Umuthi we-olive ongaphakathi ungowomndeni womnqumo. Endle, itholakala ezindaweni ezingaphansi komhlaba, kanti iMedithera, i-Australia kanye ne-Afrika kubhekwa njengezwe layo. I-Olive ingesinye sezitshalo zakudala ezihlobisa kakhulu ezaziwa ngabantu. Kungakho yaqala ukukhula ekhaya njengezikhathi ezingejwayelekile zezitshalo ezifuywayo ezifuywayo. Futhi bayawazisa umuthi wangaphakathi womnqumo, hhayi ngenxa yezithelo zawo kuphela, ezisetshenziselwa ukupheka, kodwa futhi nokuhlobisa.
Ngabe ubukeka kanjani umuthi womnqumo ohlala ubukeka nokuthi uqhakaza kanjani embizeni (enesithombe)
Isitshalo esisezindlini esibizwa ngokuthi umuthi womnqumo noma umnqumo sihlala sikhona. Amaqabunga e-Lanceolate anikeza umphumela okhethekile wokuhlobisa kule imbali, eluhlaza ngenhla nesiliva grey ngezansi. Umuthi womnqumo otshalwe ekhaya unomqhele osabalalisa kabanzi ngamagatsha asontekile, futhi kwesinye isikhathi isiqu. Amagxolo alesi sitshalo afana nangaphandle esikalini futhi, ngokungathi kunjalo, amafomu ayageleza. Imvama imnyama, kwesinye isikhathi ibe nocwayi onsundu. Umuthi womnqumo, onjengembali ekhula ngaphakathi, uthola ubuhle obukhethekile nobumnene ngesikhathi sokuvela kwamaqabunga kusuka ngoMeyi kuya kuJuni. Ama-inflorescences mancane (0.4-0,5 mm), aphuzi-amhlophe, amakha, aqoqiwe izingcezu eziyi-15-30 ezandleni ze-axillary. Izithelo ziboshwe ngokuzixubha noma ngokuzixhumanisa. Kepha ngendlela yesibili yokwenza impova, zombili izinkomba zokulingana nezizwisisekayo ekwakhekeni kwezimbali nezithelo ziyathuthuka.
Uma umuthi womnqumo ukhule ebhodweni, khona-ke isitshalo esikhulile ngokunakekelwa okufanele singanikela ngama-2 kg amajikijolo.
Izithelo ziyi-drupe enenyama emnyama noma enombala onsomi nethambo elinzima. Isikhathi sokuvula kusuka ngo-Okthoba kuya kuNovemba.
Isitshalo sikhula kancane, ngakho-ke singaphila ezindlini iminyaka eminingi.
Kunezinhlobo ezimbalwa zalesi siko engadini, kepha ukuze kulinywe ikhaya, njengesitshalo sokuhlobisa indlu, kusetshenziswa uhlobo olulodwa - i-European olive (O. europaea).
Ukuthi lo muthi womnqumo ubukeka kanjani, bheka isithombe:
Njengoba lesi sitshalo sivela endaweni engezansi, umuthi womnqumo udinga ukukhanya nelanga. Ngakho-ke, ngangokunokwenzeka, umnqumo wakho ongaphakathi uyozizwa emafasiteleni ohlangothini oluseningizimu noma, ezimeni ezimbi kakhulu, entshonalanga-empumalanga noma eningizimu-eningizimu. Uma indlu yomnqumo yasendlini noma yomnqumo ikhula futhi ibe inkulu ngokwanele ukuba igcinwe efasiteleni, lapho-ke kufanelekile ukuyibeka phansi eduze kwefasitela. Ungesabi ukusondela kwezitshalo eziluhlaza ngamadivayisi wokushisa, kubekezelela indawo enhle enjalo. Ungabeka futhi ipakethe lezimbali kwi-loggia efakiwe, ebheke ohlangothini oluseningizimu.
