Yini imifino?

Imifino yokuqala yenziwa cishe ikhulu leminyaka eyedlule ngu-Alexander Vasilievich Ivanov, futhi lokhu kusungulwa kwamalungelo obunikazi eminyakeni eyisithupha yamashumi edlule. Ukusebenza kahle kwalezi zemifino kwafakazelwa, kwaphinde kwashicilelwa incwadi echaza ngokuningiliziwe ukwakhiwa nayo yonke inzuzo yokusebenzisa kwayo. Kodwa-ke, ezweni lethu, lokhu, ngokungangabazeki kuphumelele, iphrojekthi, alas, ayitholanga.

Ngakho-ke yini imifino, iziphi izinzuzo zayo, noma ngabe inamaphutha futhi imifino ihluke kanjani ku-greenhouse - sizozama ukukutshela okuningi ngangokunokwenzeka kule ndatshana.

Izinkinga ezindaweni zokugcina izithombo ezingenalo imifino

Ake siqale ngengxoxo yezinkinga nezinkinga zohlaza olujwayelekile bese sikhuluma ngokuthi lezi zinkinga zixazululwa kanjani ku-veggie. Ngakho-ke yini i-greenhouse ejwayelekile? Kuliqiniso, lesi yisakhiwo esidala noma esingama-gable, esimbozwe ngengilazi, ifilimu noma i-polycarbonate enenhlabathi ezansi. Lokhu kuvame konke, yize kukhona izindlu zokugcina izithombo nokushisa.

Yikuphi ukungahambi kahle kwezindawo zokugcina izithombo: ubungozi obukhulu ukulahleka okukhulu kwamandla elanga, ikakhulukazi kulezo zikhathi zonyaka lapho ilanga liphansi - lokhu kusentwasahlobo, ekwindla, ebusika, futhi nasezikhathi zasekuseni nakusihlwa. Ngalesi sikhathi, lo abamba ukushisa angakhombisa kuze kufike ku-70% (!) Wamandla elanga bese kuthi ku-20 noma 30% kuphela.

Inkinga yesibili enkulu, futhi ngasikhathi sinye umehluko wesibili phakathi kwe-veggie ne-greenhouse, kumane kungukulahlekelwa okukhulu kokushisa ngesembozo sayo kanye nokungabi bikho ngokuphelele kokuthola kokukugcina (ukushisa). Lokhu kuholela kuphi? Vele, kuzinguquko ezibalulekile zokushisa phakathi nobusuku nobusuku, noma lapho ilanga elishisayo ilanga lishintshwa esikhundleni sigcwale amafu nemvula.

Inkinga yesithathu ye-greenhouse umoya oqondile ogeleza umoya, okufuneka nje ehlobo ukuze "usethe kabusha" amazinga okushisa ngokweqile futhi ucebise isakhiwo ngaphakathi nomoya omusha. Ngakho-ke, ukungena komoya okunjalo, ngaphezu kokushisa, kukhipha futhi isikhutha, esidingekayo ekunakekelweni kwezitshalo, kanye nengxenye ebalulekile ye-nitrogen nomswakama, lapho amabhlunga amaqabunga ayekhiqizwe yileso sikhathi, kungani abamba ukushisa kudinga ukuthambisa kwezitshalo okuqhubekayo ezikhula kuwo.

Konke lokhu kuxazululwa kanjani e-veggie?

I-imifino ilawula inkinga yokuqala sibonga ngendlela eyingqayizivele yayo. Izitshalo zemifino zivame ukubekwa emthambekeni, ngokuqina kwama-degree angama-16-16 kuye kwangama-18 - 19, futhi umthambeka ungaba ngowemvelo noma owenziwe ngobuciko. Umphumela kufanele ube umthambeka oqonde eningizimu noma eningizimu mpumalanga. Ngaphezu kwalokho - ophahleni, lwenziwe flat, hhayi sloping noma arched, like a abamba ukushisa, futhi embozwe polycarbonate, ngoba igcina ukushisa kangcono kunezinye izinto. Ngenxa yalokhu, imisebe yelanga cishe njalo iwela ngokungabonakali futhi ukucabanga kwayo kuncane.

Uma siqhathanisa ukwakheka kwendawo yemifino ne-greenhouse ejwayelekile, kuvela ukuthi ukufakwa kwamandla komkhiqizi wemifino kuphakeme kunokwendawo eluhlaza, okungenani kathathu ngesikhathi samahora esikhathi sasehlobo futhi okungenani izikhathi eziyi-15 - ekuseni nasekuseni kusihlwa ekwindla, entwasahlobo nasebusika.

