Unyaka nonyaka, umhlaba esiqeshini uyaphela. uma ungazibandakanyi ekubuyiselweni kokwakhiwa kwaso. Umquba owenziwe ngokwakho ulungele lezi zinhloso. Ukwakheka okuvundile kulungiselelwe kusuka kudoti, utshani, humus, okungadingi ukutshalwa kwemali. Ukudonsela emuva kuphela inqubo ende yokuvuthwa kukamanyolo. Ukwakheka okubolile ngokuphelele kubekwe emibhedeni.
Ungakuthola kanjani ukulungela komquba
Ungathola kanjani ukuthi umquba ubumbile ngokuphelele futhi usukulungele ukusetshenziswa? Lo ngumbuzo odumile phakathi kwabalimi abasaqala.
Umquba ulungele ukudliwa lapho umbala wawo uphenduka onsundu, uthola isakhiwo esixegayo nephunga lomhlaba. Umquba owenziwe ngomumo akufanele ube lukhuni noma ugobe. Izakhi ezisekuqaleni akufanele zehluke kumquba wokuqothula, ngaphandle kwezithako ezithile zokhuni. Amazinga okushisa womkhiqizo aqediwe kufanele ahambisane lokushisa okukhona. Ukuba khona kwezinambuzane komquba, ngokwesibonelo, ama-Earthworms, kuwuphawu olucacile lokuthi izinga lokushisa ngaphakathi lehlile kakhulu. Uma umquba wakho usashisa, unuka i-ammonia futhi izakhi zangempela ziqagelwa kusisindo esiphelele, okusho ukuthi ayikakulungeli okwamanje. Lapho umquba, ngombono wakho, usuvele usetshenziswa, unikeze amanye amasonto ama-3 wokuguga - ukuqiniseka ngokuphelele ukuthi inqubo yokubola isizinzile.
Melana nesilingo sokuqala ukwenza umquba ngaphambi kokulungela. Lapho ungasebenzisi umquba ongabunjiwe ngokuphelele esizeni, ama-microorganisms aqukethe kuwo angancintisana nezitshalo ngenxa ye-nitrogen enhlabathini - ngenxa yalokho, ukukhula kwezitshalo kwehla futhi baqala ukuphenduka ophuzi. Kwabuye kwatholakala ukuthi umquba, ongakakulungeli ukusetshenziswa, wehlisa ukuhluma kwezimbewu nokukhula kwezithombo.
Izici eziwusizo zomquba
Akunandaba ukuthi inqwaba yomquba wakho ibola isikhathi esingakanani - ngokushesha emazingeni okushisa aphezulu noma kancane kancane - ngemuva kokuthi inqubo isiqediwe, ingxube yezakhi iguqulwa ibe ngumkhiqizo omusha ngokuphelele. Umthamo womquba wokuqedwa ungaphansi kakhulu kwenqwaba yokuqala - cishe u-30-50%. Lokhu kwenzeka ngenxa yokubola kwamakhemikhali nokuhwamuka kwamanzi. Umquba olungele inezakhiwo eziningi ezisebenzayo futhi uyakwazi ukucebisa kakhulu inhlabathi ngohlaka lwakho siqu.
Umquba uthuthukisa ikhwalithi cishe yanoma yiluphi uhlobo lomhlabathi. Kuthuthukisa ukwakheka nokwakheka kwenhlabathi, kusiza ukugcina izakhi zomzimba, amanzi nomoya - konke okudingeka kakhulu ekuthuthukisweni okujwayelekile kwezitshalo.
Izithako zomquba zinomphumela omuhle ekubumbeni kwenhlabathi - isilinganiso sezakhi zezinto (isihlabathi, isilika, ubumba) kanye nemikhiqizo yokubola ye-organic (umquba, humus). Ngaphezu kwalokho, zinikeza inhlabathi ukuvumelana okuvulekile okudlula kahle amanzi, futhi ngasikhathi sinye kubambe inani elifunekayo emhlabathini. Inhlabathi enezithako zomquba yakhiwa ngezinto eziyindilinga ngokungalingani. Lezi zingxenye ziqoqo lezinhlayiya ezihlanganiswe ngokukhululeka ngenxa yemikhiqizo yokungcola yama-Earthworms kanye nama-compact microorganisms - yilokhu okunikeza inhlabathi ukuthungwa okuvulekile. Uma uzama ukuchoboza enye yalezi zingxenye, izophuka ibe izinhlayiya ezincane. Inhlabathi evulekile ayiphazamisi ukufinyelela kwamahhala komoya, igcina umswakama kahle, kepha ngasikhathi sinye ivumela amanzi ngokweqile ukuba ehle. Ngaphezu kwalokho, izimpande ezintsha ezinethenda kulula ukungena zingene emhlabathini oxegayo.
