Isihlahla sama-apula sinezinhlobonhlobo eziningi, ezihlukaniswe ihlobo, ekwindla kanye nobusika. Ihlobo limnandi kakhulu, kepha alifaneleki isitoreji sesikhathi eside, kamuva kuba ngcono kulokhu.
Kukhona izihlahla zama-apula ezinsika, ezifanekiselwa izinhlobo ezimangalisa ngempela eziheha ukunakwa kwabalimi. Kulezi, izinhlobo ezithandwa kakhulu ngumongameli, medoc, iksha (ihlobo), kanye neMalyuha ne-vasyugan (ekwindla).
Izinhlobo ezahlukahlukene zezihlahla zama-apula
Izinhlobo zasehlobo zezihlahla ezijwayelekile zama-apula zihlanganisa:
- Isihlahla se-Apple melba ngosayizi wesihlahla ngaphezulu kwesilinganiso, umqhele osakazwayo osakazwayo, izithelo ezimuncu-ezimnandi. Usayizi oPhakathi (kwesinye isikhathi kufika ku-300 g), umbala ophuzi ophuzi nobunzima bebusika obuphakeme kunesilinganiso;
- Kude I-Lungwort Apple ngomqhele obanzi wepiramidi, okuluhlaza okotshani okuluhlaza okotshani obomvu onamagreyidi abomvu (110-120 g). Ukunambitheka kwezinyosi, ukukhiqiza okulinganiselayo nokuqina okuphezulu kobusika;
- Apple ukugcwaliswa okumhlopheukuvuthwa ekuqaleni kwehlobo, okuphakathi nendawo, kobulukhuni obumaphakathi obukhulu, obunomqhele oyindilinga oyindilinga, omncane (cishe ama-70 g), oyindilinga okhanyayo wezithelo ezithambile zokunambitheka okunambitheka okune-crumbly kancane, okubonakala ngokungavuthi kanyekanye kanye nezinga eliphakeme lesivuno.
- Iphupho lesihlahla se-Apple usayizi ophakathi nendawo (kuze kufinyelele kumamitha ayi-5), nomqhele osatshalaliswa obunjiwe, izithelo ze-140-200 g, ezikwazi ukuletha cishe ama-120 kg wezilimo ngonyaka.
Izinhlobo ze-Autumn zimelelwa ngokulandelayo:
- Wellsie Apple Tree uvuthwe ekwindla nasekuqaleni kobusika, hhayi ngasikhathi sinye, ubonakala ngezithelo zobukhulu obuphakathi nendawo nangaphansi (100-150 g). Umbala ophuzi okhanyayo une-acidity emnandi, ubusika obuphakathi ubusika;
- Muhle ngokwedlulele ngesikhathi sezimbali Isihlahla se-apula saseNedzvetsky, kufinyelela kumamitha ayi-7 ukuphakama, okulolwe kahle. Ekwindla imbozwe ngama-apula amancane (amasentimitha ayi-2) umbala obomvu okhanyayo, omelana nezimo ezingezinhle, kufaka phakathi nesithwathwa, ubekezelela ukungcoliswa kgesi nosawoti womhlabathi;
- I-Spartan Apple Tree Inezithelo zokunambitha okumnandi nosawoti okunoshukela, okulungele ukudliwa ekuqaleni kuka-Okthoba, futhi zingaqhosha ngokukhiqiza okuphezulu nangonyaka, okukhuphuka ngeminyaka;
- Jonagold Apple Tree imifino e-Melika, inomqhele obanzi ogqamile lapho usemncane futhi uyindilinga wobuningi obuphakathi kokukhiqiza okugcwele, okwenzeka eminyakeni emi-3 ngemuva kokutshala, izithelo zayo zinambitheka ngokunambitheka okumuncu;
- Apple-umuthi Antonovka ezejwayelekile Luhlobo oludala lweCentral Russian olunezithelo eziphakathi (kuze kufike ku-300 g) wombala ophuzi oluhlaza, lapho ukunambitheka okune-acid ethe xaxa kunokuphawuleka khona. Izinzuzo ze-Antonovka zibandakanya ukukhiqizwa okuphezulu, iphunga elihlukile, kanye namathuba amaningi okulinyelwa - ngokwesisekelo sakhelwe izinhlobo ezingama-25, kufaka phakathi iqhawe futhi imrus.
