I-Larch ingummeleli kakhulu

Ekwindla yokuqala kuka-1960, edolobheni elincane laseMelika iSeattle (Washington), i-Fifth World Forestry Congress yaqeda umsebenzi wayo. Abamele umsebenzi ohlale unokuthula, ofike lapha evela emazweni angama-96, uthathe isinqumo sokuqeda ingqungquthela ngokusungulwa kwePeoples 'Friendship Park. E-alley maphakathi, ithimba ngalinye kwakudingeka litshala isihlahla sezwe lakubo. Kwakuyithuba lommeleli weSoviet. Ngemisindo yengoma yezwe lethu, wabhekisa amabombo esizeni sakhe. UmMelika osemncane uhambe ngakwesokunene sakhe ene-banner ebomvu, intombazane enomgexo kanye nesithombo sesihlahla sikazwelonke yahamba kwesobunxele.

Yisiphi isihlahla esadunyiswa ukumela amandla amakhulu omhlaba emhlabeni onhlabathi yaseMelika? Izinhlobo ezingaphezu kuka-1700 ezifuywayo zezitshalo ezinamahlahla nezinhlobo zemvelo ezingaba ngu-2000 zivela ezweni lethu. Ngakho-ke khetha kuzo isihlahla esifanele kunazo zonke. Kodwa amahlathi aseSoviet afinyelela esinqumweni esisodwa ngokushesha: i-larch yaba okhethiweyo wawo. Isinqumo esifanele! Uma ungabaza, bheka imephu yezwe lethu.

Ibhande ebanzi selule amahlathi kusuka entshonalanga kuye empumalanga kulo lonke elaseRussia. Cishe isigamu sale ndawo sihlala ama-larch, ngaphezu kwengxenye yesine yamahektha ayizigidi eziyinkulungwane - ukusuka eLake Onega kuya olwandle lwase-Okhotsk. Amazwe amahlanu, anjengeFrance, angangena ngokukhululeka endaweni ehlala i-larch. Amahlathi amaningi amakhulu awakhi ezinye izinhlobo zezihlahla emhlabeni. Lesi isihlahla sehlathi esimele kakhulu.

I-Larch idume ngokuhlala kwayo isikhathi eside. Kuyiqiniso, uhlala ngokuqhathaniswa nezinye izinhlobo hhayi isikhathi eside kakhulu: cishe iminyaka engama-400-500, kodwa izinkuni zakhe ezisetshenziselwa ezakhiweni zimelana kakhulu. Kumakhulu amaningi ngisho nezinkulungwane zeminyaka, ilondolozwa kahle, ithola isikhathi namandla amaningi nombala woqobo. Ngisho namanje, emathangeni aminyene we-taiga yaseSiberia, umuntu angavame ukuthola izinsalela zezinqaba zasendulo ezakhiwe ngamasosha kaKhan Kuchum. Emakhulwini amahlanu edlule, kwafakwa izingodo ze-larch kuzo, futhi akukho monakalo obonakalayo.

Imikhiqizo eminingi ye-larch nayo yatholwa ngenkathi kuvubukulwa izindunduma ezidumile zasePazyryk e-Altai. Sekungaphezulu kweminyaka engamatshumi amabili lambili bengakaze bezwe kungakabi yisikhathi. Labofakazi abahlukile bobusha baphakade be-larch manje sebegcinwe eMnyuziyamu weHermitage eSt. Lapho, ungabona amakhabethe wetiyela wamatshe ayizimbazo, izindishi zesarcophagus, izinqola zempi ezinamasondo ezisuka ezimpandeni zomphunga. Konke lokhu kwenziwa emuva kwi-Bronze Age ngamazondo ethusi. Okweminyaka eyizinkulungwane, imikhiqizo yasendulo imnyama kuphela futhi ithola ubunzima betshe. Ngabe lezi zinguquko zimangalisa? Kuliqiniso, ngesikhathi sokuphila, i-larch ayijwayelekile.

Imigqa eqondile, njengamakholamu, izihlahla ze-larch ziyimidondoshiya yangempela yamahlathi. Amamitha angama-30 kuya kwamashumi amane ukuphakama akuwona umkhawulo kubo, bangamamitha angama-50 nesiqu sogqinsi esingafika kumamitha ayi-2. Amahlathi e-Larch anikeza irekhodi lezinkuni ngehektare yazo zonke izinhlobo zezinto eziphilayo: ifinyelela kumamitha ayi-cubic cubic noma ngaphezulu.

