Abalimi abaningi namuhla bakulahlile ngokuphelele ukusetshenziswa kukamanyolo wezimbiwa, futhi kwaba yize. Ngaphandle kwalesi sigaba sokufaka umquba, kunzima kakhulu ukufeza ukuzala kwenhlabathi ephezulu futhi, ngenxa yalokho, isivuno esihle. Vele, umanyolo wamaminerali adinga indlela ekhethekile, kepha ngendaba ye-organic, uma umthamo wohlelo wokusebenza ubalwa ngokungalungile, ungalimaza kakhulu umhlaba wakho. Ngakho-ke, ake sicabangele ngokucophelela: kungani umanyolo wamaminerali ubaluleke kakhulu nokuthi uwusebenzisa kanjani ngendlela efanele.
Umanyolo wamaminerali. © uSara BeecroftYini umanyolo wamaminerali
Umanyolo wamaminerali ayizinhlanganisela zemvelo enobuhlakani equkethe izakhi zomzimba ezidingekayo emhlabeni wezitshalo. Ubungqabavu babo bulele eqinisweni lokuthi bayizakhi zokugxila okuxakile.
Imvamisa, lawa alula, noma okuthiwa ngumanyolo onganamuntu, oqukethe into eyodwa yezakhi (ngokwesibonelo, phosphorus), kepha kukhona neqembu lamanyolo ezinhlobonhlobo, omanyolo abaqukethe izinto ezimbalwa eziyisisekelo ngasikhathi sinye (isibonelo, i-nitrogen ne-potassium). Ukuthi yimuphi okufanele usebenze kuncike ekubunjweni kwenhlabathi nomphumela owufunayo. Kunoma yikuphi, umanyolo ngamunye wamaminerali unikeze izincomo kanye nezikhathi zokusebenzisa, eziqinisekisa impumelelo yokusetshenziswa kwazo.
Izinhlobo zamanyolo angenamaminerali
Ekucabangeni okulula kakhulu, umanyolo wamaminerali uhlukaniswe yi-nitrogen, i-potash ne-phosphorus. Lokhu kungenxa yokuthi i-nitrogen, i-potassium ne-phosphorus yizakhi eziholayo ezinomthelela omkhulu ekukhuleni okuvumelanayo nasekuthuthukisweni kwezitshalo. Kuyiqiniso, akekho umuntu owukela phansi ukubaluleka kwezinye izinto, njenge-magnesium, i-zinc, i-iron, kepha lezi ezintathu ezifakwe kuhlu zibhekwa njengesisekelo. Ake sibacabangele ngokulandelana.
Ama-nitrogen Fertilizer
Izimpawu zokushoda kwe-nitrogen enhlabathini
Ngokuvamile, ukuntuleka kukamanyolo we-nitrogen kuvela ezitshalweni entwasahlobo. Ukukhula kwabo kungavinjelwe, amahlumela akhiwa abuthakathaka, amaqabunga mancane kakhulu, ama-inflorescences mancane. Ngokuhamba kwesikhathi, le nkinga ibonwa ngokukhanyiswa kwamahlamvu, kusukela emithanjeni nasezicubu ezizungezile. Imvamisa, lo mphumela ubonakala engxenyeni engezansi yesitshalo bese ukhuphuka kancane kancane, ngenkathi amaqabunga ekhanyiselwe ngokuphelele ewa.
Indlala yeNitrogen yetamatisi. © Izihlahla EzicelaIzindlela ezisabela kakhulu ekuntuleni kwe-nitrojeni ngamatamatisi, amazambane, izihlahla ze-apula kanye nesitrobheli engadini. Akukhathalekile ukuthi hlobo luni lwezilimo zomhlabathi ezikhula kuzo - ukushoda kwe-nitrogen kungabonwa kunoma yisiphi sazo.
Izinhlobo ze-Nitrogen Fertilizer
Umanyolo ovame kakhulu we-nitrogen yi-ammonium nitrate ne-urea. Kodwa-ke, leli qembu lifaka i-ammonium sulfate, ne-calcium nitrate, ne-sodium nitrate, ne-azofosk, ne-nitroammophosk, ne-ammophos ne-diammonium phosphate. Zonke zinokwakheka okuhlukile futhi zinemiphumela ehlukile enhlabathini nasezitshalweni. Ngakho-ke, urea acidives umhlaba, ne-calcium, i-sodium ne-ammonium nitrate alkalinize wona. IBeetroot iphendula kahle kwi-sodium nitrate, no-anyanisi, ukhukhamba, amasaladi ne-cauliflower kuphendula kahle ku-ammonium nitrate.
