Ukulima insimu akulula. Iminyaka yokusebenza, inani elithile lonyaka liyachithwa ekunakekelweni nasekuvikelweni kwezihlahla nezihlahla futhi ... emva kweminyaka embalwa (kungenzeka kwenzeke) ame phambi kwengadi "egulayo", anciphise induku yokudoba yesifutho ngesixazululo samakhemikhali anobuthi. Ngabe amaphutha angagwemeka? Yebo ungakwenza! Ukuze uvimbele, kuyadingeka ukusheshisa ngokutshalwa kwezilimo zezimbali ezweni "kancane." Ngokushesha, ingadi etshaliwe ngemuva kwalokho ngeke ilethe injabulo.
Ibhukumaka le-OrchardUkubekwa okufanele kwezihlahla zezithelo nezihlahlana engadini, kubalulekile ukwazi izici zemvelo zohlobo ngalunye lwesihlahla: ukukhula, uhlobo lohlelo lwempande, isimo sendawo, izinambuzane nezifo, ukuhambisana nezitshalo ezingomakhelwane. Kuyaziwa ukuthi kunezihlahla zezithelo ezingavimbeleki ezikhipha izinto ezivimbela ezinye izilimo, omakhelwane abayingozi abadlulisela izifo, abalimi abavikela futhi basakaze izinambuzane nezifo emhlabathini.
Senza uhlelo lokufika
Ngemuva kokuthola isiza, umniniyo uqala ngokuzikhandla ekwakhiweni kwaso futhi wenza iphutha elikhulu. Izihlahla nezihlahlana ezitshalwe ngaphandle kokubheka izimfanelo zazo, ukuhambisana, isikhathi, ziqala ukucindezelana, ziphinde zithole izifo kanye nezinambuzane, zigule ngenxa yokuntuleka kokukhanya, ukondleka, umswakama. Kusebenza ngokwengeziwe ukudweba izikimu eziningana ngokuqokwa kwezimpawu ezinkulu zomhlaba:
- maka imingcele yesayithi,
- khombisa indawo ehlala izakhiwo zokuhlala zasepulazini,
- ngokukhanyayo okulungile kwezilimo zesikhathi esizayo engadini, kuyadingeka ukudweba indawo yesakhiwo maqondana namakhadi wekhadinali: eningizimu, enyakatho, entshonalanga, empumalanga futhi uqaphele - ngasiphi isikhathi sosuku oluthile izindawo ezithile zizokhanyiswa yilanga (kubathandi belanga nezitshalo ezibekezelela umthunzi),
- khombisa uhlobo lomhlabathi - i-chernozem, loam, loam sandy, njll,
- Qiniseka ukuthi ukhombisa ukujula kwamanzi aphansi komhlaba.
Ukungena okulandelayo kuhlu lwezingadi nezilimo eziyizigaxa ezingadini kanye ne-berry. Lolu hlu alukhulu kakhulu, kepha ukuhlelwa okungafanele kwezihlahla engadini, indawo engathandeki, umncintiswano - konke lokhu kungagcina kunciphise konke ukukhathazeka kube yi-zero.
Ngakho-ke, esivandeni kukhona izihlahla ezi-1-2-3 zesilimo ngasinye osifunayo, kucatshangelwa ukuvuthwa, izici zemvelo zezinhlobonhlobo noma ezi-hybrid. Imvamisa lezi zihlahla zezihlahla zama-apula, amapharele, amaplamu, ama-cherries, ama-cherries, ama-apricots, amapetshisi, amantongomane. Abalimi abanolwazi bakwengeza futhi ukutshala izilimo zakwamanye amazwe. Kwezihlahlana, imvamisa kakhulu ehlathini lapho kuhlala ama-berry ama-currant amnyama nabomvu, ama-gooseberry, ama-raspberries, ama-chokeberry, ama-sea sihlahla sivame ukutholakala, irga, ijikijolo.