Amabanga ebusika yi:
- Isihlahla se-Apple uLebo ukukhula okuphezulu, nomqhele oyindilinga obanzi, izithelo eziphuzi-eziluhlaza okotshani kanye nezithelo eziwubukhulu obuphakathi nangaphezulu okuphakathi (i-130-200 g), ukuthela okuphezulu, okuyinto eyaziswa kakhulu emapulazini;
- Isihlahla se-Apple uFlorina lokukhula okuphakathi kuthoma ukuthela isithelo iminyaka emi-3-4, kube nobulukhuni obuphakathi nobusika, izithelo eziphakathi nendawo (i-150 g) ngombala ophuzi ngombala onotshani obomvana namachashazi grey, ngokunambitheka okumnandi;
- Ingqwele yesihlahla i-Apple izithelo ezifika sekwephuzile futhi ngonyaka wesithathu kuphela, ama-apula anesisindo esingu-160-190 g futhi apendwe ngombala ophuzi ophuzi ngemivimbo epinki;
- I-Apple Tree ligol kuyinto ehlukahlukene emelana nezinambuzane futhi iveza kakhulu izithelo, kuyilapho ama-apula ayo emakhulu ngosayizi, edwetshwa obomvu ocebile, futhi enambitha emnandi futhi emuncu;
- Isihlahla se-Apple sikhombiwe ezifuywa abafuyi baseMelika, ziletha izithelo ezimnandi nezinomuncu, ezilungele ukudliwa, ngokuqinile futhi ngamanani amakhulu;
- Isihlahla se-Apple mac ithela izithelo iminyaka engama-6-7 ngemuva kokutshala, osayizi bayo bangaphezu kwesilinganiso, umbala onsomi emnyama (ngesikhathi sokuvuthwa ngokuphelele) ukuqhakaza okumhlophe, futhi ukunambitheka kucebile kakhulu futhi kuyinqaba, okuyinto ochwepheshe bezokuvakasha emazweni amaningana omhlaba baye bawazisa kahle;
- I-Golden Delicious Apple Tree uthela izithelo kusukela ngonyaka we-4. Isisindo sama-apula singu-120-190 g, amnandi futhi amuncu ngokunambitheka futhi ahlukaniswa nge-pulp ye-juicy emihle-egcwele. Unyaka ngamunye, ungathembela ku-45-60 kg wesilimo esihlahleni esisodwa.
Ukutshala izihlahla ze-Apple
Ukutshala izihlahla zama-apula wekholomu kungenziwa zombili ekwindla nasentwasahlobo, nakho kuyiqiniso ezihlahleni ezijwayelekile zama-apula. Esimweni sokuqala, isikhathi esifanele sisemaphakathi no-Septhemba - maphakathi no-Okthoba, kanti okwesibili, ukuphela kuka-Ephreli kufanelekile.
Kusehlobo lwentwasahlobo olulungele kangcono isivuno sokuqala esisheshayo, futhi uma kukhulunywa ngezihlahla zama-apula ezinsika, ungabe usitshala vele ekuqaleni kwentwasahlobo, lapho iqhwa lokuqala lincibilika. Qaphela ukuthi ukulungiswa komgodi wokufika kufanele kuqedwe ngasekupheleni kwekwindla, futhi kubaluleke kakhulu ukuthi kufanele kube kubanzi njengoba kunesidingo sokubekwa kwamahhala kohlelo lwesihlahla.