Izindlela Zokusebenzisa
Umanyolo weNitrogen uyingozi kakhulu kuyo yonke imanyolo yezimbiwa. Lokhu kungenxa yokuthi ngokweqile kwabo, izitshalo ziqongelela inani elikhulu lama-nitrate ezicutshini zazo. Ngakho-ke, i-nitrogen kumele isetshenziswe ngokucophelela, kuya ngokwakhiwa kwenhlabathi, isivuno esondliwayo kanye nohlobo lomanyolo.
Ngenxa yokuthi i-nitrogen inamandla okuphuma, kuyadingeka ukwenza umanyolo we-nitrogen ngokufakwa ngokushesha emhlabathini. Ekwindla, ukufaka umanyolo emhlabeni nge-nitrogen akusebenzi, ngoba iningi lakhona ligezwa yimvula ngesikhathi sokutshala kwentwasahlobo.
Leli qembu lomanyolo lidinga indlela ekhethekile ngesikhathi sokulondolozwa. Ngenxa ye-hygroscopicity eyandayo, kufanele igcinwe kwiphakethe le-vacuum, ngaphandle komoya.
Umanyolo wePotash
Izimpawu zokusweleka kwam potasium enhlabathini
Ukuntuleka kwe-potassium akubonakali ngokushesha ekuthuthukisweni kwesitshalo. Maphakathi nesikhathi sokukhula, ungabona ukuthi isiko linombala ongajwayelekile wemvelo wamahlamvu, ukuqothuka okuvamile, futhi nefomu elingathi sína lendlala le-potassium, amabala ansundu noma ukushiswa (kokufa) kwezeluleko zamaqabunga. Ngaphezu kwalokho, isiqu saso sinciphile ngokomqondo, sinesakhiwo esixegayo, sifushane futhi sikhishwa phansi. Izitshalo ezinjalo zivame ukusala ngemuva ekukhuleni, kancane kancane zakha amahlumela, zikhule kancane izithelo. Kumakherathi notamatisi abulawa yindlala nge-potassium, ngaphezu kwalezi zimpawu ezingenhla, ukubonwa kwamaqabunga amancanyana kuyabonakala, ku-potato eziqongweni ziyafa ngaphambi kwesikhathi, kumagilebhisi amaqabunga asondele kakhulu kumaqoqo athola i-hue emnyama eluhlaza okotshani noma onsomi. Imifino esemgqeni wezitshalo ezilamba nge-potassium ibonakala iwela enyameni lekhasi leqabunga. Ngokuntuleka okuncane kwe-potassium, izihlahla ziyaqhakaza ngokuningana, bese zakha izithelo ezincane.
Ukuntuleka kwe-potassium utamatisi. © Scot NelsonOkuqukethwe okwanele kwe-potassium kumaseli ezitshalo kubanikeza i-turgor enhle (ukumelana nokuqothuka), ukuthuthukiswa okunamandla kohlelo lwezimpande, ukuqoqwa okugcwele kwezakhi ezibalulekile ezitsheni, kanye nokumelana namazinga okushisa aphansi nezifo.
Imvamisa, ukuswelakala kwe-potassium kwenzeka emhlabathini one-asidi kakhulu. Kulula ukucacisa ngokuvela kwesihlahla se-apula, ipheya, iplamu, okusajingijolo, ipheya kanye ne-currant.
Izinhlobo Zomanyolo wePotash
Ngokuthengisiwe ungathola izinhlobo eziningana zomanyolo we-potashum, ikakhulukazi: i-potassium nitrate, i-potassium chloride (ilungele isipinashi kanye no-celery, amanye amasiko awasabeli kahle ku-chlorine), i-potassium sulfate (enhle ngoba iqukethe nesibabule), kalimagnesia (potassium + i-magnesium), i-calimag. Ngaphezu kwalokho, i-potassium iyingxenye yamanyolo anzima njenge-nitroammophoskos, nitrophosk, carboammofosk.
Izindlela zokusebenzisa umanyolo we-potash
Ukusetshenziswa kukamanyolo we-potash kumele kuhambisane nemiyalo enamathiselwe kubo - lokhu kwenza lula indlela yokondla futhi kunikeze umphumela onokwethenjelwa. Kuyadingeka ukuwafaka enhlabathini ngokushesha: ngesikhathi sekwindla - ngokumba, entwasahlobo yokutshala izithombo. I-potassium chloride ingeniswa ekwindla kuphela, ngoba lokhu kwenza ukuthi sikwazi ukubekezela i-chlorine.