Lapho usunqume ukuthi kuguqulwe izilimo zezithelo nezithelo ezingama-berry, faka imininingwane etafuleni labancintisana nomakhelwane abangafanele. Umdwebo ukhombisa ngokusobala ukuthi izitshalwe kuphi futhi zingakanani izitshalo zasensimini, kucatshangelwa ukuhambisana, ukuncintisana nezindlela zokuvikela.
I-OrchardUngakugwema kanjani ukuncintisana kokusinda?
Kusebenza ngokwengeziwe ukutshala ingadi kusuka ohlangothini oluseningizimu noma eningizimu mpumalanga, usabalalisa imigqa yezihlahla ukusuka enyakatho kuye eningizimu. Izilimo zezithelo zizotholakala emafutheni amancane afudumele bese kushiswa ilanga kosuku, okuzonciphisa ukuncintisana kokukhanyisa namandla alo.
Izihlahla ze-Apple namapheya zingatshalwa ohlangothini olusenyakatho. Ukunciphisa umthunzi, imigqa engaphandle yensimu ihlalwa izitshalo ezikhula kancane, futhi amadwala amade atholakala emigqeni elandelayo. Kungcono ukuhlela izihlahlana zezithelo nezihlobiso - umlotha wasentabeni, i-viburnum, i-hawthorn, inja yasukuma eceleni kocingo ngaphandle kwesakhiwo sengadi, ibona ukuhlukaniswa kwendawo. Zivimbela ngentshiseko ukukhula kwezilimo zezithelo.
Kuyinto engenakwenzeka ukutshala ingadi exutshwe endaweni eyodwa eyabelwe, kungcono ukuhlanganisa izihlahla zezithelo ngohlobo kanye nezinga lokuhambisana, kuxhuma amakhethini engadi nokubukeka komhlaba wonke. Amakhethini engadi ngamanye angaba nezinhlobo eziningana zezitshalo zezithelo ngokuhambisana okuhle nokuvuthwa ngasikhathi sinye kwezitshalo. Lokhu kuyadingeka ekuvinjelweni kwepolitiki okungcono, izilungiselelo ezengeziwe zezithelo.
Kodwa ngisho namasiko afanayo aba ngabaphikisi abanezindawo ezigqinsiwe. Phakathi kwabo kuqala umzabalazo wesikhala, ukudla nokukhanyisa. Umuthi otshalwe buthakathaka ucindezelwa kakhudlwana, ukhula kancane futhi ufe, ukuzisika kwenzeka. Ukuze ugweme into enjalo, kuyadingeka ukuthi kuhlonishwe izidingo zezemvelo zesiko.
Shiya ibanga phakathi kokuncintisana kwezilimo zezithelo okungenani ezingama-5 m. Kumugqa phakathi kwezilimo ngokuhlanganiswa okuhle, kunconywa ibanga elingamamitha amathathu. Kodwa-ke, kunembe kakhudlwana ukutshala izitshalo, kucatshangelwa ububanzi be -qhele kanye nohlelo lwempande yohlobo ngalunye lwesiko lezithelo
Isibonelo, ku-apricot, umqhele wesihlahla sabantu abadala ungu-3.0-3.6 m, futhi ububanzi bohlelo lwempande buwedlula izikhathi eziyi-1.5-2.0. Emzabalazweni wokukhanyisa namanzi, ama-apricot izimpande ama-secretion azocindezela i-peach, i-cherry, i-apula, i-pearl, ezinye izihlahla ezincane nezihlahlana.
Amasiko omumo wekholomu angatshalwa ngokulandelana ngemuva kwe-2,2-2,5 m, naphakathi kwemigqa engu-2-3 kuye ku-2,5-3.0 m.
Uma indawo inezindawo eziphakemeyo kanye nemithambeka, khona-ke emithambekeni eseningizimu naseningizimu-ntshonalanga kungcono ukubeka ingadi ukusuka phakathi kuya onyaweni lomthambeka. Esithambekeni esisenyakatho - ukusuka emaphethelweni aphezulu kuya maphakathi, ngoba phansi kwezingadi kufe ngenxa yesithwathwa nokunqwabelana komoya obandayo.