Lesi sitshalo sithathwa njenge-thermophilic, kepha ebusika umnqumo ugcinwa egumbini elipholile, elikhanyayo elinokushisa okungu-10-12 ° C. Uma ufuna ukubona ukuthi umuthi wakho womnquma uqhakaza kanjani, khona-ke lesi sitshalo kudingeka sinikeze izimo ezipholile kangako ebusika. Kepha ehlobo kuye imvelo izoba ntofontofo kuze kube ngu-25 ° C, ngakho-ke indawo yokufaka izimbali enomnqumo ingahanjiswa kuvulandi noma engadini.
Akudingi umswakama ophezulu, ukubekezelela ukomiswa komhlaba kahle.
Prefers inhlabathi ye-carbonate enokuqukethwe kokhilimu. Isendlalelo somnqumo senziwe ngomhlabathi we-turf, humus nesihlabathi (2: 1: 1).
Umuthi womnqumo ungakhula kanjani, bheka isithombe:
Imithetho yokunakekela umuthi womnqumo lapho ukhula ngaphakathi
Njenganoma yisiphi esinye isitshalo esingaphakathi endlini, umnqumo unemithetho yawo yokuqomisana, okufanele ilandelwe uma ufuna ukukhulisa umuthi omuhle futhi onempilo. Lokhu akusho ukuthi ukugcina lesi sitshalo esingaphakathi eflethini kunzima kakhulu, kepha kunezimpawu zaso. Ukuze ukhule izihlahla zomnqumo noma zomnqumo, kufanele unamathele kule mithetho:
- Ukuphuza okujwayelekile, kepha hhayi okuningi.
- Ukugqoka ngesikhathi.
- Isifutho somoya esomile.
- Dlulisa njengoba kudingeka.
- Izihlahla.
Njengoba lesi sitshalo sise-thermophilic, umuthi womnqumo lapho ukhule ekhaya udinga isilinganiso esanele selanga nomswakama. Ehlobo, nikeza ukuthambisa njalo, kepha hhayi kuningi. Akavamile ukufudumala ebusika, kepha ukunakekelwa kumele kuthathwe ukuze kungomiswa inqwaba yenhlabathi. Yize lesi sitshalo singesabi ukomisa inhlabathi, asikafanele. Lesi sihlahla esingaphakathi sinezimpande ezinkulu ngokwanele, ngakho-ke lapho uthambisa umswakama wobumba, kufanele uqiniseke ukuthi umswakama ungena ezansi embizeni. Izazi zezimbali zincoma le ndlela yokunisela: ehlobo izikhathi ezingama-2-3 ngesonto, nasebusika 1-2. Kepha, ukukhetha isikhathi sokunisela, kusengcono ukugxila ekomeni okungaphezulu kwenhlabathi ebhodweni.
Ukuthi ukunakekelwa okuphelele komuthi womnqumo, okutshalwe ngaphakathi, kungaqondwa ngamahlamvu awo. Ngokuchelela okunganele okwanele, iba yingozi futhi iphenduke ibe mnyama. Uma umuthi ungenawo umswakama owenele futhi ngasikhathi sinye ukhula endaweni eyomile, khona-ke lokhu kungenza ukuthi isitshalo siqale ukulahla amaqabunga.
Kepha ngaphansi kwezimo zokunisela zalesi simbali esingaphakathi endlini, kufanele kukhunjulwe ukuthi umswakama owedlulele uthinta kabi ukuthuthukiswa kweminqumo.
Ukuze uthole umuthi womnqumo wasekhaya, ukufafaza kufanele kufakwe ekunakekelweni, kodwa kufanele kwenziwe kuphela ngezinsuku ezishisa kakhulu noma uma imbali yezimbali enesitshalo iseduze nezinto zokufudumeza. Ukucwilisa umqhele kufanele kwenziwe ngamanzi okuma okushisa egumbini. Kungcono ukwenza lokhu ekuseni noma kusihlwa. Lokhu kuzosiza ukuvikela isitshalo ekushisweni. Uma umoya ungomile kakhulu endaweni yokukhula, umnqumo awudingi humidization yomoya.
