Ukuzala kanye ne-humus imiqondo ehlobene kakhulu. Kusuka olimini lwesiLatin, leli gama lihunyushwa ngokuthi inhlabathi noma umhlaba. Noma namhlanje abalimi betshala izitshalo kuma-hydroponics noma enhlabathini yokufakelwa ngaphandle kwezinkinga, noma kunjalo, le ngxenye yokuzala ayikwazi ukuhanjiswa. Ukunyusa isenti lesithelo, okokuqala udinga ukuthola ukuthi kuyini i-humus enhlabathini, bese ubheka inqubo yokwenziwa kwawo.
Humus ...
Izichazamazwi zemvelo ngazwi linye zithi iyi-humus yezitshalo ezisebenzisa imfucuza yezilwane. Ngisho nasezikhathini zasendulo, okhokho bethu babona ukuthi umhlaba umnyama kakhulu umhlaba, izilimo ezande kakhulu futhi ezisezingeni eliphakeme kakhulu eziyinikezayo. Lowo mbala uyisibonakaliso sokuqala esikhombisa ukuthi kukhona emhlabathini we-nati yezakhi wesistimu yezimpande.
Ngakho-ke kwenziwa kanjani i-humus? Engxenyeni ephezulu yenhlabathi izinqubo eziyinkimbinkimbi zamakhemikhali zenzeka - ukubola kwezidalwa eziphilayo kuhlala ngaphandle komoya-mpilo. Akunakwenzeka ngaphandle kokubamba iqhaza:
- izilwane;
- ama-microorganisms enhlabathi;
- izitshalo.
Lapho befa, bashiya uphawu olubalulekile ekwakhekeni kwenhlabathi. Imikhiqizo yedoti ebunjiwe yalezi zinto eziphilayo nayo inqwabelana lapha. Futhi, izinto ezinjengalezi eziphilayo ziyamelana namagciwane, okuwavumela ukuba anqwabele phezulu komhlaba.
Le biomass isebenza njengedepho yangempela yazo zonke izinto eziphakeme. Izakhi ezikuyo zigcwalisa izimpande zezitshalo ngamandla, futhi zizondle ngazo zonke izinto ezidingekayo:
- humine;
- ama-humic acid;
- i-humic compounds.
Ubukhulu besembozo esinjalo bungafinyelela (ezindaweni ezifudumele zeplanethi) kufika kumamitha ayi-1.5. Kwezinye izindawo zakha i-10-16% yomhlaba, nakwamanye - yi-1.5% kuphela. Ngasikhathi sinye, ama-peatlands aqukethe cishe ama-90% ezinto ezinjalo eziphilayo.
Ukwakheka kwe-humus ngokuqondile kuncike kwinqubo yokwenza amaminerali - ukubola kwe-biomass (ngaphansi kwethonya lomoya-mpilo) kube ngamakhompiyutha alula kanye ne-organic compounds. Ngaphansi kwezimo ezijwayelekile zezemvelo, lokhu kwenzeka ngokulinganayo, ngaphandle kokubandlulula ekululazisweni.
Ukwakheka
Ngaphambi kokunaka izakhiwo ezizuzisayo zalesembozo somhlabathi, udinga ukucabanga ukwakheka kwawo. Ukuqoqwa okuphezulu kakhulu kwezinto ezisebenzayo kutholakala kuphela engxenyeni engenhla yomkhathi. Ngokujula, baba mncane, ngoba bonke "ababambiqhaza" kule nqubo baphila ngezinga lama-50-70 cm ukusuka ebusweni. Ngakho-ke, ukwakheka kwezingqimba ezivundile akunakwenzeka ngaphandle:
- izinhlobo ezithile zamakhowe;
- Earthworms;
- amagciwane.
Ukucutshungulwa kwezakhi ze-organic, kanye nokumbiwa kwezilwane ezingenamsoco kuholela ekwakhiweni kwama-humus angenakubaluleka. Yizibungu ezibalulekile ekwakhekeni kwazo. Kumele kuqashelwe ukuthi abantu abacishe babe ngu-450-500 bahlala ku-1 m² ye-humus. Ngamunye wabo udla imfucumfucu yesitshalo namagciwane. Izinto eziphilayo ezibekwe yizo zakha amaphesenti amaningi we-biomass yezakhi. Ukwakheka kwe-humus kufaka phakathi amakhemikhali anjalo (amaphesenti ahambisana nohlobo lomhlabathi):
- Ama-acid e-Fulvic (30 - 50%). I-nitrogen equkethe i-soluble (isisindo esikhulu samangqamuzana) ama-asidi e-organic. Baholela ekwakhekeni kwamakhompiyutha abulala ukwakhiwa kwamaminerali.
- Ama-Gumins (15 - 50%). Lokhu kufaka phakathi izinto ezingakaqedi inqubo yokuthambisa. Ngasikhathi sinye, imisebenzi yabo ebalulekile incike kumaminerali.
- Ama-wax asukela ku-2 kuya ku-6%.