Uma amanzi asemhlabathini esondele ngaphezu kobuso benhlabathi, kungcono ukutshala izitshalo zezithelo emasimini amancane angenalutho, sebenzisa izihlahla zama-apula, izinqamu, amaphareli kule ndawo ezitshaliwe. Izihlahla zezithelo ezinembewu (emide) yesitoko ziyehlukaniswa futhi zitshaleke emagqumeni okwenziwe kuwo noma ezihlalweni eziphakeme kakhulu yi-monoculture (ama-apricots ama-2-3) noma isihlahla esihlukile.
Ukungahambisani noma ukuphikisana kwezilimo zezimbali kungenzeka ngenxa yezizathu ezahlukahlukene. Ngobude obufanayo nobubanzi bomqhele, umncintiswano ungahamba ukhanyise ne-airpace, ukusetshenziswa kwezakhi zomzimba ezivela kungqimba eyodwa yenhlabathi. Lezi zizathu zidala ukuncintisana phakathi kwe-peach ne-apricot, peach kanye ne-cherry, i-apula, i-apula, njll.
Ungaxazulula izinkinga zokuhambisana nokuzimela engadini ngokunakekelwa. Njengoba usudale izimo ezidingekayo, ukuqaliswa kwazo zonke izindlela ze-agrotechnical, kucatshangelwa izici zemvelo zokukhula, ukukhula kwesiko, ngezigaba ezahlukahlukene zezimila, unganciphisa noma ususe ukubonakaliswa okunamandla kokuphikisana phakathi kwezitshalo. Emasimini ahlanganisiwe, izilimo ezithanda ukukhanya nezokubekezelela umthunzi ziyahlanganiswa, ngohlelo lwezimpande olujulile nolushubile, izinkathi ezihlukene zokufakwa ngokuqinile kwezakhi (i-nitrogen, phosphorus, potassium, element trace, njll).
I-Orchard.
Uma i-cottage yasehlobo itholakala eduze kwehlathi, khona-ke kuyadingeka ukwandisa indawo yokungafakwa ku-7-10 m. Cindezela u-ukutshala engadini umlotha, imephu, oki, birch. Ngohlelo lwempande olukhula ngokweqile, bavimba umswakama ovela ezitshalweni "ezonakele", besabalalisa imiqhele ukubambezeleka kwezitshalo futhi kudala isithunzi esingathandeki.
Phakathi kwezitshalo ezihlobisa imihlobiso yamaqembu ezitshalo awodwa. Zikhula ngokushesha, zithwebula izindawo ezintsha futhi zivimbele ukukhula kwezinye izitshalo. Ezihlahleni zokuhlobisa zasekhaya, lokhu kufaka i-sea-buckthorn, i-barberry, i-viburnum, i-rose, i-lilac, inja yasukuma, ukuhlekisa. Ukuze ususe umphumela wazo wobudlova obudlangile, lezi zitshalo zitshalwa ngokwehlukana kude nezihlahla zezithelo nezihlahla (Ithebula 1).
