Amagilebhisi azalelwa ukunikeza ukungafi

Ingxenye 1. Amagilebhisi azalwe ukuze anikeze ukungafi
Ingxenye 2. Izici zokunakekelwa kwesivini
Ingxenye 3. Umvini kumele uhlupheke. Izihlahla
Ingxenye 4 Ukuvikelwa kwamagilebhisi ezifweni zokukhunta
Ingxenye 5. Ukuvikelwa kwamagilebhisi ezinambuzaneni
Ingxenye 6. Ukusakazwa kwemifino yezithelo zomvini
Ingxenye 7. Ukusakazwa kwamagilebhisi ngokuxhunyelelwa
Ingxenye 8. Amaqembu nezinhlobo zamagilebhisi

Ngokwenganekwane, i-Armenia ingumbala wesithelo somvini, lapho ijuba labuya negatsha lomkhumbi kaNowa, elathunyelwa ukuyofuna umhlaba. AmaBotanists abheka izwe lamagilebhisi aseTranscaucasia kanye nezifundazwe ezingasempumalanga yoLwandle iMedithera. EMiddle East, isiko lamagilebhisi laziwa iminyaka engaphezu kuka-9000, futhi nasezindlini zokuhlala zaseGibhithe, ukwahlulela ngokumbiwa, eminye iminyaka engu-4000 BC Ngekhulu lesi-5 B.C.E. amagilebhisi ahlala emazweni eTaurica kanye nensimu yeMoldova yanamuhla.

Amagilebhisi © Paul Vladuchick

Ngisho nasezikhathini zasendulo, amagilebhisi ahlukaniswa izinhlobo ezimbili: itafula newayini. Izinhlobo zewayini zindala kakhulu, kepha zabekwa ekubhujisweni okuphindaphindiweyo, ikakhulukazi yi-Islam, ezazenqabela ukusetshenziswa kwewayini. Ukubhujiswa kwezinhlobo zewayini kwavuselela ukuqothulwa kwama-canteens, kufaka phakathi amatshe angenamikhawulo namagilebhisi omile ngamatshe. Amagilebhisi anezinto zokuphulukisa zomlingo, ezazisekela amakhulu eminyaka nempilo yomuntu futhi, ngokubonga, zaziphindaphindeka ngokungafi.

Inkanyezi yaseVinohraditsa emthaleni we-Virgo inikezelwe kumasiko omlando. Amagilebhisi awafi emlandweni wesayensi ngaphansi kwegama elithi ampelology ne-ampelography. KumaGreek, waba yisifanekiselo sempucuko. Lesi sitshalo esidumile saziwa eRussia. Umvini ubhalwe embhalweni wamadolobha amaningi (Izyum, Akkerman, Yalta, Tashkent, Chuguev). Isithombe sakhe sasigcinwe ezingalweni zamanye amazwe (i-Armenia, Georgia, Moldova).

E-Russia, kwasungulwa indondo enesithombe sesivini kanye nombhalo othi "Tacos ripen" wasungulwa wabafundi kanye nalabo abathweswe iziqu zeSmolny Institute. Inani elikhulu lezinganekwane, izinganekwane nezindaba ezimfushane zikhona mayelana nomvini kanye namandla omlingo wamagilebhisi kubantu nasezincwadini.

Ngakho-ke yini ukusetshenziswa kwamagilebhisi?

Inani eliphambili lesiko lilele kokuqukethwe ushukela ophezulu (12-32%) kumagilebhisi ngesimo se-fructose, ushukela kanye ne-sucrose. Zingama-monosaccharides futhi cishe ngaphandle kokuguqulwa okuphakathi zingena egazini, zibuyisela ngokushesha amandla omuntu nempilo.

Amagilebhisi acebile ngama-asidi e-organic, kufaka phakathi amahhala (2-6%), anikeza amajikijolo ukunambitheka okuhlukile okumuncu. Okuqukethwe ama-asidi e-organic, okuboshwe ngendlela kasawoti, kuze kufike ku-60% malic, 40% tartaric. Kukhona ama-citric, i-presinic, i-oxalic, i-gluconic, i-glycolic namanye ama-organic acid. Kukhona nohlu olukhulu lwamaminerali kasawoti, okuyingxenye ebalulekile yohlelo lwamathambo abantu.

Amajikijolo aqukethe i-macro- kanye ne-microelements potassium, i-calcium, i-sodium, i-magnesium, i-iron, ithusi, i-aluminium, ifosforasi, isibabule, chlorine, i-silicon nabanye. Amagilebhisi anika umzimba ngokwanele izinhlwathi ezibalulekile zemvelo - manganese, molybdenum, boron, titanium, vanadium, radium, zinc and cobalt. Ziyizakhi zesakhiwo ekwakhiweni kwama-hormone, amavithamini, amaprotheni, ama-enzyme, ama-organic complexes.

