UDonik

I-herbaceous juvenile clover (Melilotus) imele umndeni we-legume. IMelilotus isitshalo esibalulekile esidlekayo nesifishi, kanti ngokwesiko ibikhona iminyaka engaphezu kwezinkulungwane ezimbili. Ezinye izinhlobo zalesi siko sezitshalwa njengezitshalo ezinemithi yokwelapha. Lesi sitshalo saziwa kakhulu ngokuthi i-burkun, utshani bomhlaba ne-clover emnandi. Emvelweni, i-clover itholakala e-Asia nase-Europe; ithanda ukukhula endaweni enama-wastelands, meadows and deposits. Utshani obunjalo bunephunga elithile.

Izici ze-clover

Ukuphakama kwesiqu esinegatsha ku-clover kungahluka kusuka kumamitha ayi-0,5 kuya kwayi-2. Impande induku. Amapuleti amaqabunga aphindwe kathathu (okufana ne-clover), aqukethe amapheshana enziwe ngesigaqa. Amabhulashi we-apical freight aselevu aqukethe izimbali ezincane zomthunzi ophuzi noma omhlophe. Izithelo zingubhontshisi onqunu, onesimo esiyindilinga, futhi ufinyelela ubude bamamilimitha angama-30 kuya kwengama-40. Imbewu ihlala isebenza isikhathi eside, noma kunalokho, iminyaka eyi-14.

I-clover emnandi ikhula njengomanyolo oluhlaza ngoba isiza ukuthuthukisa ukwakheka kwenhlabathi futhi igcwalise ngento enjenge-nitrogen. Ibuye ikhule njengesitshalo sokudla, ngoba yakha i-biomass enempilo, equkethe inani elikhulu kakhulu lamavithamini. Le biomass ihlukaniswa ukukhiqizwa isiheho kanye nobisi. Futhi, lo muthi, onephunga elimnandi lotshani obusha, usetshenziselwa kakhulu izinsipho zokugcoba, ukunambitha ugwayi, futhi embonini yamakha usetshenziselwa ukulungisa iphunga. Lesi sitshalo singesinye sezitshalo zoju ezinhle kakhulu. Kusukela kumpetha oqoqwe kusuka kuzimbali zesiko elinjalo, kutholakala uju omhlophe noma we-amber, onephunga elimnandi kakhulu le-vanilla.

Ukulima i-Clover

Ukufika kwangaphandle

Inani elincane kuphela lezinhlobo ze-clover elinywayo, kuyilapho ethandwa kakhulu phakathi kwabalimi yi-clover emhlophe, kanye ne-clover ephuzi. Leli siko lisakazwa, njengomthetho, ngendlela yenzalo (ekhiqizayo). I-clover emnandi ayifuneki kakhulu ekwakhekeni kwenhlabathi. Lesi sitshalo se-herbaceous sikhula kahle emhlabathini we-chernozem, solonetz, umhlabathi omncane we-podzolic ne-carbonate. Kepha akufanele itshalwe emhlabathini one-acidic, noma ezindaweni ezinamanzi lapho amanzi angaphansi komhlaba asondele khona ngaphezu kwenhlabathi.

IMelilot inamandla okuqongelela i-nitrogen, kanye nokukhipha izakhi zomzimba ezingxenyeni zenhlabathi ezincibilikayo, ngenxa yalokho ikhula futhi ikhule kahle ngisho nasemhlabathini ompofu noma ophelile. Lapho ukhetha isiza sokutshala, kufanele kubhekwe ukuthi ngenxa yenani elikhulu lezinsika, leli siko linesithombe esikhulu kunazo zonke, ngakho-ke indawo kufanele ivuleke futhi ibe nelanga.

Ngaphambi kokwehla, isiza kufanele silungiselelwe ngokucophelela. Ukuze wenze lokhu, yenza ukumba okuphoqelekile ngokwazisa nge-phosphate kanye nomanyolo we-potash, ngakho-ke amagremu angama-50 we-superphosphate kanye nama-20 amagremu kasawoti we-potassium athathwa ngemitha yesikwele.