Izithelo nokuhambisana berry
| Igama lesiko | Ukuhambisana okuhle | Abancintisana | Izizathu nezindlela zokuzivikela |
|---|---|---|---|
| I-Apricot | I-peach, i-cherry, i-cherry, i-pearl, isihlahla se-apula, i-walnut. | Umncintiswano wokumboza, ukugula okujwayelekile. I-Walnut ingamakhambi emvelo alwa nabancintisana. Ibanga 4-7 m ukusuka kuncintisana. | |
| Pearl | I-Hawthorn, uphayini, i-larch., Utamatisi, i-calendula, i-dill. | I-Cherry, i-cherry emnandi, ipiki, umlotha wasentabeni. | Ukugula njalo. Isifo esifanayo. I-peach ne pearl ziyacindezelana. Isinambuzane esijwayelekile umlotha osentabeni. Izidakamizwa zokwelapha. |
| Peach | I-Cherry, i-cherry emnandi, i-pearl, isihlahla se-apula, i-apricot. | Cindezanani. I-Peach ifa ngokuphelele ngemuva kweminyaka engama-4-5. Ibanga elifanele phakathi kwabaqhudelana ngu-6-7 m. | |
| Isihlahla se-Apple | Pine, larch., Utamatisi, calendula, dill. | I-apricot, i-cherry, i-cherry, i-popula, i-peach, umlotha wentaba. | Izinga eliphakeme kakhulu lomncintiswano wokukhanya, wamanzi. Ihlushwa i-poplar ngenxa yokukhishwa kwe-ether vapor. Isinambuzane esijwayelekile i-ash ash. |
| I-Plum | Ama-currants abomvu futhi amnyama, ama-birch. | Cindezanani. | |
| Intaba yomlotha ibomvu | UCherry | Amagatsha e-redanan avela ohlangothini lwe-cherry ayadalulwa. | |
| I-currant ebomvu | I-anyanisi. | Ipulamu, i-cherry, i-cherry, i-pine, i-birch, i-raspberry, i-gooseberry. | Cindezanani. I-anyanisi ivikela umkhaza wezinso. Ukwelashwa ngezidakamizwa. |
| I-currant emnyama | I-Honeysuckle. | ama-currants abomvu, ama-raspberries, ama-gooseberries. | Cindezanani. Isinambuzane esijwayelekile i-gooseberry moth. Ukwelashwa ngezidakamizwa. |
| Ugqumugqumu | Ama-currants abomvu futhi amnyama, ama-raspberries. | Isinambuzane esijwayelekile i-gooseberry moth. Ukwelashwa ngezidakamizwa. | |
| I-Cherry emnandi | Zonke izithelo, ezibomvu nezimnyama currants. | Zonke izilimo zezithelo ezikhula ngaphansi komqhele zicindezelwa ama-cherries bese ziyafa. | |
| Walnut | Amakhambi okwelapha. Ngokweminye imibiko - i-dogwood, ulwandle i-sihlahla sivame ukutholakala, | Zonke izithelo, ikakhulukazi isihlahla sama-apula. | Amacembe aqukethe i-juglone (isitshalo se-herbicide). Ukugeza kuphume amaqabunga emhlabathini, kubhubhisa noma yiziphi izimila ngaphansi komqhele, ikakhulukazi isihlahla samahhabhula. |
| Ama-raspberries | Sitrobheli zasendle. | Isinambuzane esijwayelekile i-raspberry-sitrobheli weevil. Ukwelashwa ngezidakamizwa. | |
| Irga | Zonke izinhlobo zamantongomane, i-lilac, i-viburnum, i-barberry, ihlekisa phezulu. | Ukuhambisana nokuhlukaniswa kwendawo. | |
| Ulwandle i-sihlahla sivikelekile | Oregano, camomile. | Ama-raspar, ama-currants amnyama, ama-sitrobheli, zonke izilimo ezingabizi. | Umphikisi ophikisayo. Ifihla ukukhula komakhelwane okugcwele. Kungcono ukufika kuma-monopods. |
| Barberry | Kuvimbela ukukhula kwamanye amasiko. Kungcono ukufika kuma-monopods. | ||
| I-Fir, i-viburnum, i-rose, i-lilac, i-rose hip, ukuhlekisa | Kuvimbela ukukhula kwamanye amasiko. Kungcono ukufika kuma-monopods. |
Izifo ziyimbangela yokungalingani kwamasiko
Esinye isizathu sokungahambisani kwezilimo zezimbali izifo ezithathelwanayo. Akha futhi athinte izitshalo eziningana zezithelo ngasikhathi sinye lapho kukhona:
- pathogen
- izinhlobo zokukhubazeka zesitshalo noma esinye sezithelo,
- izimo ezinhle zokuthuthuka nokusatshalaliswa.
I-Orchard.
Ngeke kube nomonakalo omkhulu ezitshalweni zezithelo uma umenzeli wesifo esihlukumezekile ebhujiswa ekuqaleni kwentuthuko nokukhiqiza kabusha noma engekho ngokuphelele. Izilimo zezithelo zithintwa isikhunta, amagciwane, amagciwane. Kwesinye isikhathi izimo zokutheleleka kwezilimo zezimbali zenziwa yizinambuzane (izintuthwane). Kulezi zimo, umzabalazo wenziwa ngezindlela ezimbili: inkathazo nesifo kuyabhujiswa.