Ngaphezu kwalokho, endaweni yokudlela yemifino, udonga olulodwa kumele lwenziwe capital, yize ungasebenzisa, ngithi, udonga lwendlu, ezinye izindonga kumele zenziwe nge-polycarbonate. Udonga lwenhlokodolobha, ingxenye yalo etholakala ngaphakathi kwe-Vejium, ipendiwe kahle imhlophe noma imhlophe, noma ifakwe kahle ifilimu ebonakalayo, yesibuko. Le filimu (ngopende, i-whitewashing) izosebenza njengembukiso futhi izosebenza ikakhulukazi lapho ilanga liphansi esibhakabhakeni, okungukuthi, ekuseni, kusihlwa nasebusika. Kubukeka sengathi kuyisixakaxaka, kepha lesi sikhohlakali singacishe siphindwe kabili isilinganiso sokukhanya kwelanga okuqondiswe enhlabathini ngalesi sikhathi.

Futhi zixazululwa kanjani izinkinga zesibili nezesithathu? Zixazululwa ngenxa yomjikelezo ovaliwe wokushintshiselana komoya kanye nokushisa. Ukuze wenze lokhu, ngaphansi kobuso benhlabathi emgodini wemifino ekujuleni kwamasentimitha amathathu, cishe isigamu semitha ukusuka komunye, udinga ukubeka amashubhu epulasitiki eceleni kwe-veggie (ukusuka enyakatho kuya ohlangothini oluseningizimu lwe-veggie). Amaphethelo aphansi ala mashubhu kufanele alethwe ngaphezulu futhi ambozwe ngopulasitiki noma wensimbi ukuze kungabikho mafutha angenayo amapayipi. Amaphethelo aphezulu amashubhu (uhlangothi olusenyakatho) kufanele axhunywe kumqoqi owodwa osendaweni edlulayo. Umbhobho omile kufanele uhambe kumqoqi, okungukuthi, isisisi esingabekwa odongeni oluphambili lwe-imifino. Le mibhobho, okungukuthi, isisengezi, kufanele iye ophahleni, noma kunjalo, hhayi ngokuqondile, kodwa ngemuva kokudlula egumbini lokulungisa. Le khamera kufanele ivule endaweni ebamba ukushisa endaweni ephakeme ngamamitha elilodwa nesigamu. Le khamera ikhawulelwe kuma-shutter akhiwe ngenhla nangaphansi, futhi ophumayo aya e-greenhouse aphela ngomlandeli.

Ehlobo, kusetshenziswa ikhiyashi ejwayelekile, engasetshenziswa ukuketula uphahla, kanti isithasiselo esivamile sokuphelelwa yindlu esinamandla wama-watts amabili, amapayipi amabili anesilinganiso esingaba amasentimitha ayishumi angasebenza. Esimweni lapho kunamapayipi amaningi ku-veggie, kuyadingeka ukwenza amanye ama-risers futhi uwahlinzekele abalandeli noma wenze ikamelo elilodwa lokulungisa elikhulu ukungena kuwo wonke la mapayipi, kepha ulethe indawo eyodwa evamile ephezulu.

Isisetshenziswa esinjalo semifino kufanele sinikeze okushisa okuphezulu ngaphakathi endlini, noma ngabe kubanda ngaphandle. Isibonelo, ekushiseni kwangaphandle kwama-degrees ayi-10 ngaphakathi ku-veggie kufanele kufudumale futhi izinga lokushisa kufanele lifinyelele kuma-17-19 degrees ngaphezu kwe-zero. Ngasikhathi sinye, indawo engenhla yegumbi kufanele ivalwe, isithasazi sizothatha umoya singene emapayipini siwashayele phezulu naphansi, nomoya udlulise ukushisa enhlabathini, udlule kuwo. Umoya, obuye upholile ngasikhathi sinye, uqala ukudonswa ubuyisele endlini eluhlaza bese ufudumeza futhi. Ngesikhathi sasemini, ngenxa yokujikeleza komoya okunjalo, inhlabathi kumele ifudumale ifike kumadigri angama-25 noma ngaphezulu, futhi empeleni, kungumhlabathi ozodlala indima yomqokeleli wokushisa, okuthi (njengoba kuhleliwe) kufanele kubeanele ubusuku bonke. Ebusuku, lo fan uzophenya futhi ashise ukushisa kusuka enhlabathini ungene emoyeni we-veggie ngokushisa umoya ku-greenhouse.

