Ukuze uthole isivuno esicebile sama-apula esihlwabusayo futhi anempilo, uvame ukucabanga ukuthi ungawavikela kanjani umuthi we-apula ezinhlobonhlobo zezifo nezinambuzane eziyingozi. Abalimi abanokuhlangenwe nakho okukhulu bakwazile ukwakha uhlelo olunjalo lokucwaninga okungenzeka ngalo ukugcina zonke izithelo ziphelele. Izihlahla ze-apula zasentwasahlobo zisengozini enkulu.
Ungacubungula kanjani izihlahla zama-apula entwasahlobo
Ngaphambi kokuqhubeka nokucutshungulwa, kubalulekile ukulungisa umuthi wama-apula otshaliwe engadini. Ukuze wenze lokhu, susa wonke amagatsha nezingxenye ze-cortex ezithelelekile. Lawo mabala ahlala esihlahleni emva kwalokhu kumele elashwe. Kulokhu, kusetshenziswa isisombululo se-sulfate yethusi, ngemuva kwalokho kufakwa ungqimba lwe-var var engadini. Emva kwalokho, ingaphezulu kwesiqu sesibiliboco kumele siphathwe ngengubo eyenziwe ngengadi, okuyisilinganiso sokuvimbela ekuthelelekeni ngezifo ezinambuzane eziyingozi. Kungaleso sikhathi kuphela lapho umuntu engaqala ukufafaza umuthi we-apula.
Ukuze uvikele isihlahla, ukwelashwa okukodwa akwanele. Ngakho-ke, abalimi abanolwazi basebenza le nqubo izikhathi ezi-3:
- ngaphambi kokuba izinso zidumbe;
- kuyilapho izinso zizokwanda;
- ngemuva kokuba isitshalo siphela.
Ukwelashwa kokuqala kuvame ukwenziwa ngoMashi. Ngalesi sikhathi, izinso bezingakaqhumi, futhi umoya osemgwaqweni uqala ukufudumala ufike kuma-degree ama-5 nangaphezulu. Lapho izithombo ziqhakaza, ukwelashwa akufanele kwenziwe, ngoba uma kungenjalo izinyosi azigcini izimbali. Izihlahla ze-Apple zingaqhutshwa kusuka kwasemini kuya kusihlwa. Kuhle ukukhetha usuku ezolile hhayi oluna imvula. Ngabe zisetshenziselwa ini ukufafaza kwentwasahlobo yezihlahla zama-apula?
I-vitriol eluhlaza okwesibhakabhaka
Njengoba leli thuluzi selisetshenziswe abalimi iminyaka eminingi, ukusebenza kwalo kufakazelwe. Ukusetshenziswa kwe-zethusi sulfate kukuvumela ukuthi uqede i-moniliosis, i-phyllosticosis, ithumba, izinwele ezigobekile nezinye izifo. Kepha ngasikhathi sinye, le nto inamandla athile abalulekile, okuyi-acid ephezulu ngokwanele. Kodwa-ke, lapho kuxutshaniswa nento ye-alkaline, i-acidity iyancipha. Ukucubungula lesi sitshalo engadini, ungenza izixazululo ezahlukahlukene:
- Ingxube yeBordeaux. Isixazululo esinjalo siqukethe i-quicklime ne-sulphate yethusi. Ekwelashweni kwentwasahlobo yokuqala, ungasebenzisa isixazululo esigciniwe, ukuze ukwenze, udinga ukuncibilikisa amagremu angama-450 wesikhathi esisheshayo kanye nama-300 amagremu we-sulphate yethusi kumalitha ayi-10 amanzi. Kokwelashwa okulandelayo, kufanele kusetshenziswe ikhambi eligcwalisiwe. Ngakho-ke, kumalitha ayi-10 amanzi udinga ukuncibilikisa amagremu we-lime angu-150 kanye namagremu ayi-100 e-sulphate yethusi.
- Ingxube ye-Burgundy. Ukuze ukwenze, udinga ukuhlanganisa umlotha we-soda ne-sulfate yethusi ngokwesilinganiso esingu-1: 1. Ngemuva kwalokho, kusuka ku-10 kuya ku-150 amagremu wengxube ephumayo kufanele ichithwe kumalitha ayi-10 amanzi. Isixazululo esivele siqhathaniswa naleso esedlule asisebenzi kahle, kepha ngemuva kokusetshenziswa kwaso amapuleti eshidi asibonakali ifilimu.
- Isixazululo ngensipho yokuwasha Kwezinye izimo, kusetshenziswa ingxube equkethe ibhakede lamanzi, amagremu ayi-150 esepha lokuwasha kanye namagremu angama-20 wesibabule sethusi. Le ngxube ingadala isitshalo ukulimala okuncane, kepha isebenza kancane.
I-Urea ne-iron sulfate
I-ironron sulfate ayigcini nje ngokubhubhisa izinambuzane nezifo eziningi, kepha futhi isondla lesi sitshalo ngento efana nensimbi. Kodwa-ke, lesi sakhi sinomdwebo obalulekile, okuwukuthi, ngenxa yaso, ukuthuthukiswa kwezithelo noma isivuno esimpofu kungabonakala. Njengomthetho, isixazululo esingekho ngaphezulu kwamaphesenti ama-3-5 sisetshenziselwa ukucubungula, kepha uma kusetshenziswa ingxube engaphezulu, khona-ke ukusha kungahlala ezihlahleni zama-apula.