Izitshalo ezenziwa impande zisabela kakhulu ekusebenzeni kukamanyolo we-potash - ngaphansi kwazo, i-potassium kumele isetshenziswe ngemithamo ephezulu.
Umanyolo wePhosphate
Izimpawu zokuntuleka kwe-phosphorus
Izimpawu zokuntuleka kwe-phosphorus kwezicubu zezitshalo ziboniswa cishe ngendlela efanayo nokuntuleka kwe-nitrogen: isitshalo sikhula kabi, sakha isiqu esibuthakathaka, siyabambezeleka ekuqhakazeni nasekuvuthweni kwezithelo, bese kulahlwa amahlamvu aphansi. Kodwa-ke, ngokungafani nendlala ye-nitrogen, ukusweleka kwe-phosphorus akubangeli kukhanya, kepha kumnyama amaqabunga awayo, futhi ngezigaba zangaphambili kunika ama-petioles nemithambo yamahlamvu aluhlaza okotshani nama-violet hues.
Phosphorus utamatisi wokuzila. © K. N. TiwariImvamisa, ukuswelakala kwephosphorous kubonwa kunhlabathi elula ye-acidic. Ukuntuleka kwalesi sakhi kukhulunywa kakhulu katamatisi, izihlahla zama-apula, amapetshisi, ama-currants amnyama.
Izinhlobo zomanyolo we-phosphate
Umanyolo omunye wejwayelekile we-phosphate osetshenziswa kunoma yiluphi uhlobo lomhlaba yi-superphosphate, i-potassium monophosphate inikeza umphumela osheshayo, futhi ufulawa we-phosphoric uyindlela enhle kakhulu.
Izindlela zokusebenzisa umanyolo we-phosphate
Bangaki abangalethi manyolo we-phosphorus - abakwazi ukulimaza. Kodwa noma kunjalo kungcono ukungasebenzi ngokungacabangi, kodwa ukunamathela emithethweni ebekiwe kuphakethe.
Izitshalo zidinga nini futhi zithini
Isidingo sezakhamzimba ezahlukahlukene emasikweni ahlukile sehlukile, kepha iphethini ejwayelekile isekhona. Ngakho-ke, ngesikhathi ngaphambi kokusungulwa kwamaqabunga okuqala eqiniso, zonke izitshalo ezincane zidinga i-nitrogen ne-phosphorus ngezinga elikhulu kakhulu; ukusilela kwazo kulesisigaba sokuthuthuka akunakwenziwa ngosuku olulandelayo, ngisho nangezingubo eziphezulu ezithuthukisiwe - umbuso ocindezelwe uzoqhubeka kuze kube sekupheleni kwenkathi yokukhula.
Potassium chloride
Ammonium sulfate. © searchpart 
I-Ammonium chloride.
Ngesikhathi sokukhula okusebenzayo kwesisindo semifino ngezitshalo, indima ebaluleke kakhulu ekunakekelweni kwazo idlalwa yi-nitrogen ne-potassium. Ngesikhathi sokuhluma nokuqhakaza, phosphorus iba yinto ebalulekile futhi. Uma ukugcotshwa kwama-foliar top kufakwe umanyolo we-phosphorus ne-potassium kulesi sigaba, izitshalo zizoqala ukuqongelela ushukela ngenkani ezicutshini, ezizogcina zilithinta kahle ikhwalithi yezitshalo zazo.
Ngakho-ke, usebenzisa umanyolo wamaminerali kungenzeka ukuthi ungagcini ngokugcina isivuno somhlabathi ezingeni elifanele, kodwa futhi nokulawula inani lokukhishwa okuvela endaweni elinywayo.
Imithetho ejwayelekile yokusebenzisa umanyolo wamaminerali
Kubalulekile ukuqonda ukuthi umanyolo wamaminerali ungasetshenziswa womabili njengomanyolo oyinhloko (ekwindla ngokumba inhlabathi, noma entwasahlobo ngenkathi yangaphambi kokuhlwanyela), nanjengendlela yokuhlobanisa umquba wasentwasahlobo-ehlobo. Ngamunye wabo unemithetho nezindlela zokuzethula, kepha kukhona izincomo ezijwayelekile okungafanele zinganakwa.
- Akunakushiwo ukuthi kufanele kukhiqizwe umanyolo ezitsheni ezisetshenziselwa ukupheka.