Ukutshala izihlahla zama-apula ezinsika kwenziwa kangcono ezindaweni eziphansi, okuthi ngesikhathi sasebusika ziqoqe iziqandisi ezinkulu zeqhwa. Ukwanda kwe-acidity kwenhlabathi kubandakanya ukwethulwa kwamathani angama-200 of lime abolile. Ungakhohlwa, lapho ugcwalisa umgodi ngomhlaba, unikine umuthi uqine, uvumela umhlaba ukuba usatshalaliswe ngokulinganayo phakathi kwezimpande.
Ukunisela izihlahla zama-apula
Entwasahlobo nasehlobo, kufanele unisele isihlahla sama-apula ngenani lamabhakede angama-2-3 kwisikwele esisodwa. imitha hhayi ngaphansi kwezikhathi ezi-2. Akukulimazi ukwephula ama-grooo afinyelela ku-15 cm ukujula okuzungeze isiqu somuntu, bese uwagcwalisa ngamanzi.
Lapho ukuthambisa sekuqediwe, kunconywa ukukhulula inhlabathi engaphezulu kanye ne-mulch ngotshani - lokhu kuzogwema ukulahleka komswakama ngokuzayo.
Ukufakelwa kwesihlahla se-Apple
Eminyakeni engu-2-3, kuba lula ukuthi izihlahla zikudlulise ukufakelwa, kuyilapho ukuzivumelanisa nezithombo ezinkulu kunzima. Kwizihlahla zama-apula ezikhiqizwe amakholoni, izithombo ezineminyaka engu-1 ubudala zikhetheke kunazo zonke, ezizobhekana nokufakelwa okungcono kakhulu kunale minyaka emibili.
Lapho utshala izihlahla zama-apula ezinsika, kuyadingeka ukuthi uqaphele ibanga phakathi kwemigqa ye-1 imitha, kuyilapho izithombo kufanele zibekwe emigqeni ebangeni elingabi ngaphezu kwama-50 cm futhi lingabi ngaphansi kwama-40 cm.
Kuqala, ama-3-4 kg womanyolo we-organic alethwa emigodini yokutshala, isibonelo umquba, noma i-humus. Futhi, umanyolo we-potassium (50-80 g) kanye nomanyolo we-phosphorus (50-100 g we-superphosphate) uyadingeka. Umanyolo uxutshaniswe nomhlabathi, bese uqhubeka nokutshala.
Umanyolo wesihlahla se-apula
Ngemuva kokutshala, kumanyolo kufakwa ebusika, nakuzo zombili izihlahla zama-apula ezimise okoloni. Ziyafana ngokwembatho ephezulu ye-potassium-phosphorus, kanti umehluko kuphela wokuthi umthamo owenzelwe ukwakhiwa kwekholoni uphindwe izikhathi eziyi-10.
Inani eliqondile kulula ukulithola ngokufunda okubhaliwe kwiphakheji - ngokwesilinganiso ilingana nezipuni ezi-2 ngesihlahla ngasinye. Uma inhlabathi ingeyinhle kakhulu, kufanele futhi unakekele ukufaka i-peat noma i-humus kuyo.
Izihlahla ze-apula
Ukusiza umuthi we-apula uthele izithelo, ungafinyeza amagatsha esiqu saso esiseduze. Asikho isidingo sokunquma yonke izihlahla zama-apula ngaphandle kokukhetha - kudingeka kuphela kulabo lapho iziqu zamuva zikhula kabi.
Kulesi simo, ukunciphisa amagatsha weminyaka engu-1 nge-1/3. Ngokuhamba kwesikhathi, inani lokuthena liyancipha, bese liphela lapho izithelo ziqala. Ngemuva kwalokho ukunqotshwa komqhele ngokususwa kwezici ezingenasici, amagatsha alimele kwanele. Ukwakheka komqhele wesihlahla sama-apula sekholamu ngamaphuzu athile kuzodinga ukusungulwa kweziqu ezikhona ngaphambi kokuhlala kwe-2-3.