Imbewu yalesi sitshalo iyitshe elilukhuni, eliqinisa kakhulu ukubukeka kwezithombo. Ngakho-ke, izinsuku ezingama-20-30 ngaphambi kokuhlwanyela, kufanele zifakwe ekukhulisweni. Ukuze wenze lokhu, udinga ukudlulisa imbewu amahlandla amabili noma amathathu nge-clover. Ngalezi zinhloso, ungasebenzisa futhi izihlungi eziklanyelwe ngokukhethekile.

Ukuhlwanyela imbewu enhlabathini evulekile kunconywa ngo-Ephreli noma ngoMeyi. Ukuze wenze lokhu, ngaphambili kwakungekho imifino ejulile kakhulu enhlabathini enomswakama, kanti ibanga eliphakathi kwawo kufanele lisuke kumamitha ayi-0,45 liye kwangama-0.6. Ngemuva kokuhlwanyela imbewu emhlabathini ovulekile, ama-grooves kufanele afafazwe ngengqimba yenhlabathi engasindi kakhulu, emva kwalokho indawo yendawo ihlanganiswe ngokucophelela. Abalimi abanokuhlangenwe nakho bayeluleka ukuba bahlwanyele imbewu engabekwa ngaphansi kwesici sokuqala ukukhiqiza ebusika, noma kunalokho, ngoFebhuwari noma ngoJanuwari, bamane basakazeke ebusweni bomhlaba noma ikhava leqhwa. Izimvula ezenzeka ngesikhathi sentwasahlobo kanye namanzi ancibilikayo, zisiza ukuthambisa imbewu egobekile, ngenxa yalesi sizalo kuvela ebusweni benhlabathi ngisho noma izinga lokushisa lenyuka lifinyelela kuma-degree angama-2-4. Ezindaweni eziseningizimu, ukuhlwanyelwa kwembewu ye-clover enhlabathini evulekile, njengomthetho, kwenziwa ngo-Agasti.

Ukunakekela i-clover engadini

Uma imbewu ihlwanyelwa engadini entwasahlobo, izithombo zokuqala zizovela ngemuva kwengxenye yenyanga. Ngenkathi kwakhiwa amapuleti eqabunga leqabunga langempela, ukuncipha kwezitshalo kuyadingeka, futhi ukhula lwenziwa futhi, kususwa lonke utshani bokhula, ngenkathi kukhululwa ngokucophelela indawo yomhlabathi phakathi kwemigqa. Ibanga eliphakanyisiwe okufanele lishiywe phakathi kwezihlahla zilandelana ngamamitha ayi-0,3, kepha lokhu akusebenzi ecaleni lapho lesi sitshalo sikhule njenge-siderata.

I-clover emnandi ibonakala ngokumelana okukhulu nesomiso, maqondana nalokhu, ukuthambisa okunjalo kwesitshalo okunjalo akudingekile. Kodwa-ke, kufanele bondliwe ngesikhathi, ngoba le phosphorus ne-potassium fertilizer ingeniswa emhlabathini.

Ngonyaka wokuqala wokukhula, akukho zithelo ezakhiwa emahlahleni e-clover, lokhu kungenxa yokuthi anokuthuthuka okukhulu nokukhula kohlelo lwezimpande. Njengoba umsuka wempande ye-clover ebusika usemhlabathini ovulekile, kulokhu, lapho kuqala isikhathi sentwasahlobo, kubalulekile ukuqinisekisa ukuthi indawo ayigcwala amanzi ancibilikayo ngesikhathi sekhava leqhwa. Ngesikhathi sokuqhakaza, leli siko lidonsa inani elikhulu lezinyosi eziqoqa umpe wazo. Yenza uju oluhle kakhulu, oluhlukaniswa ukunambitheka okuphezulu nezimpawu zokupholisa.