- Ama-asidi ama-Humic (7 - 89%). Zingasasebenzi, yize zingaphansi kwethonya le-alkalis zingabola zibe yizakhi ngazinye. Ngayinye yazo iqukethe enye yezinto eziholayo: i-nitrogen, umoya-mpilo, i-hydrogen ne-carbon. Lapho ama-acid ehlangana nezinye izakhi, usawoti ungakheka emhlabathini.
- Izinsalela ezingenalutho (19 - 35%). Lokhu kusebenza kuma-saccharides ahlukahlukene, ama-enzyme, ama-alcohols nezinye izinto.
Ithebula lokuqukethwe kwe-humus emaqenjini amakhulu omhlabathi likhombisa inani le-nitrogen ne-carbon kuyo yonke inhlabathi eyi-100 noma engama-20. Isilinganiso senziwa ku-t / ha. Ngale ndlela isithombe esivamile samasheya omhlaba ovundile eRussia abukeka kanjani.
Uma ama-fertilizer (amaminerali, ikakhulukazi, i-nitrogen) esetshenziswa kaningi kakhulu futhi ngamanani amakhulu, lokhu kuzoholela ekubunjweni okusheshayo kwe-biomass. Eminyakeni yokuqala, isivuno, kusobala, sizokhuphuka kaningana. Kepha ngokuqhubeka kwesikhathi, umthamo ungqimba oluvundile uzokwehla kakhulu, futhi umkhiqizo uzoncipha.
Izici eziwusizo
Kwezolimo, ukulondolozwa kwalesi sakhiwo semvelo kubhekwa njengokubaluleke kakhulu. Eminyakeni eyikhulu edlule, ngenxa yokuguguleka kweRussia nase-Ukraine, isembozo esingaphezulu sehlile cishe ngesigamu. Ukuchayeka emoyeni namanzi kuholele ekushayeni / ekushayweni kwezingqimba zenhlabathi ezicebile. Izazi zezemvelo kanye nabalimi babheka okuqukethwe yi-humus enhlabathini njengezinto zokuzala kanye nenqubo eyinhloko yokuthenga umhlaba. Yize kunjalo, kunguyena obhekele izimfanelo zenhlabathi efanelekile, futhi ngalezi zizathu ezilandelayo:
- Inenala yezakhi zomzimba ezidingekayo empilweni yokuphila yezitshalo. Lokhu kucishe kube yi-99% ye-nitrogen ekhona emvelweni, kanye nangaphezulu kwe-60% yayo yonke i-phosphorus.
- Isiza ukugcwala umhlaba nge-oxygen, iwenze ukhululeke kakhudlwana. Ngenxa yalokhu, izinhlelo zezimpande zezilimo namagciwane amancane ahlala emhlabathini athola ingxenye eyanele yomoya.
- Kwakha isakhiwo senhlabathi. Ngenxa yalokho, ubumba nesihlabathi akubutheli. Ama-organic ahlanganisa izinhlayiya zamaminerali zibe ngamagqoko, akha uhlobo lwenhlwathi. Umswakama udlula kuwo, ongena ezakhiweni ezakhiwe. Ngale ndlela, izimila zithola amanzi. Futhi, isakhiwo se-porous sivikela umhlaba ekushintsheni okungazelelwe kwezinga lokushisa nokuhlukahluka okuguquguqukayo.
- UHumus ukhuthaza ukufudumala okufanayo kwenhlabathi. Izinqubo ze-biochemical eziyinkimbinkimbi zenzeka kulolu ungqimba. Umphumela wokusabela okunjalo yisizukulwane sokushisa. Njengoba kuphawuliwe ngenhla, inhlabathi evundile inomthunzi omnyama kakhulu. Amathoni ansundu-amnyama aheha futhi amunce imisebe ye-ultraviolet ehamba phambili.
Amakhemikhali wezinto eziphilayo avikela umhlaba emiphumeleni eyingozi yamakhemikhali asindayo enziwe ngenxa yomsebenzi womuntu. Lezi zinto “zilondolozela” izaqathi ezinosawoti, usawoti, izinsimbi kanye nama-radionuclides, zizishiya zingapheli mathumbu omhlaba futhi zivimbele izitshalo ekuzilingiseni.
Inkinga kuphela kubo bonke abalimi indawo yemvelo yezitshalo ezikhulayo, kanye nezinhlobo zenhlabathi lapho okuqukethwe yi-humus (itafula esihlokweni) kuhluke kakhulu. Ngakho-ke, ukuze kwandiswe ukuzala kwamazwe abo, kuyadingeka ukuthola inani le-biomass kuwo, ngokuthatha njengesisekelo izimo zemvelo zesifunda.
Imephu yesitoko seHumus
Ezindaweni lapho isimo sezulu sishubile, inqubo yokwakhiwa kwenhlabathi ihamba kancane ngendlela eyinhlekelele. Ngenxa yokushisa okungafanele kwesendlalelo esingaphezulu, izitshalo namagciwane amancane alahlekelwa yizimo ezivumayo zokuphila okugcwele.