Kwezinye izifo ezithathelwanayo, wonke umjikelezo wokukhula kwama-pathogen wenzeka esitshalweni esisodwa (uqweqwe, ukubola kwezithelo, i-coccomycosis, i-moniliosis, i-powdery hlobo, ukubonwa kwamagciwane, izinhlobo ezahlukahlukene zokubola, umdlavuza ojwayelekile), kepha kuthinta izinhlobo eziningi. Uma izinhlobo ezingama-1-2 ezithintwe yilesi sifo zifa, izithelo ezisele ziqhubeka nokukhula kwazo okujwayelekile. Ukuvikela izitshalo ezifweni ezinesifo esisodwa, kungasetjenziswa amalungiselelo afanayo amakhemikhali, kepha angcono (esivandeni sangasese) - awemvelo.
Phakathi kwezifo zokukhunta kuneqembu lama-pathogens wezifo ezithathelwanayo ngokushintshwa kwabanikazi ngesikhathi somjikelezo wokuthuthuka. Umjikelezo wokuthuthukiswa kwamagciwane uqukethe izigaba eziningana. Ngamunye wabo udinga umgcini ohlukile. Amakhowe anjalo abizwa ngokuthi ama-heterogeneous futhi uma kungekho omunye wamabutho, ukhunta luvimba ukuthuthukiswa kwalo. Amakhowe anhlobonhlobo athinta izinhlobo zemithi kuphela futhi yisizathu esiyinhloko sokungafani kwezithelo, umhlobiso nezitshalo zasehlathini emasimini ahlanganayo. Amakhowe okugqwala athinta ithini lamapheya, izihlahla zama-apula, i-hawthorn, iplamu, umlotha wasentabeni nezinye izilimo. Umgcini ophakathi nendawo yijuniper. Izinhlayiya ze-Mushroom ezibhalwe kwijuniper entwasahlobo zithinta izitshalo zezithelo. Ukuvikela izitshalo zasendulo ezifweni ezinjalo zokukhunta, ukuhlukaniswa kwendawo kuyadingeka. Ungaphatha ngasikhathi sinye zombili amasiko noma uphazamise umjikelezo wokuthuthukiswa kwe-pathogen ngokususa eyodwa yazo. Imininingwane engaphezulu ngezifo njengomthombo wokungahambisani kwamasiko ingatholwa etafuleni.
Izifo zegadi kanye nezilimo eziyizigaxa
| Isiko | Igama lalesi sifo | Umakhelwane oyingozi |
|---|---|---|
| Ipomegranate | ||
| Isihlahla se-Apple kanye nethanga | Isikali | Ukutshala izinhlobo ezingamelana. Ukususwa kwamahlumela namagatsha athintekile. Ukuqoqwa kwamaqabunga athintekile, i-carrion, izithelo ezenziwe mummified, ukulawulwa kwezinambuzane, ukwelashwa kwezitshalo kanye nomhlabathi ngama-fungicides amakhemikhali nawemvelo. |
| I-Moniliosis (ukubola kwezithelo) | Isikhunta se-Monoecious rust sibuyisa umgcini kanye nezinye izitshalo zohlobo olufanayo. | |
| I-Powdery hlobo | Iqembu lamakhowe agcwele usayizi ahlukahlukene aqala ukutshala ezitshalweni ezimbili ezihlukene: izihlahla zama-apula - umjunipha ovamile, wamaperele - uCossack juniper. | |
| Ukubuka kweqabunga | Ukubhujiswa koyedwa wamabutho kuyadingeka: i-apula, iparele noma umjunipha. | |
| Rust mushroom | Ukubhujiswa kwezingxenye ezinesifo zezitshalo, kufafazwa ngamalungiselelo we-fungicidal ngesikhathi sokukhula. | |
| Izithelo zamatshe | ||