Ungawuthena kanjani umuthi womnqumo ukuze wakhe umqhele
Uma ufuna ukwazi ukuthi ungawunakekela kanjani umuthi womnqumo, bese ufunda ngokucophelela elinye iphuzu lokutshala kwalo - ukugqoka okuphezulu. Ukusuka ngo-Ephreli kuya kuSepthemba, izikhathi ezingama-2-3 ngenyanga, umanyolo wezimbali ogcwele noma owenziwe waqedwa emhlabathini. Lesi isikhathi esiphakeme sesitshalo lapho sidinga amaminerali anele ukukhula okuvamile. Abanye abalimi batusa ukugqoka okuphezulu ngalolu hlelo: entwasahlobo - kuqukethe i-nitrogen, kanye nomanyolo wezimbiwa zasehlobo.
Lesi sitshalo sibekezelela ukwakheka komqhele kahle. Ngakho-ke, abaningi bazama ukwenza le nqubo ngendlela yokuthi ithatha ifomu eliyinqayizivele. Uma wazi ukuthi ungawunquma kanjani umnqumo we-oliva ngokwakho, awukwazi feela ukwakha umqhele, kodwa futhi unikeze umfutho omusha ekuthuthukisweni kwesitshalo.
Wonke umsebenzi wenziwa kusetshenziswa ama-secateurs entwasahlobo, lapho nje umnqumo uqala ukuvuka ebuthongweni. Lapho wenza umqhele, kubalulekile ukususa hhayi kuphela amagatsha afile, kodwa futhi amahlumela ancintisanayo. Ngasikhathi sinye, ababuthakathaka kufanele basuswe, bashiye abanamandla futhi bephilile.
Uma wazi ukuthi ungathena kanjani umqhele womuthi womnqumo, ungakhuphula umkhiqizo ngezenzo ezinjalo. Ukuze wenze lokhu, lapho usika lesi sitshalo, bazama ukususa amagatsha amadala. Ngakho-ke, kungenzeka ukwenza indlela ukuthuthukiswa kwamahlumela amancane, anikeza izithelo zokuqala ngonyaka wesibili.
Abanye abalimi lapho bekhulisa lesi sitshalo ekhaya bayabona ukuthi kwesinye isikhathi akukho okuthenayo entwasahlobo. Uma uhlangabezana nenkinga enjalo, khona-ke ukuntuleka kokukhula kwamahlumela amasha kukhombisa umswakama onganele wesitshalo. Futhi uma ubona ukuthi amahlamvu esihlahleni somnqumo aqala ukubuna, lapho imbali ingenakho ukukhanya. Ukuze uthole umuthi womnqumo otshalwe ekhaya, ukuphakama kukhawulelwe ku-0.8 m.
Ngesikhathi sokusikwa kwezinwele zalesi sitshalo entwasahlobo, ungesabi ukusinqamula naso. I-Olive ibekezelela ukusika kahle kakhulu, futhi ngenkathi yokukhula izonikeza ukwanda okuhle kwamahlumela amasha.
Ukutshala kanye nokudlulisela kwembali yomnqumo
Iminqumo itshalwe ekhaya ingaphila iminyaka engaphezu kwe-10. Uma sithatha lesi sikhombisi sibala, khona-ke abanikazi balesi sitshalo banombuzo onengqondo, ukuthi ngabe kuyadingeka yini ukufakelwa futhi ukuthi bakwenza kaningi kangakanani. Kuqala, sizokuqonda okuyinkimbinkimbi yokuthi ungatshala kanjani umuthi womnqumo ngokukhulisa indlu. Okokuqala, khetha uhlobo olufanele bese ulungisa isitsha. Kufanele likhulu ngokwanele. Uma wena ngokwakho ungakhuli isitshalo esivela embewini, ngokwesibonelo, kepha usuvele usuthole isihlahla esivuthiwe kahle, khona-ke ubukhulu bembiza kufanele bube ngu-60 cm ubukhulu nobubanzi. Njengoba umuthi we-oliva ungakuthandi ukufutheka okwenele emhlabathini, kufanele kwenziwe izikhala ezivulekile endaweni yokufaka izimbali ukuphuma kwamanzi mahhala.