I-Larch (i-Larix)

Izinkuni ze-larch zisetshenziswa ekwakheni umkhumbi wanamuhla, ekwenziweni kwendiza, ezimotweni nasebunjiniyela bemishini. Ngaphandle kokukhulelwa okuyisipesheli, iya kulabo abalala nezigxobo ze-telegraph futhi ilungele ikakhulukazi ukuhanjiswa, amabhuloho, amadamu, lapho, njengoba besho, ayazi ukudilizwa.

Kepha abantu abaneliswa yizinkuni kuphela, kepha bayiguqula ibe amagama amaningi awusizo. Ukusuka kumamitha ayi-cubic wokhuni larch, kusetshenziswa umfazi wesimangaliso wesayensi yamakhemikhali, amakhilogremu angama-200 eselulose noma inani elilinganayo leshukela lamagilebhisi, amasentimitha angama-2 000 amasheya noma amamitha ayi-1,500 endwangu kasilika, amamitha ayi-6,000 e-cellophane noma amalitha ayi-700 e-alcohol otshwala. Ama-dozens namakhulu ezinye izinto ezibalulekile zenziwa ngemikhiqizo yezinkuni ezi-larch: i-turpentine ne-acetic acid, irosin kanye ne-wax yokusika, ukufana nokunye okuningi. Ama-tannins akhishwa ngokhuni larch lokugqokwa kwesikhumba nokudaya izindwangu, kawoyela obalulekile ukhishwa ezinalwaneni. Kodwa-ke, umuthi, ngesikhathi sokuphila kwawo, unikeza i-resin esezingeni eliphakeme, noma, njengoba ibizwa njalo emakethe yezwe, i-turpentine yaseVenetian. Itholakala ngokubala izihlahla ezikhulayo futhi isetshenziswa kabanzi embonini kagesi nopende.

Ochwepheshe bathi i-larch izitshalo ze-coniferous, kepha ngokungafani ne-spruce noma uphayinaphu, minyaka yonke ilahla impahla yayo eluhlaza ebusika. Ngenxa yekhono lokulahla i-larch minyaka yonke, yathola igama laso. Kodwa-ke, ukuvuselelwa kwezinaliti kuyilungelo lezihlahla, futhi amahlumela we-larch agcina izinaliti ngisho nasebusika. Ngokusobala, ezikhathini zasendulo, i-larch kwakuyisihlahla esihlala sikhona futhi sasihambisana nezimo ezinzima zenyakatho kuphela. Ngempela, ukulahla izinaliti, ngaleyo ndlela kunciphisa ukuhanjiswa kwamanzi ngumqhele ebusika. Kuyadingeka ukonga, ngoba izimpande azikwazi ukuthola umswakama kusuka enhlabathini efriziwe.

I-larch ilungile ikakhulukazi entwasahlobo nasekwindla. Amagatsha awo amade, awondile otshani entwasahlobo ekuqaleni kwentwasahlobo ndawonye (ngosuku olulodwa noma ezimbili ezifudumele, ezinhle) zinemibala emabhulashi aminyene enaliti eluhlaza ekhanyayo. Ngokuphikisana nesizinda sazo se-emerald, njengamalambu esihlahla sikaKhisimusi, obomvu, okhanyayo noma ophuzi oluhlaza okotshani kanye nama-spikelets aphuzi "ukukhanya" ngokulandelana. I-Larch mihle kakhulu ngalesi sikhathi. Kunomoya ovunguzayo ophakeme ngaphezu komqhele wabo wamafu impova yegolide. Ukungcola kuyaqhubeka.

I-larch iyisitshalo esinemikhuba emincane: izigaxa zabesifazane kanye nama-spikelets angamaduna akhiwe esihlahleni esifanayo.