Amajikijolo aqukethe uvithamini C, E, carotene, B1, B2, P, folic acid. Inamagilebhisi kanye ne-lysine ebalulekile ye-amino acid, i-histidine, i-arginine, i-methionine, i-leucine, umzimba womuntu ongeke uyixube. Ama-cystine ama-cytine angaguquki ne-glycine, ahileleka ekudleni, akhona amajikijolo. Ama-enzymes anegalelo ekwenzeni kabusha kwezicubu zomzimba.

Amagilebhisi © Paul Tridon

Ububanzi bamagilebhisi

Izinhlobo zamagilebhisi zasendle zinezindlela ezahlukahlukene zokuphila ezimeni zemvelo: i-Asia, iYurophu, iNyakatho Melika, iMedithera kanye neCaucasus. Idlozi lamagilebhisi atshaliwe libhekwa njengamagilebhisi asehlathini, futhi i-Armenia iyikhaya labo. Ngenkathi yokulima, wenza izinguquko ezinkulu ezimeni nokuqukethwe kwezinto eziningana. Okwamanje akukaze kutholwe ukuthi lokhu bekungukungenelela komuntu noma ukuguquka okuzenzakalelayo, ngokuya ngezimo zemvelo. Izinhlobo zamagilebhisi ezikhuleke kakhulu ezitholakala endaweni ezitholakala eLwandle Olumnyama ziya e-Iran zisakazeke zaya nase-Near nase-Middle East naseYurophu. Ukukhishwa kwewayini okudala kakhulu kwatholakala e-Iran, kwase kuba e-Italiya kwathi lapho ikoloniwa amaGrikhi, kwedlulela eGreater naseSisily.

Namuhla, amagilebhisi atshalwa ngempumelelo (ezindaweni ezinqunyelwe zokukhiqizwa kwasekhaya) enkabeni yeRussia naseSiberia. Abalimi be-Artisan bebelokhu bekhula izinhlobo zomvini zokuqala besebenzisa ubuchwepheshe babo iminyaka engaphezu kwengu-30. Sifunde ukuthi singazithola kanjani isivuno eziphakeme kahle zekhwalithi enhle nazo zonke izinto zokupholisa umvini.

Izimo zokuphila

Isibani

Ukusatshalaliswa okubanzi komvini kunqume isimo saso ezimweni zokuphila. Isimo sezulu esithandeka kakhulu yi-subtropical (lapho kwaqala khona amagilebhisi), kufudumele ngokulinganayo. Ukubonakala kwe-Armenia ephezulu yezwe nomoya wayo ohlanzekile wezintaba nelanga eliqhakazile kwakha izidingo eziyisisekelo zokukhanyisa, izinga lokushisa kanye nokunikeza umswakama. Amagilebhisi akhiqizwayo - umvini owenziwe ngemifanekiso owukhula unyaka, ufuna ukukhanya okwanele, kuze kufike ku-40 m ubude. Ngokukhanya okunganele, izitho zemvelo eziningi zikhula. Ukukhula okujwayelekile nokukhula kwamagilebhisi kudinga isilinganiso esithile sosuku nobusuku. Ngamahora amade wokukhanya kwelanga, isikhathi sesikhathi sokukhula kwamagilebhisi siyakhuphuka, okungavumeli umvini namajikijolo ukuba uvuthwe kahle ngesikhathi.

Amagilebhisi © Larry Darling

Ukushisa

Ngokombono wezinto eziphilayo, umvini uyathakazelisa ngoba udinga izimo zokushisa ezahlukahlukene ngezikhathi ezahlukahlukene zokuphila. Ukuqhakaza kwezinso kuqala emazingeni okushisa womoya alinganayo ebangeni +10 - + 12 ° C. Ukwakheka kwama-buds athela izithelo kwenzeka ku-+25 - + 30 ° С kanye nokwehla kwezinga lokushisa, imvula noma isimo sezulu esishubile ngalesi sikhathi kuthinta kabi ukuqina kwezimbali nokuvunwa kwesihlahla. Ngesikhathi sokuvuthwa, izinga lokushisa elilungile lisuka ku-+28 - + 32 ° С. Ukuthola isivuno sekhwalithi ephezulu, ukunciphisa ku-20 ° C kuvunyelwe, kepha izinga lokushisa eliphansi nesimo sezulu esishisayo kusithinta kabi ikhwalithi yezithelo. Amajikijolo, ukunqwabelana koshukela kuyancipha futhi i-acidity iyanda.