Ukutshala umuthi omncane womnqumo, inhlabathi iyagcwala noma inesihlabathi. Njengoba isitshalo sikhula, isitsha esidala singaba sincane, ngakho-ke kufanelekile ukufakelwa. Emncane, umnqumo utshalwa ngonyaka. Ngemuva kweminyaka engu-5 - kanye njalo emva kweminyaka engama-2-3. Ukwenza umuthi womnqumo ube lula ukusinda kuwo wonke umsebenzi wokushintsha ibhodwe nenhlabathi, kungcono ukuwudlulisa ngokuwudlulisa. Lokhu kusiza ukufeza wonke umsebenzi ngaphandle kobuhlungu ngangokunokwenzeka kwesitshalo, ngaphandle kokulimaza uhlelo lwaso lwezimpande. Futhi, lapho kukhula umuthi womnqumo ongaphakathi, ukuhanjiswa kusiza ukusheshisa ukukhula kwawo.
Ukuze wenze lokhu, lungiselela ibhodwe elikhudlwana kunangaphambili, cisheamasentimitha ayi-10. Yenza izimbobo ezinkulu kuwo bese ugcwalisa phansi ngobumba obunwetshiwe noma ezinye izinto zokudonsa amanzi. Gcwalisa ibhodwe ku-1/3 ngenhlanganisela efanelekile yenhlabathi. Isigaxa sobumba endaweni yokutshala izimbali esidala nesitshalo sidinga ukushiswa kahle ngamanzi. Lapho nje uketshezi selungenwe ngokuphelele futhi inhlabathi inyiselwe phansi, susa ngokucophelela isihlahla kanye nesixha somhlaba nezimpande. Faka ebhodweni olusha, bese ugcwalisa izimbangela zakho ngomhlabathi omusha.
Ngabe kuyimfashini ukukhulisa umuthi womnqumo kusuka etsheni nokuthi ungakwenza kanjani ekhaya
Okulandelayo, funda indlela yokukhulisa isihlahla somnqumo ngokwakho. Vele, emakethe ungathenga izingcezu ezenziwe ngomsuka ezenziwe ngomumo noma ezineminyaka emibili noma emibili ubudala bese uzifaka endaweni yokuhlala unomphela, unikeze ukunakekelwa okuphelele. Kepha kwabaningi, kuyajabulisa kakhulu ukuzikhulisa lesi sitshalo ngokwakho. Ngakho-ke, kuvame ukuvela imibuzo eyanele yokuthi kungenzeka yini ukuthi kukhule isihlahla somnqumo, ngokwesibonelo, kusuka etsheni nokuthi kuzothela izithelo.
Lesi sihlahla esihlala sikhona singasatshalaliswa ngezindlela ezimbili: ukusika okune-lignified, futhi okuvame ukusetshenziselwa imbewu (imbewu) kulokhu. Indlela yokuqala ilawula ukugcina zonke izici ezithile zomnqumo kamama, kepha lapho utshala imbewu, amathuba okulahleka kwawo ayanda. Ngakho-ke, usebenzisa le ndlela yokukhiqiza kabusha, kuyadingeka ukufezekisa ukuqunjelwa komdlalo.
Ungakhula kanjani umuthi womnqumo kusuka etsheni:
- Cwilisa imbewu amahora angama-16-18 ngesixazululo se-10 caustic soda.
- Zihlanze emanzini agobhozayo.
- Ama-secateurs ahlukanisa "ekhaleni" lethambo.
- Lungiselela inhlabathi evunyelwe (ishidi ngesihlabathi).
- Tshala ngo-2-3 cm ngokujula.
- Nyakazisa inhlabathi.
Uma konke kwenziwa kahle, amahlumela azovela ngaphambi kwezinyanga ezi-2-3. Ehlelweni lokukhula kusuka embewini musa ukungayinaki into ngo-ofakwe wento yokutshala. Le nqubo izothambisa kalula ijazi lembewu, elizokwandisa umthamo wazo wokuhluma kaningana.