Ngamazwi, konke kungahle kubonakale kuyindida futhi kuyinkimbinkimbi, kepha empeleni yonke into iyinto yakudala, ake sizame ukuhlela izinto bese sikhuluma ngokuhlelwa kwe-veggie ngokuhlelekile.

Ngakho-ke, ake siqale ngokubukeka. Eqinisweni, ifana nohlaza okotshani ojwayelekile obekwe odongeni, abaningi bawo baningi, futhi bavame ukutholakala kwiziza zasengadini. Umehluko phakathi kwegreenhouse ne-veggie kuqala ngaphakathi. Ngenxa yomklamo okhethekile wale mifino, ngokuhambisana nokusakazwa komoya esikhethekile esikhulume ngakho, akudingi ukufudumala okwengeziwe lapho izinga lokushisa elingaphandle kwewindows lehla laya kumazinga ayishumi ngaphansi kwe-zero, is. Kuleliqondo lokushisa, ngaphandle kwe-veggie, izinga lokushisa, njengoba lihlelelwe, kufanele libe ngamadigri amabili ngaphezulu kwe-zero. Ngakho-ke, lapho izinga lokushisa lehlika ngaphandle, ngaphakathi kweveggie, izinga lokushisa lizokwehla.

Okulandelayo uhlelo olukhethekile lokujikeleza komoya, oluvumela ukungafezi umoya omncane ngendlela esijwayele. Ngakho-ke, njengoba sesibonisile, imifino ngeke ilahlekelwe umswakama, i-nitrogen ne-carbon dioxide edingekayo ekukhuleni nasekuthuthukisweni kwezitshalo, futhi izoba mancane amathuba wokunisela izitshalo ezikwimifino.

Ngokucacile ngalokhu, sidlulela embhedeni kwimifino yemifino. Bona kuleli bhilidi, ngokungafani ne-greenhouse, bahlala ezitebhisini, kancane kancane bakhuphuka ukusuka eningizimu kuya enyakatho. Imibhede ingakhiwa ngezitini, ngamapulangwe enkuni noma amashidi ensimbi. Kungukuhleleka kwalokhu imibhede okungeke kuvume ukuthi izitshalo zifihle wina. Ngaphandle, lokhu kufana nokuhlelwa kwezihlalo ku-cinema, lapho umugqa ngamunye olandelayo ubekwe ngaphezulu kunangaphambili, ngakho-ke, izibukeli aziphazamisani, futhi endaweni yezitshalo - izitshalo (zithola amandla elanga nokukhanya). Ngaphezu kwalokho, ukwakhiwa okunjalo kwemibhede ku-imifino kukuvumela ukuthi unciphise ukukhanyisa kwelanga, ngakho-ke, ukulahleka kuzoba kuncane. Imibhede ngokwayo yenziwa kahle emincane, kepha imigwaqo ephakathi kwayo ishiywe banzi. Uma ukhula izitshalo ezinde, uthi, utamatisi, ukhukhamba nokunye, ngakho-ke ungakhohlwa ukuklama ama-trellises. Kulokhu, kuzodingeka ukuthi uhlinzeke ibanga elikhudlwana phakathi kwemibhede ukuze i-trellis ingakhethi umthunzi, khona-ke ubude bezimila ngokwazo kufanele bube bukhulu noma bube bukhudlwana kunokwenuka.

Vele, uma ukuqhuma okubandayo noma isithwathwa kuqala emgwaqweni, imifino ngeke ikwazi ukugcina ukushisa okwanele, ngeke nje kube nendawo lapho ivela khona, ngakho-ke i-heater ejwayelekile izodinga ukwakhelwa ohlelweni lokungenisa i-veggie, noma kufanele ilusebenzise ukuze i-veggie isetshenziswe unyaka wonke.