Umswakama

Ngokunikezwa ngohlelo lwezimpande olungena ngokujulile, amagilebhisi ayizitshalo ezibekezelela isomiso. Kepha i-liana ayikubekezeleli ukukhukhula nokususwa kwamanzi. Ngakho-ke, ngamanzi aphezulu okuma, ezindaweni ezinamanzi, amagilebhisi anciphisa ukukhula kwamahlumela nokuqongelela ushukela. Kodwa-ke, ukuntuleka komswakama kuthinta kabi ukwakheka kwezitshalo nendawo yokuhlala yamazinyo eminyakeni eyomile kudinga ukuthambisa.

Amagilebhisi © lipecillo

Inhlabathi

Ukusatshalaliswa kwamagilebhisi okunhlobonhlobo kwasebenza njengesimo sakhe sokuthembeka ezimweni zenhlabathi. Zonke izinhlobo zenhlabathi zilungele amagilebhisi, ngaphandle kwama-marshy kanye nemashi kasawoti. Inhlabathi enamanzi amaningi ayifanele. Kulokhu, amagilebhisi abekwa emigodini futhi umgodi wokutshala ufakelwa ngokunezela izinto zokuphuma (iziqu ze-sunflower, amahlumela amasha, amagatsha ezihlahla nezihlahla, kwethulwa umquba kanye ne-humus kwingxube yenhlabathi). Ukuthola izivini ezisezingeni eliphakeme zibekwa emithambekeni eseningizimu-ntshonalanga, nasekhaya ngasohlangothini oluseningizimu ngokukhanya okwanele nokushisa inhlabathi.

Ukwakhiwa kwesihlahla samagilebhisi.

Amagilebhisi - umvini ongapheli, obizwa nangokuthi umvini. Siqukethe isiqu esingaphansi komhlaba ngesistimu yezimpande yegatsha kanye nesiqu esiphakeme esinamagatsha anaphakade kanye namahlumela (wemivini) avumelanayo wonyaka, lapho kwakheka khona isivuno sezithelo. Amaqabunga alula ama-3-5 alayishwe okhethweni olude, iqabunga leqabunga elinombala oluhlaza onemibala ehlukene kuye ngezinhlobo nezinhlobonhlobo.

Izithelo ziqala eminyakeni eyi-3-4 yokutshala. Izithelo zitholakala emvinini wangonyaka odlule. Ngokukhula kwayo, ama-inflorescence abekwa ngaphakathi kwezindawo zokuqala eziyi-8, khona-ke kukhona izoni zezimpondo zokuncamathiselwa kusekelwa okuzinzile. I-inflorescence ibhulashi eyinkimbinkimbi. Izinto ezisetshenziselwa amaqabunga, umsebenzi oyinhloko wazo yi-photosynthesis, zikhulu kakhulu, ezisiza ukuvikela isihlahla ekushiseni ngokweqile. Ukusebenza kwamaqabunga kudlulisela ekuhwamukeni okungaba ngu-98% womswakama kanye ne-0,2% kuphela ekwakheni isitshalo. Umvini unamandla aphezulu okubuyisa izitho zemvelo ezikhiqizayo, eziwubeka njengeqembu lezilimo eziyishumi futhi ezikhiqiza kakhulu.

Izici zokutshala nezokulima

Esifundeni eseningizimu, amagilebhisi angatshalwa ngezindlela ezihlukile. Akunzima ukuthola indawo yamakhasi angama-2-3. Khetha uhlangothi oluseningizimu olunelanga, olufudumele ngaphandle kokusalungiswa, kude nezihlahla nezihlahla. Ungenza i-arch futhi ukhulise amagilebhisi kusuka kumhlaba obandayo nokusalungiswa okuphansi, eduze nelanga. Uma kuhlelwe ukutshala izihlahla ezingaba ngu-10-20, khona-ke kuyadingeka ukwaba insimu ehlukile futhi uyilungiselele ukubeka isivini sangempela. Maphakathi neRussia futhi eduze nenyakatho, amagilebhisi awakwazi ukuphakanyiswa ku-arch. Kufanele itshalwe ukuze ebusika ingxenye yomoya ingabekwa emhlabathini (noma emigodini elungiselelwe) futhi imbozwe kusuka kwisithwathwa.