- Kungcono ukugcina umanyolo ekufakweni kwe-vacuum.
- Uma ngabe kwenziwa umanyolo wezimbiwa, lapho ngaphambi kokufaka isicelo kumele kufohlwe noma kudlule ngesihlungo, kube nobubanzi obungu-3 kuya ku-5 mm.
- Lapho ufaka umanyolo wamaminerali esithelweni, umuntu akufanele wedlule umthamo otuswe ngumenzi, kodwa kungcono ukubala isilinganiso esidingekayo ngokuhlolwa kwenhlabathi elebhu. Ngokuvamile, ukugalelwa kunganconywa. Umanyolo we-nitrogen enanini le: ammonium nitrate - 10 - 25 g nge-skwele ngasinye, u-urea fafaza - 5 g nge-10 wamalitha amanzi; Umanyolo we-potash: potassium chloride - 20 - 40 g ngemitha yesikwere ngasinye (njengomanyolo omkhulu), wokugqoka ngaphezulu kwefoliar ngosawoti we-potassium - 50 g nge-10 l lamanzi; phosphorus offsets: i-potassium monophosphate - 20 g ngama-10 l wamanzi, ngokugqoka okuphezulu kwe-foliar nge-superphosphate - 50 g nge-10 l lamanzi.
- Uma ukugqoka okuphezulu kwenziwa emhlabathini, kubalulekile ukuzama ukungasitholi isisombululo kusisindo semifino yesitshalo esivuthisiwe, noma ukuhlanza izitshalo zakho kahle ngamanzi ngemuva kokugqoka phezulu.
- Izicucu ezisetshenziswe ngendlela eyomile, kanye nomanyolo oqukethe i-nitrogen kanye ne-potassium, kufanele zifakwe ngokushesha enhlabathini ongaphezulu, kepha hhayi ngokujulile kakhulu ukuze zitholakale ngobuningi bezimpande.
- Ukuze uthambise ukugxila komanyolo wamaminerali owethulwe enhlabathini, kubalulekile ukuwuthambisa ngaphambi kokuwusebenzisa.
- Uma kunokuntuleka kwe-nitrogen enhlabathini, khona-ke umanyolo we-phosphorus ne-potassium kumele usetshenziswe kuphela ngokuhlanganiswa nale nto elahlekile, uma kungenjalo ngeke balethe umphumela obulindelekile.
- Uma inhlabathi yobumba - umthamo womanyolo kufanele ukhuphuke kancane; isihlabathi - sincishisiwe, kepha sandisa inani lomanyolo. Kumanyolo we-phosphate wenhlabathi yobumba, kungcono ukukhetha i-superphosphate, ngoba inhlabathi enesihlabathi noma yisiphi umanyolo we-phosphate kufanelekile.
- Ezindaweni ezinenqwaba yezulu (i-band ephakathi nendawo), ingxenye yesithathu yomanyolo oyinhloko iyanconywa ukuthi isetshenziswe ngqo lapho kuhlwanyelwa imbewu noma ukutshala izithombo emhlabathini eziseleni zokutshala nezikhala. Ukuze izitshalo zingatholi ukushiswa kwezimpande, ukwakheka kwethulwa kumele kuhlanganiswe kahle nomhlabathi.
- Umphumela omkhulu kakhulu ekuthuthukiseni ukuzala kwenhlabathi ungatholwa ngokushintsha umanyolo wamaminerali kanye ne-organic.
- Uma ukutshala emibhedeni kukhule kangangokuba kuvaliwe, inketho engcono kakhulu yokugqoka phezulu ukugqoka phezulu foliar (foliar).
- Ukugqoka okuphezulu kwefoliar kwenziwa kwentwasahlobo kumahlamvu amancane akhiwe. Ukugqunywa okuphezulu kwe-Root top ngomanyolo we-potash kwenziwa ngo-ekwindla, ukuvala umanyolo kuze kube ngu-10 cm.
- Ukusetshenziswa kukamanyolo wamaminerali njengomanyolo omkhulu kwenziwa ngokuhlakazeka ebusweni bomhlaba ngokufakwa okuphoqelekile okulandelayo emhlabathini.
- Uma umanyolo wamaminerali usetshenziswa enhlabathini kanye nomanyolo we-organic, futhi le yindlela ephumelela kakhulu, imithamo yamanyolo wamaminerali kumele yehliswe isithathu.
- Okusebenziseka kakhulu ngamanyolo we-granular, kepha kumele afakelwe isicelo sokumba ekwindla.