Ama-bores avumelekile ukukhula kuze kube ukuthi amagatsha angaba ngu-2-3 avele futhi atshalwe ebhodweni elikhudlwana. Umuthi omncane womnqumo udinga ukunakekelwa okufanele ngesikhathi sokukhula (ukufudumala, ukugcina izinga lokushisa, isibalo esanele sokukhanya), okuqinisekisa ukukhula okuvamile okusebenzayo kohlelo lwezimpande kanye nomqhele. Ngonyaka owodwa emva kokufakelwa, ungagoma into yasendle enye yezindlela ezikhona:
- I-Butt ngaphansi kwegxolo.
- Iso elihlumayo esikhwameni sezingubo.
Kuyaqapheleka ukuthi umuthi osukhulile kusuka embewini yeminqumo uhlukaniswa isikhathi sasemuva sokuqhakaza nezithelo. Ngakho-ke, amaqabunga okuqala esihlahleni somnqumo angabonakala ngaphambi kweminyaka engu-8-10.
Ukusakazeka kwesihlahla somnqumo ngokusika
Uma unentshisekelo hhayi kuphela ekuhlobiseni isitshalo, kodwa nezithelo ezinempilo zesihlahla somnqumo, lapho-ke ukuze kusatshalaliswa kungcono ukhethe indlela yokusika. Wonke umsebenzi wenziwa entwasahlobo, lapho imbali isanda kuqala ukukhula kwayo okusebenzayo. Njengezinto zokutshala, amagatsha asikiwe athathwa, iminyaka yawo akufanele ibe ngaphansi kweminyaka emi-2. Ezisheni ezinjalo, ubukhulu endaweni yokusika bufika ku-4 cm. Ukusikeka kufanele kuphathwe nge-var var engadini. Izinto zokutshala ezilungiselelwe zitshalwe endaweni enezingqimba esitsheni sesihlabathi ukuya kububanzi obuyi-10 cm.
Ama-cuttings anezimbali eziningi, ngakho-ke cishe emva kwenyanga kuvela amahlumela amancane kuwo. Umuthi omncane womnqumo, okhule ekhaya, udinga ukunakekelwa okunjalo:
- Izikhathi eziyi-1-2 ngokunisela usebenzisa isishukumisi sokukhula.
- Amazinga okushisa acishe abe ngu-25 ° C.
- Ukukhanyisa kwanele ngaphandle kokukhanya kwelanga okuqondile.
Ukusika kwinqubo yokubamba kanye nokukhula kudinga umswakama ophezulu. Ngakho-ke, imbiza enezimpande ezinjalo ezincane kufanele imbozwe nge-cellophane noma ingilazi. Kanye ngosuku badinga ukufafazwa ngamanzi ekushiseni kwegumbi. Ngemuva kwezinyanga ezingama-2-4, ukusikwa kungadluliselwa endaweni engapheli. I-transshipment elandelayo ayidluli unyaka owodwa entwasahlobo. Lapho sezikhulile ngale ndlela, izithelo zokuqala zingabonakala iminyaka engu-2-3.
Manje usuyazi ukuthi ungakhula kanjani umuthi womnqumo othela izithelo ekhaya. Qiniseka ukuthi ulandela izeluleko zokukhulisa nokunakekela, futhi maduze nje umnqumo wakho uzokujabulisa ngezimbali ezinhle nezithelo.
Isikhathi sokuqhakaza nezithelo zomnqumo
Lapho kukhula lesi sitshalo, abaningi bafuna ukubona hhayi kuphela izici zokuhlobisa ezithokozisayo, kodwa nama-buds nezithelo zawo. Isihlahla somnqumo ngesikhathi sokuqhakaza sihle kakhulu futhi sinamakha. Futhi ungakubona lokhu esitshalweni esineminyaka engu-3-5 ubudala. Ngezindlela eziningi, isikhathi sezithelo sincike ohlotsheni lomnqumo, ngakho-ke, kwezinye izinhlobo zalesi sihlahla, ukuqhakaza kokuqala kungabonakala kuphela emva kweminyaka eyi-10. Ngakho-ke, kunconywa ukucacisa leli phuzu ngaphambi kokuthenga izinto zokutshala.