Emhlabathini owakhiwe kahle, kulula ukukhulisa noma yiziphi izitshalo - uhlala ukhululekile ngaso sonke isikhathi, njengoba siqukethe izinto eziningi ezincane. I-compost ithuthukisa zonke izinhlobo zenhlabathi, kepha ilusizo ikakhulukazi enhlabathini enesihlabathi nobumba.
Inhlabathi enesihlabathi esikhululekile cishe ayinakwenzeka ukwakha ngezandla zakho, ngoba iqukethe izinhlayiya ezinkulu. Iphatha amanzi nezakhi kahle - akukho okuvimbela ukuhamba kwabo. Lapho umquba ufakwa, izingxenye zomhlabathi zibopha omunye komunye - lokhu kunciphisa kakhulu ukulahleka komswakama kanye nezakhi zomzimba, futhi futhi kwenza kube lula ukuthi izimpande zifinyelele emanzini.
Inhlabathi ye-Clay iminyene futhi inzima, njengoba izakhi zayo zixhunyiwe ngokuqinile. Ubumba olunamanzi, olunamathelayo lwakhiwa kalula ngezandla. Umquba usiza ukubopha izingxenye zobumba ukwakha izinhlayiya ezinkulu. Ngasikhathi sinye, izikhala eziphakathi kwabo ziyanda, esiza ukungena kwamanzi angaphezulu ezingxenyeni ezijulile zenhlabathi, futhi kunikeze nokuhamba komoya komoya ngokukhululeka.
Izithasiselo zomquba zicebisa kakhulu inhlabathi ngezakhi ezisebenzayo ezidingekayo ekuthuthukisweni okujwayelekile kwezitshalo: ngaphezu kwezakhi ezintathu eziphambili - i-nitrogen, phosphorus ne-potassium, ukwakheka komquba kufaka izinto eziningi zokulandela, ezinjenge-zethusi, i-manganese, i-iron ne-zinc. Indima yezinto ezilandelwayo inkulu kakhulu - kumthamo omncane bayadingeka ezitshalweni, njengoba nje abantu bedinga amavithamini. Ngaphezu kwalokho, bakhulisa kakhulu amandla ezitshalo ukukhipha izakhi ezibalulekile enhlabathini. Imvamisa, umanyolo osuqediwe uqukethe izinto ezimbalwa kakhulu zokulandela umkhondo, ngakho-ke, umquba, empeleni, wenzela lo mbumbulu.
Izakhi ezithile zomquba zibola ngokushesha, kanti ezinye - kancane, ngakho-ke inqubo yokukhipha izakhi ezisebenzayo ithatha isikhathi eside. Ngalesi sizathu, umquba kwesinye isikhathi ubizwa ngokuthi ngumanyolo owenziwe ngesikhathi. Ukwakheka komquba akuyona njalo - kuya ngezinto eziningi eziguqukayo. Kodwa-ke, into eyodwa iqinisekile - izithako ezengeziwe ezisetshenziselwa ukwenza umquba, lapho umkhiqizo wokugcina uzoba nokubaluleke ngokwengeziwe ngokwakhiwa.
Kufakazelwe ukuthi okuqukethwe yi-nitrogen kumquba womquba kuguquka ngokuhamba kwesikhathi. Ngonyaka wokuqala wokusetshenziswa ngenkathi kubola lo mkhiqizo we-organic, kukhishwa ama-25% e-nitrogen, ngonyaka wesi-2 nowe-3 - ku-10%, kuthi ngonyaka we-4 nowe-5 inkomba le ifinyelele ku-5%.
Umquba uheha iminyundu, imihlonyane, ukhuni nezinkuni nezinye izilwane, ngakho-ke kusebenza njengomthombo wokudla okunempilo kwazo. Izinto ezibonakalayo zidlula emgudwini wazo wokugaya ukudla futhi zinothise inhlabathi ngezinto ezizuzisayo. Ngakho-ke, ubungane obunemvelo bendawo yenhlabathi buyagcinwa.
Ucwaningo luqinisekisa ukuthi umquba awusizi ukulwa nezinambuzane kuphela, kepha futhi nezifo zezitshalo. Isibonelo, i-humus enamaqabunga ivimbela ukukhula kwe-nematode, futhi i-peat humus ivikela izitshalo ezifweni zezifo zokukhunta.
Izithasiselo zomquba zinomphumela omuhle kuma-acidity. Izakhamzimba enhlabathini zitholakala ezitshalweni eziningi ku-pH ebangeni le-5.5-7.5. I-pH yomquba womquba olungele ukusetshenziswa awuvamisile ukungathathi hlangothi, ngakho-ke izengezo zawo zingagcina i-acidity yenhlabathi ezingeni eliphezulu lezitshalo.