Sishilo ngohlelo lokunisela: lo imifino idinga amanzi amancane. Ukuze izitshalo zithole isilinganiso esanele somswakama ezinhlanzeni zemifino, kuyadingeka ukuhlinzeka ngamathuba okusebenzisa umswakama wenhlabathi nomoya womswakama. Ukuqoqwa komswakama kuzosiza uhlelo olwenzelwe ngokukhethekile, olwenzelwe le njongo. Kuhlelo lwamapayipi wokupholisa, esikhulume ngawo ngaphezulu. Phambilini zibekwe esisekelweni kanti inhlabathi izobekwa phezu kwazo ngokuzayo. Amapayipi anikezwa izimbobo ezansi kwazo (ingxenye engezansi) eyenziwe kude nge-18-22 cm ukusuka komunye. Umoya ogeleza kulamapayipi, ekuqaleni ufudumele, uholela ekwakhekeni kwe-condensation ezindongeni zala mapayipi. I-condensate ingena emhlabathini ngokusebenzisa izimbobo bese ibanjwa yizimpande zezitshalo. Ukuze umswakama usatshalaliswe ngokulinganayo ngaphezu kwenhlabathi ngaphansi kwamapayipi, kubalulekile ukubeka ungqimba lobumba olwandisiwe ekuqaleni.

Ngakho-ke, uma ukusatshalaliswa komoya ofudumele kuhlale kunjalo, ngokusho komqambi, ukuchelela okwengeziwe ezitshalweni ezikhiqiza imifino kuzodingeka ngezinga elithile, futhi kube uhlelo olwehliswayo. Ngokungeziwe kokulondolozwa okubalulekile kumswakama nangesikhathi esivame ukuchitha isikhathi ukuchelela, umswakama owakhiwa ngale ndlela ubuye nekhwalithi ephezulu kakhulu. Amanzi avela ku-condensate awanawo usawoti, ngaphandle kwe-lime, okungukuthi, ithambile futhi, ngaphezu kwalokho, igcwele i-ammonia, eyakhiwa kusukela ekubunjweni kwezakhi zomzimba.

Kuncike ekutheni ukuchelela kwe-drip kusetshenziselwa ukwengeza inhlabathi futhi kunikeze umswakama izitshalo, kuyadingeka ukufaka izimbotshana kuphela ezikhathini lapho umoya omncane usebenza. Leli qhinga ngeke livumele ukweqiswa komoya ngokweqile. Uhlelo olunjalo lokunisela lunomphumela onenzuzo omkhulu ezintweni eziphilayo.

Ngakho-ke, ngokwesibonelo, lapho unisela ngendlela yendabuko, okungukuthi, ngokufafaza noma ukuchelela ngaphansi kwempande, lapho amanzi ewela ngaphezu komhlabathi, ingxenye yawo, imvamisa inkulu, ikhipha umdlandla ngenkuthalo, kwesinye isikhathi okuholela ekwandeni okuthe xaxa komswakama ku-greenhouse nasekubambeni ngasikhathi sinye kwamanzi kohlelo lwezimpande lwesitshalo . Ezikhiqizweni zemifino, umswakama ufika ezimpandeni ikakhulukazi kusuka ekujuleni kwenhlabathi, lokhu kuvuselela ukukhula kwesistimu yezimpande (futhi, ngenxa yalokho, isisindo esingaphezulu komhlaba, izithelo), akuvumeli ukuphuma, futhi ukunisela ngenkasa kuyindlela yokungezelela, enikeza umswakama enhlabathini omncane inani futhi ngaphandle kokubangela ukwanda komswakama womoya kumifino yezinyosi.

Ukufingqa, singasho ukuthi, empeleni, isitshalo semifino yindawo yokushisa efanayo, kodwa yohlobo oluvaliwe, lomklamo othile, okuvumela ukuthi uqoqe inani lamandla elanga, ngohlelo lokungena komoya olungavumeli amanzi nezinto ezidingekayo ukuze izitshalo zikhutshwe kusuka ku-greenhouse ziye kusiko lwangaphandle. , kanye nohlelo lokufaka umswakama enhlabathini, lona, ​​empeleni, elakhelwe ohlelweni lokungena komoya, nalo elisindisa amanzi futhi elingafaki sandla ekugcogcweni kwamanzi.

Vele, akubona bonke abantu abangakha lokhu esizeni sabo, futhi naku-Intanethi akukho mpikiswano mayelana nokuthi kungenzeka ukwakheka okunjalo, kodwa kufanelekile ukuthi uhlole ukuze uqiniseke kusuka kokuhlangenwe nakho kwakho kuyo yonke inzuzo ye-veggie, futhi mhlawumbe ungathola i-Cons. Ngingathanda kakhulu ukuzwa kumazwana akho mayelana nokuthi balimi bacabangani ngalokhu.