Imithetho yokulungiselela nokutshala izithombo zamagilebhisi

Kuyadingeka ukubukeza izincwadi bese ukhetha izinhlobo ezihlikihliwe ngesikhathi sokuvuthwa esithile (ekuqaleni, phakathi nendawo, sekwephuzile).
Ukutshala izithombo kungenziwa ezindaweni eziseningizimu ngo-Ephreli-Meyi, enyakatho - ukusuka engxenyeni yesibili kuze kube sekupheleni kukaMeyi. Ukutshala Autumn kungenziwa ngo-Okthoba.
Lapho uthenga, hlola ngokucophelela izithombo. Kufanele ziphilile ngokuphelele ngohlelo lwezimpande olwakhiwe kahle ngaphandle kwezimpawu zesifo.
Lungiselela umgodi wokufika ongaba ngu-80x80x90 cm futhi, uma kunesidingo, shintsha usayizi ube usayizi we-seedling.
Uma inhlabathi ilula, inamanzi- futhi ingaphefumula, khona-ke ungqimba lwamanzi oluphakeme ngo-20-25 cm kusuka kubunjiwe ophukile, amatshe amatshe, amatshe achotshoziwe abekwe phansi komgodi, kugxunyekwe inhlabathi esuka phezulu.
Uma inhlabathi ine-loam sandy, khona-ke ingxube yenhlabathi iyalungiswa ngokufakwa kwezakhi ezibopha inhlama yenhlabathi. Izithako ze-Clay, humus, phosphorus kanye ne-potash zihlanganiswa nenhlabathi esemqoka. Izimbumbulu zenhlanganisela yenhlabathi yomanyolo zithululelwa echibini.
Uma inhlabathi isindayo, ukujula komgodi kukhuphukela ku-1,0-1.20 m. Izakhi zokuphakamisa zibekwa phansi zibekwe phansi ngezimpawu ezinde zokuqina (i-sunflower, amanye amahlumela amasha) axhunywe kwizinyanda ezincane aze afike ku-50 cm ukuphakama. Phakathi kwabo, ungqimba lwamanzi (cm 20-25) luyathululelwa bese ungqimba olungaphezulu lwemba umhlabathi noma ingxenye yengxube yomhlabathi evundisiwe (10-15 cm) lube phezulu. Ngemuva kwalokho ungqimba we-humus noma umquba ovuthiwe (20-25 cm). Izindunduma zenhlabathi zisatshalaliswa ngale ikhekhe elingqaliwe.
Ingxube yenhlabathi elandelayo ilungiselelwe isihlahla esisodwa: 300 g we-superphosphate we-granular, 100 g kasawoti we-potassium, ibhakede eli-0,5 le-humus, ungqimba oluphezulu lomhlabathi owumbiwe. Konke kuxutshwe kahle futhi kusetshenziselwe ukutshala.
Ukutshala kwenziwa yizithombo zasehlobo ezi-1-2. Ngaphambi kokutshala, zonke izimpande eziphambili ezinempilo zifushaniswa zibe ngu-15 cm futhi wonke iqhwa nezifo zisuswe ngokuphelele. Sika ihlumela libe izinso ezi-3-4. Izimpande zigxishwe kucezu lobumba nezimpande.
Isithombo esilungiselelwe sibekwa phezulu kwe-knoll emgodini. Spread izimpande ukuze kungabikho amathiphu bent. Amabhakede amanzi ayi-0,5 athululwa futhi ambozwe ngengxube yenhlabathi elungiselelwe kuze kube yilapho umgodi ugcwaliswa ngokuphelele.
Lapho utshala, kuyadingeka ukuthi uqiniseke ukuthi ihlumela eliphansi lesithombo selisezingeni lomhlabathi. Umhlaba ozungeze isithombo kumele unwetshwe uvalwe ngokwanele ngezandla zakho, uthele elinye lamabhakede amanzi ayi-0.5. Ngemuva kokuwugqobhoza, gcwalisa inhlabathi esele ukuze kubunjwe inhlabathi ebanzi engu-20-25 cm. Kugoqwa isigaxa ngesando sesitshalo ngasinye, lapho kuzobe kuboshelwa amahlumela akhulayo.

Izidingo eziyisisekelo zokubekwa kwesivini emasimini

Noma iyiphi indawo isivini esihlala kuyo, imithetho yokubeka ama-berry bush kufanele ibonwe.

Ibanga phakathi kwemigqa kufanele okungenani libe yi-2.0-2.5 m, futhi emugqeni 1.5-2.0 m. Ukutshala okubekiwe (ngenxa yokonga indawo yendawo) kuzophazamisa ukwakheka kwezihlahla ngokuzayo, kubangele izifo ngenxa yokungena komoya omncane njalonjalo.
Ngokutshala okufanele, amahlumela amasha avela ngemuva kwamasonto ayi-2.0-2,5. Kudingeka zidilizwe futhi ziboshwe esikhonkwaneni, ukuze ungahlukani.