| Zonke izinhlobo zezithelo zamatshe | I-Kleasterosporiosis noma indawo enamabala amahle | Kuthinta zonke izitho zomzimba. Ukufafaza ngamakhemikhali ngaphambi kokuhluma. Iphindwe - ngemuva kokuqhakaza izimbali. Ukucutshungulwa ngesikhathi sokukhula ngemikhiqizo yezinto eziphilayo kuyanconywa. |
| I-Plum | Amaplamu amabala abomvu | Isikhathi esisuka ekuthelelekeni kuye ekuqhakameni kwezimbali eziningi siyingozi kakhulu. Ukuhlanza imfucumfucu yamaqabunga. Ukufafaza ngesikhathi sokukhula. |
| Rust mushroom | Isikhunta se-Monoecious rust sibuyisa umgcini kanye nezinye izitshalo zohlobo olufanayo. Iqembu lamakhowe agcwele usayizi ahlukahlukene aqala ukutshala ezitshalweni ezimbili ezihlukene: kuma-plums, ukhula lwe-anemone. Ukubhujiswa kwenye yamabutho kuyadingeka: anemone. Ukubhujiswa kwezingxenye ezinesifo zezitshalo, kufafazwa ngamalungiselelo we-fungicidal ngesikhathi sokukhula. | |
| Ama-cherries nama-cherries. | I-Coccomycosis | Ukucekelwa phansi kwemfucumfucu yesitshalo, ukutshalwa kwezinhlobo ezinamandla, ukusetshenziswa kwamalungiselelo wamakhemikhali nawokuzalwa |
| Peach | Iphesi leaf | Izithelo ezinenyama ephuzi azithelelekile. Ukufafaza ngaphambi kokuvuthwa nayo yonke inkathi yokukhula. |
| Zonke izinhlobo zezithelo | ||
| Izithelo zikaPome nezitshe | Kukhanye uMilky | Ukusika nokushiswa kwamagatsha athintekile. |
| Umdlavuza womsuka | Ukubulala magciwane inhlabathi enkulisa nasemabhukumaka engadi. Tillage ngemuva kokutshala izithombo. Ukunisela ngesikhathi. | |
| Izifo ze-Berry | ||
| I-Gooseberry, i-currant | I-Powdery hlobo | Izinhlobo eziphikisayo, ukutshala okuqabulayo, ukumba kanye nokubulala amagciwane enhlabathini, ukubhujiswa kwamahlumela anezifo, imfucumfucu yamaqabunga. Ukwelashwa kwesisindo esingaphezulu komhlaba ngamalungiselelo we-fungicidal. |
| Anthracnose | ||
| Ikholomu nokugqwala kwengilazi | Ubusika kumnikazi wesibili kaphayini, umsedari, isigaxa. Ukuhlukaniswa kwendawo kwezihlahla kuyadingeka. Ukubhujiswa kwe-sedge. | |
| Sitrobheli sasendle | Ukubuka kweqabunga | Ukutshala izithombo ezinempilo, ukugqoka okuphezulu okufika ngesikhathi. Ukutshala okuyi-Sparse, ukubhujiswa kwemfucumfucu yesitshalo. Icubungula izitshalo nge-biofungicides. |
| Ukubona amabala ansundu ngamaqabunga e-sitrobheli | ||
| Ukubola okumpunga kwesitrobheli sasendle | ||
| I-currant emnyama | I-Terry (ukubuyiselwa emuva) kwe-currant emnyama. | Iphathwe umkhaza wezinso kanye nezimbungulu ezinamakhaza. Amabhasi athintekile ayasuswa. Ukubhujiswa komaki wezinso kuyadingeka. |
| Ukugqwala amakhowe | Umphathi oPhakathi - i-sedge, i-Cedar pine Kuyadingeka ukuqeda ukhula, ukubona ukuhlukaniswa kwendawo. Fafaza izitshalo nenhlabathi ngesikhathi sokukhula. | |
| Ama-raspberries | Ukugqwala amakhowe | Umgcini ophakathi nendawo yi-sedge, uphaya weWeimutov. Kuyadingeka ukuqeda ukhula, ukuqaphela ukuzihlukanisa kwendawo. Fafaza izitshalo nenhlabathi ngesikhathi sokukhula. |