Inqubo yokwenza izithelo ingasheshiswa ngokudala izimo ezinhle zesitshalo, ezichazwe ngenhla.
Ukwelashwa kwesihlahla somnqumo kwezifo nezinambuzane
Umuthi womnqumo ekhaya, ngisho nangokunakekelwa okufanele, unomkhawulo ophansi wokuzwela kwezifo nezinambuzane. Kubaluleke kakhulu ukukhomba inkinga ngesikhathi esifanele futhi ngokufanele bese uqala ukuyilwa nayo.
Lesi sitshalo, lapho sesikhulile ekhaya, sivame ukuthintwa yizilokazane ezinjalo:
I-Whitefly
Imvukuzane ingumnqumo.
I-Whitefly - Lesi isihlobo sama-aphid owaziwa kakhulu, obukeka njenge midge emhlophe emincane engaba ngu-3 mm ubude. Ngenkambiso yokuphila kwayo, ishiya inhlanganisela emhlophe kokuluhlaza kwesitshalo, iqala ukubuna, imbozwe ngamabala aphuzi, futhi mhlawumbe ingasonteka. I-Olive, lapho ilinyazwa inkathazo enjalo, ngokushesha ilahlekelwa ngumphumela wayo wokuhlobisa. Esithombeni ungabona ukuthi umuthi womnqumo othinteka kanjani ngumbethe omhlophe ubukeka kanjani:
Ingozi yokwehlulwa yile nkathazo ibuyelele ekutheni iyisiphathi sezifo ezahlukahlukene (chlorosis, jaundice, njll). Ukulwa nalesi sinambuzane, kufanele kusetshenziswe amalungiselelo amakhemikhali (i-Grinda, Confidor Extra, Bison, Commander Maxi, njll.), Acutshungulwa okungenani izikhathi ezi-2 ngokuvama kwesikhathi esingu-1 emavikini ama-2.
Isitha esikhulu salesi sitshalo umundu womnqumo. Uhlala ezimbalini, futhi izibungu zakhe zidla imiqumbe, amahlamvu amancane. Uma le nkathazo yonakele, luhlaza kwesihlahla somnqumo lushintsha lube ngaphandle, funda incazelo yokuthi kutholakala kanjani ukunqotshwa kwale nundu.Lokhu kuzosiza ngesikhathi ukukhomba nokuqala ukulwa naye. I-Foliage isontekile, uma uyandisa, lapho ngaphakathi ungabona inkathazo kwesinye isikhathi kuwebhu. Ukuze ulwe nenundu lomnqumo, kufanele ususe kuqala zonke izinto ezibonakalayo ezilimele. Ngemuva kwalokho yenza ukucubungula ngama-ejenti wamakhemikhali (i-Decis, Aktara, Fitoverm, njll.).
Uma uqaphela ukuthi amahlamvu esihlahleni sakho aqala ukubuna, futhi amahlumela amasha akathuthukiswa kahle, futhi ngasikhathi sinye lesi sitshalo sigcinwa ezingeni elifanele, khona-ke kungenzeka lokhu kuyisibonakaliso ngesifo se-olive. Izifo ezihlasela kakhulu fungal ezithinta izihlahla zomnqumo.
Okuyingozi kakhulu i-verticillus wilting - isifo sokukhunta okubangelwa yi-pathogenic microorganism ye-genert Verticillium.
Kuyivelakancane kuma-olivi, atshalwe ekhaya, kepha asabonakala. Akukona ukwelashwa, futhi okuwukuphela kwendlela yokukususa ngokushesha ukuqaphela lesi sifo ngesikhathi futhi ususe zonke izindawo ezithintekile.
Ukukhula umnqumo ekhaya, kunikeze ngezimo ezinhle kakhulu. Lapho-ke isihlahla sakho sizokhula kahle bese kuthi emva kweminyaka embalwa sikujabulise ngezimbali zokuqala ezinamakha nezithelo ezinamafutha.