Izifo nezinambuzane

IMililot, njengazo zonke izilimo, ingena ezithweni ezinhlobonhlobo zezifo, kanti izinambuzane eziningi ezilimaza isitshalo nazo zingaphila ngaso. Imvamisa, lesi sitshalo sithinta i-Powdery hlobo, i-ascochitosis, i-peronosporosis, i-bacteriosis yezimpande, i-septoria ne-mosaic ephuzi. Njengomthetho, izihlahla zithinteka ezifweni zokukhunta kuphela kulezo zimo lapho ukutshala kwazo kwenzeka ezimeni ezingalungelanga impela isiko elinikezwe. Kunconywa ukwelapha izitshalo ezinesifo ngokushesha ngekhambi lokufaka isikhunta, isibonelo, iFundazole, iMaxim, iBordeaux ketshezi, i-Abiga-Peak, njll. Uma i-clover emnandi ilinyazwa yi-mosaic, izihlahla zayo kufanele zisuswe emhlabathini ngokushesha futhi kufanele zibhujiswe ukuze lesi sifo asiqhubeke ukusakazeka kuyo yonke indawo engadini. Iqiniso ngukuthi isifo esinjalo namuhla aselapheki.

Izinambuzane ezinjengezimbungulu nezinsimbi ezahlukahlukene: i-clover, i-alfalfa ebomvu kanye nokudla imbewu ephuzi kungahlala kulesi simila; iqabunga, ikhanda kanye nama-alfalfa weevil amakhulu; i-clover and bristle nodule weevils; I-Palomena iluhlaza; iklabishi, ukudlwengula, utshani, i-alfalfa kanye nezimbungulu zesinaphi; umlimi wendawo kanye ne-camptopus emngceleni; i-bug ebomvu enamaphiko; prickly stenodema; umbusi, amajikijolo kanye nonogada basentwasahlobo. Ukuze uqede izinambuzane ezilimazayo, ochwepheshe balulekisa ukusebenzisa ama-iniccticides e-systemic, ngokwesibonelo, njengalawa: Actellik, Aktaru, Karbofos noma ezinye izindlela ezahluka ngendlela efanayo. Ngezinhloso zokuvimbela, kubalulekile ukulandela imithetho yokujikeleziswa kwezitshalo, ungakhohlwa ukhula lwendawo ngendlela esheshayo, futhi ungavilaphi kakhulu ukucubungula inhlabathi kanye nembewu ngokushesha ngaphambi kokuhlwanyela. Futhi, entwasahlobo nasekwindla, ngenhloso yokuvimbela, indawo leyo kufanele ilashwe ngama-insecticides. Uma konke kwenziwa kahle, izinambuzane zizodlula ku-clover futhi ngeke zikwazi ukuzilimaza.

Hhayi nje umlimi onolwazi kuphela kodwa futhi umlimi wokuqala ongahlakulela isiko elifanayo esimweni sakhe sengadi. Uma ulandela yonke imithetho yezobuchwepheshe bezolimo yalesi siko futhi ulunakekela kahle, khona-ke izinkinga nge-clover akufanele zivele nakancane.

Ukuqoqwa nokugcinwa kwe-clover emnandi

Ukuvunwa kwe-clover, ochwepheshe beluleka ukukhiqiza ngesikhathi sokuqhakaza kwayo. Ukuze wenze lokhu, usebenzisa isikhafu noma ipruner, kubalulekile ukusika onke amahlumela aseceleni, kanye ne-apical racemose. Izinto zokwelapha ezitholakele zokwelapha kufanele zixhunywe kuzinqwaba ezinkulu kakhulu, okufanele zifakwe ophahleni egumbini elomile nelinomoya omncane, lapho zingomile khona impela. Ngalezi zinhloso, ungasebenzisa i-dryer kagesi, kuyilapho kufanele isethwe ekushiseni kwama-degrees angama-40 noma ngaphezulu noma ngaphansi. Ngemuva kokuthi amahlumela esomile ngokuphelele, azodinga ukubhulwa ngokuphelele. Lapho-ke isisindo esidingekayo sezinto zokusetshenziswa zokwelapha kufanele sihanjiswe, kusetshenziswa ngesihlungo esenziwe ngocingo ngalokhu, okuzosusa izingcezwana ezinkulu zeziqu ezidinga ukulahlwa ngaphandle. Izici zokwelapha zitholakala ngamahlamvu, amahlumela amancane, izithelo nezimbali ze-clover emnandi, enephunga le-coumarin nokunambitheka okumunyu. Ukugcina i-clover emnandi eyomisiwe, kusetshenziswa iziqukathi ezivalekile ngokuqinile ezenziwe nge-ceramic noma ingilazi. I-clover emnandi yemithi yesitoreji kufanele isuswe endaweni emnyama neyomile.