Ngokuhamba kwesikhathi, umbala wezinaliti umnyama, ukukhula kwawo kuyama, bese kuthi izinhlayiya ezincane eziningi zibe nsundu, zivuthwe. Ekupheleni kwehlobo noma ekuqaleni kwekwindla, i-larch ivela futhi emikhosini, kulokhu igolide-orange, ngubo. Ihlathi elikhulu larch ngalesi sikhathi sonyaka. Kubonakala sengathi i-taiga yaseSiberia enokhahlo kusuka emaphethelweni iye emaphethelweni ikhanyiswa ukukhanya okusagolide. Noma ngabe undiza phezu kwe-taiga, noma ubhukuda kulezi zinsuku uhamba ngeYenisei noma i-Lena, i-Aldan noma i-Kolyma, kubukeka sengathi ulahlekile olwandle olukhulu olukhazimulayo olwandle. Isithwathwa kuphela saseSiberia esinamandla okudlisa lo misebe wasekwindla wendawo yonke. Isithwathwa sokuqala esiqinile sizoshaya, kanti izinalithi zegolide zizokhula buthule ezihlahleni. Kepha njengoba i-taiga idlubulundela ngamandla nemimoya ebandayo yokuqala. Ezinsukwini ezimbalwa nje, izihlahla zikakhokho zilahlekelwa yingubo yazo enhle, futhi zihlala zingenabo bonke ubusika lapho zibhekene nezinto ezinesihluku. Kuliqiniso, i-larch ayiveli emadodeni amabi: ihlangana ngokuthula neqhwa, ikhipha imbewu yayo enamaphiko nje ebusika. Wayeneningi lazo emigqonyeni emincane kodwa emibalabala eminingi ansundu.

Izimbali larch.

Kodwa-ke, i-larch nesomiso kuphumelela nje. Akuzenzekeli ukuthi amahlathi ase-Ukraine kanye neKuban, iVolga neMoldavia ayitshala ngokulangazelela kangaka ezindaweni zokuphephela.

Icacisa ngokuphelele ukwethenjwa kwabo, ikhula ngokushesha futhi ngokushesha ihlale ndawonye nabaseningizimu eningizimu.

Izici ezingamahlathi zama-larch nazo ziyaziswa. Ijubane lokukhula kwalo, lingabeki phansi inhlabathi kanye namandla okwakha amahlathi ahlanzekile futhi ahlanganisiwe ayazikhulumela. E-Zelenogorsk, eduzane naseSt. Petersburg, futhi manje usungabona i-larch gro eyingqayizivele, eyabekwa umyalo kaPeter I yi "ndoda yasehlathini" uFokel. Lokhu kungokokuqala futhi, njengoba isikhathi sekuqinisekisile, umzamo ophumelele kakhulu wohlobo lomuthi oluwufanele ngokwenziwe. Manje amahlathi eSoviet ahlakulela i-larch yonke indawo. Ezinhlotsheni ezingama-20 zohlobo lwe-larch ezikhona emhlabeni, sineengcweti eziyi-14. Ezinye izinhlobo zihlala emaCarpathians, ezinye eSakhalin, kanti ezinye ziziQhingi zaseKuril.

Kodwa-ke, okuthandwa kuqala kuvame ukunikezwa larch yaseSiberia, leyo ekhula ePeoples 'Friendship Park enhlabathini yaseMelika. Kuyiqiniso, lesi akusona isihlahla sokuqala sesikhumbuzo sohlobo olunjalo olungavamile. Emuva ngonyaka we-1706, ekhumbula isisekelo sePalmaceutical Garden eMoscow, uPeter I ngatshala i-larch ngezandla zakhe. Le larch isiphile isikhathi esingaphezu kwengxenye yesine yeminyaka eyinkulungwane, izindawo ezikude zaseMoscow ezikude zaphenduka indawo ephakathi nendawo yoMhlaba, kanye nePalmaceutical Garden yaba yingadi yakudala yezitshalo yaseMoscow University. Wabona izimpawu eziningi zesikhathi.

Cishe ngenkosi kaPeter, omunye wabahlathi beSoviet wathi: "Yilapho amagama aqhoshayo avela khona: izihlahla ziyafa zimi." Eqinisweni, isihlahla sePetrovsky Veteran sihle kakhulu manje ngoba amagatsha ambalwa kuphela aphila kuwo. Kepha i-baton yezizukulwane isivele idlulisiwe; inzalo yakhe encane isivele ithathe isithunzi sokuhlonipha esihlahleni sesikhumbuzo. Izisebenzi zasengadini zawubeka ngendlela enothando eduze komkhosi weminyaka engama-250 yensimu yangaphambi kweMithi.