, Odessa 5 noMeyi.
Izinhlobonhlobo Odessa 5 - Kuqala kakhulu, kusuka ekumeni kuya ekuvuthweni kwezinsuku ezingama-30 kuye kudlule. Izitshalo ezimpande zimhlophe, ziyindilinga, ingaphezulu libushelelezi, inyama inomhluzi, imnandi, inepepile. Isitshalo sezimpande sikhishwa kalula enhlabathini. Ukunambitha kuphakeme. Ayimelani namakhaza, isabela kahle ngokunisela. Ukhule ngokusetshenziswa kwehlobo.
Okudliwayo Okuhlukahlukene inesikhathi sokukhula sezinsuku ezingama-40-60. Izitshalo ezenziwa impande zimhlophe, ipulpiti imhlophe, iminyene, inoshukela, iyathambile.
Meyi - ibanga lokuqala. Izitshalo ezenziwa impande zikulungele ukudla izinsuku ezingama-50-60 ngemuva kokuhlwanyela. Isitshalo sezimpande simhlophe ngombala, okusaqanda ngesimo. I-pulp inomnandi, ithenda, ukunambitheka oku-peppery kancane. Ayilungele ukugcinwa.
Ngokulondolozwa kobusika, izinhlobo ezinhle kakhulu Ubusika obujikelezayo bumnyama, Ubusika buba mhlophe, Greyvoronskaya.
Umjikelezo wobusika okumhlophe kunesikhathi semifino sezinsuku ezingama-70-98. Izitshalo ezimpande zimhlophe, ziyindilinga, ingaphezulu bushelelezi. I-pulp imhlophe, ithambile kancane, iminyene, ijusi, imnandi ngophakathi. Isitshalo sezimpande sicwiliswe ngokuphelele enhlabathini, sikhishwe kalula. Ukunambitha kuphakeme. Ukugcina ikhwalithi ephezulu - kuze kufike ku-96% wezitshalo zezimpande kuyagcinwa.
Ibanga Ebusika Round Black inezitshalo ezimpande zombala omnyama, oyindilinga, ubuso bawo bushelelezi. I-pulp imhlophe, igcwele, igcwele namanzi, ukunambitheka okumnandi. Isitshalo sezimpande sicwiliswe ngokuphelele enhlabathini, kodwa sikhishwe kalula. Impilo yeshelf inhle (85-98%), isikhathi sokugcinwa kobusika sifinyelela ezinsukwini ezingama-200 noma ngaphezulu, ngokuya ngombuso wokugcina. Isikhathi sokukhula siyizinsuku ezingama-90-110.
Izinhlobonhlobo zeGrayvoronskaya inenkathi yezimila yezinsuku ezingama-93 kuya kwezingu-108. Izimpande zezimpande zimhlophe, zinezicucu, zingaphezulu komhlaba. Idepho limhlophe, alugqinsi, alunamanzi, luyamangalisa kakhulu. Kunezimpande eziningi ezingemuva ezimpandeni, zigxilisiwe ngokuphelele enhlabathini, azikhishwa kahle.
Impilo yeshelufu ngesikhathi sokugcina 95-98%. Ukumelana namazinga okushisa aphansi. Yakhelwe ukusetshenziswa kwekwindla nobusika nokugcinwa isikhathi eside.
© Goldlocki
Izinambuzane nezifo ze-radish
Njengoba isithombo singokomndeni wezilimo ezibethelwayo (iklabishi), izilokazane nezifo ezitholakala kulo mndeni ziyingozi ngakho. Izinyathelo zokulwa nazo ziyefana.
Ukubola okumhlophe
Isifo sokukhunta. Izicubu ezithintekile ziyaqunjelwa, zibe namanzi, futhi zimbozwe nge-mycelium emhlophe ekotini.
Ukubola okumpunga
Lesi sifo senzeka ikakhulukazi ngesikhathi sokugcina isivuno.
I-Powdery Mildew
Amaqabunga, ama-petioles ayathinteka, akuvamisile - iziqu. Phezu kwezitho ezithintekile, kuqala ukuvela umucu omhlophe ovuthwa, ogcina usiba nsundu. I-Plaque ithuthukiswa ngaphezulu ohlangothini olungaphezulu lwamaqabunga. Amaqabunga athintekile ayonakalisiwe futhi omile, izitshalo zisele ngemuva ekukhuleni.
Izindlela zokulawula: ukuzungeza kwezitshalo; ukuhlukaniswa kwendawo yezilimo zemifino ezibethelwe; ezitshalweni zezitshalo, izitshalo ziphathwa ngezidakamizwa ezivimbela ukukhula kwe-powdery hlobo.
I-Peronosporosis, noma i-Downy isikhutha
Lesi sifo sihluma emaqabungeni: ohlangothini olungaphezulu, kuvela amabala e-chlorotic ekuqaleni, bese ephenduka abe ophuzi okhanyayo, o-angular, oily, okuthi kamuva aphenduke ansundu, ifomu le-brownish-violet coating ohlangothini olungezansi ezindaweni ezinamabala.
Umlenze omnyama
Umlenze omnyama uvela ngokulandelayo: ingxenye engezansi yerosette yamaqabunga nengxenye engenhla yesitshalo sezimpande iba mnyama futhi igobeke, izicubu zezimpande ziyaqina, indawo ethintekile imbozwe nge-mycelium emhlophe. On the cut, izicubu izimpande umnyama.
Iklabishi elimhlophe (iklabishi)
Luyisibhakabhaka esikhulu esinamaphiko amhlophe anomngcele omnyama. Amakhethini aphuzi-aluhlaza okotshani anamabala amnyama nemivimbo ephuzi emaceleni, embozwe izinwele.
Zondla kuqala emakholoni engaphansi kwamaqabunga, bese zisakazekela ezitshalweni ezingagcinwanga.
Amaphekula we-Cruciferous
Zenza umonakalo emahlathini atshalwe izithombo, zenze izimbobo kuwo. Babukeka njengezinambuzane ezincane ezine-sheen yensimbi, imvamisa zingama-monochromatic.
Iklabishi Moth
Inundu leklabishi lipendiwe ngamathoni ansundu-grey, linamaphiko angama-14-18 mm, elinomphetho omnyama emaphikweni. Izibungu zibangelwa izibungu - amabhungane adonsa kusuka izimvemvane ezibekwe izimvemvane.
Impukane iklabishi endiza
Fly kufika ku-6 mm ngosayizi, i-ash grey ngombala, ngemivimbo emithathu ebanzi ohlangothini lwesifuba esifubeni. Izibungu zimhlophe, azinamlenze, zimincane emaphethelweni angaphambili, cishe abe-8 mm ubude. Izibungu ezondla ngazo zombili izingxenye ezingaphethekiyo nezangaphakathi zempande enkulu ziyalimaza. Izitshalo ezilimele zine-lilish hue hule, esele ngemuva ekukhuleni, i-wilt, iyafa.
© Dromafoobeno
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