Izinhlobo nezinhlobonhlobo ze-clover emnandi enezithombe namagama

Phakathi kwabalimi, zimbili kuphela izinhlobo ze-clover ezimnandi ezithandwa kakhulu. Izincazelo zabo ezinemininingwane zizonikezwa ngezansi. Ezinye zezinhlobo zazo, ezibuye zivame ukulinyelwa emasimini engadi ezifundeni ezahlukahlukene, nazo zizochazwa.

I-clover emhlophe (iMelilotus albus), noma i-burkun, isibhamu, isibhamu, isibhamu sowesilisa

Ukuphakama kwalesi sitshalo se-biennial kungahluka kusuka kumamitha ayi-0.3 kuya ku-1.5. Le ndlela yamadlelo neye-silage inezincwajana zamaphepha e-cirrus, amasampula, anezimo ezinama-awl, kanye nama-inflillcence ama-axillary, aqukethe izimbali zombala omhlophe zohlobo lwe-moth. Lesi sitshalo sezinyosi sihlukile kwabanye ngoba sikhiqiza umpe ngisho nangesikhathi eside esomile, kanti izinyosi zindizela ku-clover, ngoba zikhangwa yiphunga elimnandi lotshani. Endle, leli siko lingatholakala eBelarus, Kazakhstan, eSiberia, e-Ukraine, eMoldova, e-Asia Ephakathi naseCaucasus. Ukhetha ukukhula emithambekeni, ngasemaphethelweni wamasimu nemigwaqo, ezigodini nasezinkomeni eziningi ezingenamuntu. Abalimi bahlakulela lezi zinhlobo ezilandelayo ze-melilot emhlophe:

1. Ukuzindla. Lesi sitshalo esinobuhlakani sihlobene ne-ecotype yaseSiberia. Ukuphakama kwesihlahla kungahluka kusuka kumamitha ayi-1,1 kuya kwayi-1,2. Amahlumela aphakathi naphakathi awukhali. I-inflorescence ende, emincane ye-racemose iqukethe izimbali ezinkulu ezimhlophe. Le nhlobonhlobo imelana kakhulu nesomiso, isithwathwa, futhi ibekezelela usawoti, futhi ayesabi noma yiziphi izifo nezinambuzane eziyingozi, ngakho-ke ngeke kube nezinkinga ngokulinywa kwayo.
2. I-Hoarfrost. Lesi sitshalo sinokuqina okuhle. Ama-bare amahlumela, anobuthi obuphakathi, apendwe luhlaza. Amapuleti eqabunga le-Bare ternate anombala oluhlaza okotshani, kanye nomphetho onamasheya omncane. I-inflorescence ephakeme, ye-racemose inflorescence enezimbali eziningi futhi iqukethe izimbali ezimhlophe. Ubhontshisi ubunjiwe ngendlela. Lesi sitshalo simelana kakhulu ne-Powdery isikhutha, kepha singathinteka ekulimaleni ngama-weevils.
3. Chermassan. Ukuphakama kwalesi sitshalo esinobuthi cishe amasentimitha angama-200. Amahlumela anolaka, futhi akukho ukubonakala kobuso bawo ebusweni bawo. Ubude bama-inflorescence aphakathi nendawo-athambile cishe amasentimitha ayi-18, afaka izimbali ezimhlophe. Ubhontshisi omnyama ompunga unesimo se-elliptical.
4. ISteppe. Le nhlobo yokuvuthwa yakuqala imelana kakhulu nesomiso nokukhiqiza. Izimpande eziqonde ngqo ezingxenyeni engenhla zingama-pubescent amafushane, futhi engxenyeni engezansi zinobala. Ukuphakama kwesiqu kungahluka kusuka kumamitha ayi-1.45 kuya kwayi-1,7. Izingcwecwe zeshadi ezinxantathu ezihlanganisiwe zinomphetho we-serated. Anombala ophuzi, futhi ebusweni bawo kukhona okuhlanganayo okune-waxy. I-axillary inflorescence ivele. Izithelo zingubhontshisi onezinhlamvu ezimbili noma eyodwa enesithunzi, edwetshwe emthunzini wombala ophuziwe.
5. IVolzhanin. Le nhlobonhlobo ihlukaniswa ngokubekezelela usawoti, ukukhiqiza kanye nokumelana nesomiso. Iyamelana ne-Powdery isikhutha futhi ayesabi ukubuya kwesithwathwa esibonakala entwasahlobo. Isihlahla siqondile, asivimbeli. Ukuphakama kokuqina okuphakathi kwamahlumela ahlotshisiwe kungahluka kusuka ku-1,65 kuya kumamitha ayi-2,5. Izithelo ubhontshisi abanezinhlanyelo eyodwa noma ezimbili ezinombala onsomi omnyama. Imbewu ophuzi kuyinto okusaqanda.