Isihlahla se-Apple ebusika
Umuthi we-apula ngokungangabazeki uzosinda ngisho nasebusika obandayo kakhulu, kepha ngenxa yalokhu kuzodinga inani elifanele lomswakama ngenkathi yokukhula nokunakekelwa okufanele. Ukuvikela umuthi kusuka namagundane, ukugoqa isiqu ngezinto zokuphahla noma ngezinto zophahla kuzosiza.
Umuthi we-apula wekholomu, ngokufaniswa amagilebhisi, uboshwe kangcono nge-polyethylene, ugxile kakhulu ezansi kwesiqu sesiqu. Lezi zindlela kuhloswe ngazo ukuvikela ukuqandeka nokufa kwezinso le-apical, eligcina ukwakheka komqhele futhi kuvikele isiqu saso ekuqhekekeni kwasendle, singanaki ngalezi zihlahla zama-apula.
Ingxenye ebalulekile yokulungiselela ubusika isabhekwa njengokugcotshwa kwesiqu, okunikeza isihlahla ithuba lokuvikelwa kuzo zonke izifo nezifo. Futhi entwasahlobo, iyasindisa ekushisweni yilanga nakumaqhwa.
Isihlahla se-Apple
Ukulungiselela imbewu yokuhlwanyela, okokuqala udinga ukukhipha imbewu ku-apula, bese uyihlanza kahle emanzini kuze kube yilapho inhibitor ivimba ukuhluma, bese yehlisela emanzini ukuze ifakwe ezinsukwini ezi-3. Amanzi athathelwa indawo ngosuku. Kunconywa ukuthi ngosuku lokugcina, kungeniswe umuntu oshukumisa amanzi njenge-Epina emanzini.
Ngemuva kwezinsuku ezi-3, amathambo avuvukile ahlukaniswe, lapho kusetshenziswa ishalofu elingaphansi kwesiqandisi nanoma yisiphi isitsha esigcwaliswe ngesihlabathi esimanzi (singadust). Ukubandayo kungavinjelwa ngokungeza i-carbon eyenziwe nge-powered ku-container. Kulengxube ephumayo, imbewu iyahlwanyelwa futhi ishiywe izinyanga eziyi-1-2 esiqandisini.
Ngemuva kokuhluma, imbewu idluliselwa emabhokisini noma ezimbizeni ezibanzi ezinesithombo esinomsoco kanye nengqimba yokudonsa. Zingatshalwa emhlabathini ovulekile, zibheka ibanga elihambisanayo lama-20 cm kanye nokujula okungaba ngu-2 cm.
Ukusakazwa kwezihlahla ze-apula ngokusika
Kuyadingeka ukuvuna ukusikeka kwezihlahla ezintsha zama-apula entwasahlobo, ngaphambi kokuqala kokusuka kwejusi. Uma wenza lokhu ekwindla, lapho kuphela isizini yokukhula kuphela. Ama-cutlets asikiwe kufanele abe yi-20 cm ubude, afafazwe ngesihlabathi futhi athunyelwe engaphansi ukuze agcinwe.
Ama-cuttings atshalwe emiseleni entwasahlobo, ajula aze afike ku-3 cm kusuka kusiki olungaphezulu. Ochwepheshe bezingadi batusa ukuhlela imigqa engu-90 cm ububanzi esikoleni, futhi kulungiswe amasentimitha angama-30 phakathi kokusikwa. Ukunakekela amahlathi anjalo kudinga ukuthambisa okufika ngesikhathi. Ukuze umhlaba ungahlupheki ngenxa yokuntuleka komswakama, enza i-mulching nge-humus.