Tundra
Lapha ungabona izindawo ezinkulu eziqukethe ama-conifers nezihlahlana. Imithambeka imbozwe kakhulu moss. Ku-tundra, okuqukethwe kwe-humus ngu-73-80 t / ha ungqimba oluyimitha elilodwa. Lezi zindawo zinomswakama kakhulu okuholela ekuqongeleleni kwamadwala obumba. Ngenxa yalokhu, inhlabathi ye-tundra inesakhiwo esilandelayo:
- ikhava ephezulu - udoti, oqukethe imfucumfucu yesitshalo engakhekile;
- isendlalelo se-humus, esivezwa buthaka kakhulu;
- ungqimba we-helium (iza ne-bluish tint);
- permafrost.
Umoya-mpilo awungeni kangako kuleyo nhlabathi. Ngomsebenzi wezinto eziphilayo eziphilayo, ukuba khona komoya kubalulekile. Ngaphandle kwawo, ziyafa noma zibande.
Taiga
Izihlahla zeBroadleaf zitholakala kule ndawo. Bakha amahlathi aminyene axutshwe nalutho. Ezindalini ze-steppe akuve kuphela ukukhula kwe-moss, kodwa nezitshalo zotshani. Intwasahlobo (imvamisa yeqhwa) bese imvula iwela ngaphezulu kwenhlabathi. Ukugeleza okunjalo kugeza imvelo egcinwe kuyo i-humus.
Lapha kwakha futhi kulele ngaphansi kukadoti wehlathi. Imithombo eminingi inikeza izinkomba ezihlukile zokuqukethwe kwe-humus ku-taiga. Ngezinhlobo ezilandelayo zenhlabathi, zimi ngokulandelayo (nge-1 m², t / ha):
- i-podzolized (eqinile, ephakathi nendawo nebuthakathaka) - ukusuka ku-50 kuye ku-120;
- ihlathi elimpunga - 76 noma 84;
- i-sod-podzol - hhayi ngaphezu kwe-128, futhi hhayi ngaphansi kwama-74;
- i-taiga-permafrost iqukethe amaphesenti aphansi kakhulu.
Ukuze ukhule izilimo emazweni anjalo, imibhede kufanele ivundiswe njalo ngezinto ezisezingeni eliphakeme. Kulesi simo kuphela lapho ukutholwa okuphezulu kungatholakala.
Chernozem
Umholi futhi oyintandokazi kulokhu kukalwa kokuzala yizo zonke izinhlobo ezaziwayo ze-chernozem. Ama-organus humus kuwo afinyelela ekujuleni kwama-80 cm noma ama-1,2 metres. Ngakwesokudla, angabizwa ngokuthi amazwe athela kakhulu. Lokhu kungumhlabathi omuhle ngokukhula kwezinhlamvu zikakolweni (ukolweni), isitshulu sikashukela, ummbila noma abhekilanga. Kusukela kuhlu olulandelayo ungabona umehluko kokuqukethwe kwe-humus ezinhlobonhlobo ezihlukene ze-chernozem (t / ha, nge-100 cm):
- ejwayelekile (500-600);
- kubonisiwe (kufika ku-400);
- kukhishwe (kungakapheli ama-550);
- onamandla (angaphezu kwama-800);
- I-Southern West Caucasian (390);
- okonakele (kuze kufike ku-512).
Kufanele kuqondwe ukuthi izinkomba zezinhlobo zomhlaba ezingaba ntombazane, ezilumayo nezithuthukile azifani. Ukuze bazijwayeze ngokwakhiwa kweqembu ngalinye la, kunikezwa itafula. Ezindaweni ezingena gxathu nezomile, imvelo yezinhlungu zesifuba igcwele, engaquki i-100-230 t / ha of humus. Kwezifundeni zasogwadule (ezinsundu nezimpunga zokumboza inhlabathi), lesi sikhombisi singama-70 t / ha. Ngenxa yalokhu, abalimi bahlala beshikashikeka ngokuhlangana kwamasimu.
Isomiso siyisitha esikhulu sezinhlobo zomhlaba ezinjalo. Ngakho-ke, amasimu angadinga ukunisela okuningi.
Izindlela zokukhulisa umkhiqizo
Ukuqonda ukuthi ungqimba lomhlaba lwakhiwe kanjani, umlimi angakhulisa okuqukethwe kwe-humus enhlabathini ye-podzolic, ehlushwa umswakama ngokweqile. Emzabalazweni wokuzala wezindawo ezinjalo, kusetshenziswa isenzo esilandelayo:
- zalisa ingadi ngomquba, i-peat noma i-humus;
- sebenzisa / dala umquba;
- njalo ukhulula umhlabathi ukuze umoya-mpilo ungene ezimpandeni nasemikhondweni yomhlaba;
- nakekela inani elanele lamagciwane omhlabathi, ungasebenzisa imikhiqizo ekhethekile yemvelo noma usakaze ukhula engadini, kanye nodaba lwezinto eziphilayo.
Imfucumfucu yezitshalo ingngcwatshwa emibhedeni, ngaleyo ndlela inakekele ukondliwa kwabantu abahlala emhlabathini.
Izinyathelo ezinjengalezi zokunakekela ukubamba kwabo umhlaba zizosiza umlimi ukuthi agcine inhlabathi "iphila." 
Kulokhu, ukukhiqiza kuzonyuka kaningana.