Futhi, abalimi bavame ukuhlakulela lezi zinhlobo ezilandelayo zalolu hlobo lwe-clover emnandi, okuyi: Lucernoid 6, Middle Volga, Volga, Ob Giant, Om, Sayansky, Sretensky, Meshchersky 99, Rybinsky, Nemyugyunsky, Bulat, Diomid, njll.

I-Melilotus aphuzi (iMelilotus officinalis), noma i-melilot yokwelapha, noma i-melilot yokwelapha

Abantu bavame ukubiza lezi zinhlobo kaningi ngokuthi i-burkova, i-vargun, ama-hops asendle, ama-bushwheat asendle, umhlonyane, i-hare chill, i-gooey, i-godson ne-mole utshani. Endle, lolu hlobo lwe-clover emnandi lutholakala eBelarus, eNtshonalanga yeSiberia, e-Ukraine, eCentral Asia naseCaucasus. Isigaxa esimnandi kangaka sithanda ukukhula phakathi kwezihlahlana, emaphethelweni amahlathi, ezindaweni ezinotshalo ezisezincane, emasimini nasemigwaqweni, ezigodini nasezindizeni. Lo muthi, okuyi-biennial, unesimpande sesiqu, esinenani elikhulu kakhulu lamagatsha. Ukuphakama kwesiqu esiqondile kuyahlukahluka kusuka kumasentimitha ayi-150 kuye kwangama-200, engxenyeni engezansi iyakhanyiswa. Amapuleti amaqabunga we-Ternate ahlukaniswe ngamaqabunga anama-petioles amade namapheshana wamazinyo aluhlaza-a-serrate-grey ahlanganisiwe anesimo se-oblong-ovate. Ama-inflorescence ama-Multiplowered racemose inflorescence, afinyelela kumamilimitha angama-50 kuye kwangama-70 ubude, aqukethe izimbali eziphuzi. Izithelo zalolu hlobo lwe-clover emnandi ubhontshisi omenyezelayo, onombala onsundu. Ngaphakathi ubhontshisi kukhona imbewu ebushelelezi e-oval, edwetshwe ngombala onsundu-ophuzi noma ophuzi, ivuthwa ngokugcwele ngo-Agasti noma Septhemba. Okudume kakhulu phakathi kwabalimi yilezi zinhlobo ze-melilot eziphuzi, njenge:

1. ISarbas. Le nhlobonhlobo iyinkathi ephakathi nenkathi, ibonakala ngokukhiqiza okuphezulu, kanye nokumelana nesomiso nesithwathwa. Entwasahlobo, le nhlobonhlobo ibilokhu ikhula ngentshiseko futhi ikhula. Ngemuva kokuba utshani lobu busikiwe, bukhula ngokushesha. I-clover enjalo imelana kakhulu ne-Powdery isikhutha, futhi izinambuzane eziyingozi ezilimaza imbewu azixazululwa kuso.
2. Koldyban. Le nhlobonhlobo imelana nesomiso. Isihlahla somuntu onjalo siba buthaka. Amahlumela alukhuni, futhi ukuphakama kwawo kungahluka kusuka ku-0.8 kuya kumamitha ayi-1,2. Imbewu inosayizi omncane. Le nhlobonhlobo ingesinye sezitshalo ezinhle kakhulu zoju.
3. Ishim kusenesikhathi. Lesi sitshalo esimelana nesithwathwa sibonisa ukubekezelela usawoti nokubekezelela isomiso. Kuyinto enengqondo futhi ine isivuno esikhulu. Utshani obunjalo bumelana ne-powdery hlobo, futhi nakuzo zonke izinambuzane ezilimaza imbewu. Lesi sihlahla siqonde sifinyelela ukuphakama okungamamitha angama-0.8, ukuqina kwawo kungaphakathi.
4. Kokhetau. Lesi sitshalo esibekezelela isomiso nosawoti esivumela usawoti ngokumelana nesithwathwa siyakwazi ukunikeza isivuno esicebile soxha oluhlaza. Kusukela umpe wayo, uju luyatholakala, lubonakala ngekhwalithi ephezulu kakhulu.
5. Omsk. Kulesi sitshalo esidala ukukhula, izimbali zidwetshwa ngombala ophuzi. Ubhontshisi onembewu emibili ukhulu ngokulingana.