Ukuxhunyelelwa isihlahla se-apula
Indlela elula yokugoma izihlahla zama-apula iwukuqhuma okwenzeka kamuva - izofanelana ngisho nabaqalayo. Kuzothatha isiqu, ummese obukhali kanye ne-tepi yokwenziwa ebanzi (itheyiphu evamile yokufaka ngeke isebenze lapha, ngoba iqukethe inani elilinganayo lamakhemikhali alimazayo). Ukuze kugonywe ngempumelelo, kubalulekile ukuthi iwele ekuqaleni kokunyakazisa ijusi.
Ukuxhunyelelwa okuhlanganisa isibambo kufanele kusikwe ekoneni eliyingozi, kuyilapho ngasikhathi sinye izingxenye ezimbili ezinde zobude kufanele zenziwe zingabinangxenye yegxolo lesihlahla. Ngokulandelayo, isiqu sifakwa esilayini, kulandela ukuhlangana kwe-cambium, bese kuthi okuhlanganisiwe kugxishwe ngeteyipu. Lapho isiqu sikhula, ingxenye engenhla ye-scion inqunywa ngommese ohlanzekile.
Izifo Nezinambuzane
Enye yezifo ezivamile zesihlahla se-apula isibazi. Kulula ukuvikela lesi sifo ukuthi singashayi esihlahleni kunokuba sisipholise ngokuhamba kwesikhathi.
Izinyathelo eziphumelelayo zokuvimbela uqweqwe isifutho sentwasahlobo zezihlahla ezinamahlumela kuphela agobile. Izidakamizwa eziqukethe i-Copper, ezifana ne-Bordeaux ingxube, kanye nokwelashwa nge-systemic fungic Ridomil Gold ngoMeyi-Julayi. Ekupheleni kokuqhakaza, izihlahla zingalashwa nge-actar.
Kwezinye izimo, umuthi wama-apula, njengenjwayelo, uqala ukuthela izithelo iminyaka engama-5-7 ngemuva kokutshala, ibambezela ukubukeka kwesilimo. Lokhu kungenxa yokuthi, okokuqala, intamo yesihlahla ngesikhathi sokutshala ingakhula ngokujulile futhi, okwesibili, amagatsha akhula ngokuthe nkqo.
Esimweni sokuqala, udinga ukukhulisa umuthi we-apula, kuthi okwesibili, usebenzise zonke izinhlobo zezisindo nezinsimbi, unikeze amagatsha isikhundla esithe xaxa. Umuthi we-apula ungakhuthazeka ukuba uthele izithelo ngale ndlela elandelayo yokuhlola iminyaka: shayela inani elithile lamazipho agxibilikayo ekujuleni. Noma ungcwabe izinto zensimbi endaweni yombuthano wesiqu. Ngeke kube yinto enhle ukufafaza isihlahla sama-apula ngesisombululo sensimbi esingu-0,1% izikhathi ezimbili ngesizini (thela isipuni se-vitriol kumalitha ayi-10 amanzi).
Uma amaqabunga e-apula athambekele ekuphuzi futhi ukuwa okulandelayo ngesikhathi esingafanele salokhu, mhlawumbe amaqabunga athinteka yizilokazane ezaziwayo zomuthi wama-apula - ama-weevils. Lapho amaqabunga ewa futhi, kufanele uwaqoqe uwashise, emva kwalokho bambe inhlabathi engadini. Entwasahlobo, lapho ifudumala, futhi izinga lokushisa lifinyelela ku-5-6 ℃, kufanele uhlole ngokucophelela izinso esihlahleni se-apula.
Ngokubona amaconsi avela uketshezi, singacabanga ukuthi izinambuzane zisekhona. Ukuze uvimbele ukusatshalaliswa kwawo ngobuningi, wonke omile futhi angavuleki ama-buds kudingeka ukuthi adambiswe futhi ashiswe ngendlela efanayo. Ukulwa ne-weevil, izihlahla zifafazwa nge-karbofos, i-fufanon kanye nama-pesticides afanayo amahlandla ama-2 ngenkathi yokukhula.