I-Urea iphathwa ngesiko elinjalo lengadi entwasahlobo, ukuze ichithe ama-aphid, umphimbo, amacimbi amaqabunga ezinhlamvu nezinye izinambuzane ezincane eziyingozi, kanye nezibungu ezibekwe phansi yizo. Ukufafaza kokuqala entwasahlobo kwenziwa ngengxubevange enebhakede lamanzi, ama-kilos 0.5 we-urea (urea) ne-sulfate encane yethusi nakho kuthululelwa kuwo. Ezinsukwini eziyi-7 ngemuva kokuba isitshalo siphela, siphathwa ngesixazululo esingahlali maningi, ngakho-ke amagremu ayishumi ento athathwa ebhakedeni lamanzi.
Colloidal isibabule nophethiloli
Ukwelashwa kokuqala kwezihlahla zama-apula entwasahlobo, ungasebenzisa uphethiloli. Kepha kufanele kuqapheleke ukuthi kufanele kwenziwe ngaphambi kokuthi izinso zivuvukale, ngoba le nto ingawashisa, kanye namahlamvu. Ukufafaza ngophethiloli oxutshwe kungayekisa izinqubo ezingezinhle. Ukuze wenze ingxube, kuyadingeka ukuhlanganisa amanzi nophethiloli ku-2: 1.
Isixazululo esilungiselelwe kusuka kwisibabule se-colloidal siyasebenza impela ekulweni nebala, kanye ne-powdery hlobo. Ukusuka kumagremu angama-30 kuya kwangama-80 ento kufanele ancibilikiswe ebhakedeni lamanzi. Ukwakha ukumiswa okuzinzile, insipho yokuwasha kufanele ifakwe kusisombululo esikhona. Ukuze uqede izifo nezifo zokukhunta, basebenzisa umhluzi we-lime-isibabule. Ukuze uyilungiselele, hlanganisa i-0,4 kg ye-sulfur powder, i-0.6 kg ye-lime eyenziwe nge-hydrate ne-2 amalitha amanzi. Le ngxube kufanele ibiliswe okwesithathu kwehora.
Izidakamizwa zesimanje zezinambuzane eziyingozi nezifo
Uma ukhetha izidakamizwa zesimanje eziklanyelwe ukulwa nezinhlobonhlobo zezinambuzane eziyingozi nezifo ezingalimaza izihlahla zama-apula, kufanele uye esitolo esikhethekile. Emashalofini ayo uzobona inombolo enkulu yezindlela ezahlukahlukene kakhulu. Ezinye zazo zigxila kakhulu, kanti ezinye zinomphumela oyinkimbinkimbi. Ukuze uvikele izihlahla zama-apula futhi uthole isivuno esicebile, umlimi angasebenzisa kuphela imali enjalo noma ayisebenzise ehambisana nalokhu okungenhla. Akunakwenzeka ukuchaza zonke izindlela ezinjalo, ngoba uhlu lwabo luvuselelwa njalo. Ethandwa kakhulu phakathi kwabalimi ngamathuluzi anjengalawa:
- Umuthi ungunombolo 30. Isidakamizwa esinjalo sisebenza kakhulu ekulweni nezinambuzane eziningi eziyingozi, ngenkathi sinomphumela obanzi obanzi. Akuzona izinto ezinobuthi eziholela ekufeni kwezinambuzane eziyingozi, kepha iqiniso lokuthi ngenxa yefilimu evela ngemuva kokusetshenziswa komenzeli, izinambuzane zimane nje ngeke ziqhubeke nokuba khona. Leli thuluzi alinangozi kangako, kepha ochwepheshe balulekisa ukulisebenzisa ukucubungula isikhathi esingadluli kanye eminyakeni eyi-3.
- Nitrafen. Lesi sidakamizwa sihlanganisa izakhiwo zesinambuzane kanye nesikhunta. Leli thuluzi lingashiya ukushiswa kwamaqabunga, kulokhu, singasetshenziswa kuphela ekwelapheni kokuqala kwentwasahlobo kanye nangaphambi kokuba ukuvuvukala kwezinso kwenzeke.
- Phansi. Lesi sidakamizwa sisetshenziselwa ukuqothula izinambuzane ezingabonakali, kanti futhi siyakwazi ukuqeda nokugqwala, i-clusteroporosis, ithumba, i-moniliosis, cococycosis nezinye izifo. Leli thuluzi lesizini lingasebenza kuphela 1 isikhathi.
- I-Actellik. Ngemuva kokuthi lesi sitshalo sifafazwe, izinambuzane eziyingozi zizokufa ngemuva kwamahora ambalwa, futhi konke lokhu ngoba lesi sidakamizwa yisibulala-zinambuzane.
- E-Actara. Kufanele isetshenziswe ngokushesha lapho umuthi usubala. Leli thuluzi lizonga kusuka ezinambuzaneni ezikalwa ngezilinganiso, ama-aphid, amhlophe kanye nezinye izinambuzane eziyingozi.
- UTopazi noSkor. Izindlela zokusebenzisa kufanele zibe ngaphambi kokuqhakaza nasemva kwaso. Bazokusiza ukuqeda izifo fungal.
Kwezinye izimo, ukusetshenziswa kwamakhemikhali lapho kusetshenzwa izihlahla zama-apula kumane kudingekile, ngoba uma kungenjalo umlimi ungashiywa ngaphandle kwesilimo.