Izakhiwo ze-clover ezimnandi: zilimaze futhi uzuze

Izici eziwusizo ze-clover emnandi

Ukwakheka kwesitshalo se-herbaceous seMelilotus officinalis kufaka i-cymarin, ama-tannins nezinto ezinamafutha, uwoyela obalulekile, ama-flavonoids, i-ascorbic acid, i-carotene, i-tocopherol, ushukela, i-mucus ne-glycosides, lapho sekuhlukaniswa, i-coumarin iyatholakala, okuyi-crystalline into enephunga elimnandi elinamakha amnandi. .

Iqiniso lokuthi lesi sitshalo sinezakhiwo zokwelapha belaziwa ngabantu kudala kakhulu, ezikhathini zasendulo. Lo mbiza une-expectorant, antihypertensive, anti-inflammatory, antibacterial, anticoagulant, fibrinolytic, emollient, diaphoretic, carminative, anticonvulsant, ukuphulukisa amanxeba nomphumela wokuvukelwa. Amalungiselelo asuselwa ku-clover emnandi yokwelapha asetshenziswa ekwelapheni i-bronchitis, umfutho wegazi ophakeme, ukuqunjelwa, i-hysteria, i-migraine, ukuqwasha, i-rheumatoid kanye ne-gouty arthritis, ukukhwehlela, ukwehla kwezinkinga, isifo sokuqina kwemithambo yegazi, i-flatulence, i-neurasthenia, ukwanda kokungazweli, ukwehlisa i-goiter enobuthi, futhi nakho isetshenziselwa amanxeba okuhlanza, ukuvuvukala kwezitho zangasese kwabesifazane, amathumba namathumba.

Uju, olwalutholakala kumpetha we-clover, nalo linezindawo zokwelapha. Isetshenziselwa kakhulu izifo zezifo zamapheshana okuphefumula aphezulu, ukuqwasha, i-neurosis, umfutho wegazi ophakeme, izinhlungu ekhanda, kanye nezifo zamajoyina nemithambo ye-varicose. Loluju oluhlwabusayo futhi olunempilo enhle nalo luvuselela ukukhipha umzimba. Uju olunjalo lusenomphumela omnene we-laxative ne-diuretic.

Ubani ohlinzekelwe i-clover

UMelilot, kanye nawo wonke amalungiselelo enziwe ngesisekelo sawo, awakwazi ukusetshenziswa abesifazane abakhulelwe, kanye nabantu abanesifo sezinso. Kubalulekile ukukhumbula ukuthi ukwakheka kwalesi sitshalo kufaka izinto ezinobuthi, kulokhu, umthamo kufanele uqashelwe ngokuqinile. Uma i-clover emnandi isetshenziswa ngamanani amakhulu kakhulu, khona-ke ithinta kabi imisipha ebushelelezi, futhi inomthelela ekuvinjelweni kohlelo lwezinzwa. Uma izidakamizwa ezinjalo zisetshenziswa isikhathi eside, khona-ke ukozela, isicanucanu, izinhlungu ekhanda, i-vertigo, nokuhlanza kungaqala ukwenzeka. Kwezinye izimo, kune-hemorrhage yangaphakathi e-subcutaneous, ukulimala kwesibindi, nokukhubazeka kwesistimu yezinzwa ephakathi. Ngokuqondene nalokhu, ukusetshenziswa kwezidakamizwa ezinjengalezi kufanele kunqunywe kuphela ngudokotela oholayo, okufanele akhethe umthamo odingekayo. Futhi ungakhohlwa ukulandela ngokucophelela lo mthamo.