Izindlela zokusebenzisa umquba
Ukuxubha
Emvelweni, izitshalo zidonsa amaqabunga, athi ngokuqongelela aqoqeke ngesendlalelo, kuyilapho into endala yesitshalo ngezansi iqala ukubola. Ngakho-ke, kwakhiwa i-humus yamaqabunga emvelo, okwenza kube ungqimba oluvikelayo ngaphezulu kwezimpande zezitshalo. Ehlobo, kusiza ukwehlisa ukushisa kwenhlabathi futhi kunciphise ukulahleka komswakama, futhi kuvimbela nokukhula kokhula. Umquba olungiselelwe esakhiweni somuntu siqu ungenza imisebenzi efanayo.
Ngaphambi kokufakwa mulching, inhlabathi kumele ilungiswe. Ukuze wenze lokhu, okokuqala kufanele ususe ukhula notshani kanye nezimpande ukuze kungaqhume ku-mulch. Bheka ngokucophelela izimpande zokhula ezingapheli njengama-ivy buds. Ngaphambi kokusebenzisa umquba owenziwe ngomumo wokuhlanganisa inhlabathi emibhedeni yezimbali, engadini, emibhedeni yezimbali noma etshanini, kuyadingeka ukuyipula.
Isigaxa kulula ukusenza kusuka kumamitha angama-intshi ngokuwunamathisela ohlakeni lwamapulangwe.
Beka i-strainer ngaphezulu kwesihlalo esinamasondo noma isitsha esikhulu bese uhlanza umquba. Izingcezu ezinkulu ezisele esihlangwini zingasetshenziswa njengezishisekeli ku inqwaba yomquba olandelayo, ngoba ziqukethe ama -organices adingekayo. Mboza inhlabathi engadini noma emibhedeni ngesendlalelo se-compost sifted 2,5-5 cm cm.
Umquba owubeka otshanini kufanele uqunywe kahle futhi uhlolwe kahle - kuzoba lula ukuthi utshani obusethaleni ngeke "bukhuleke". Umquba ungabuye futhi usetshenziswe ngale ndlela - okokuqala, ukhulula isodi nge-aerator, bese umboza inhlabathi ngoqweqwe oluncanyana kakhulu (hhayi ngaphezu kuka-1 cm) lomquba oxhoboziwe. Sebenzisa i-rake ukusabalalisa umquba ngokulinganayo.
Lapho mulching izihlahla nezihlahla, sifafaza umquba akudingekile. Kuya kuphela ngesifiso sakho.
Ukucebisa Ngezakhi Zokudla
Phambilini bekuthiwa umquba ubaluleke kakhulu ezinhlotsheni ezahlukene zenhlabathi, ikakhulukazi ubumba nesihlabathi. Ngaphambi kokutshala izitshalo okokuqala endaweni yakho, kunconywa ukuyicebisa ngezakhi eziwusizo. Okwamanje, kulula ukufaka umquba kunasemuva kokuba izitshalo sezitshaliwe. Mboza ingaphezulu lomhlabathi engadini ngensimbi yomquba ongu-7.5-10 cm, bese ulima inhlabathi ube ngamasentimitha ayi-15. Uma indawo yakho isivele yathuthukiswa futhi yatshalwa, kuzoba nzima ukwenza umquba ube izingqimba zomhlaba ezijulile.
Ngokuqondene nama-perennials, udinga ukufaka umquba njalo lapho utshala izinhlobo ezintsha zezitshalo noma utshala ezikhona. Okwonyaka, izengezo zomquba zifaka isandla njalo entwasahlobo. Khulula umhlabathi endaweni lapho uzotshala khona unyaka nonyaka, bese ufaka umquba lapho.
Lapho utshala izihlahla nezihlahlana, izengezo zomquba akumele zingeqi i-25% yomthamo womhlaba ophelele. Eminye imithombo incoma ukuthi ungawenzi umquba ngokuphelele ngoba wesaba ukuthi izimpande zezihlahla noma izihlahlana ngeke zikhule ngaphandle komgodi wokufika. Eqinisweni, i-¼ yomquba kumthamo ophelele wenhlanganisela yenhlabathi ngeke iholele enkingeni enjalo. Uma usakhathazekile ngalokhu, sebenzisa umquba kuphela njenge-mulch.
Uma izihlahla sezivele zitshaliwe, kuzoba nzima ukufaka umquba ujulile enhlabathini. Kepha ungasebenzisa indlela esetshenziswa ngabalimi abangochwepheshe ukufaka izakhi emhlabathini. Kuyo yonke indawo engaphansi komqhele wesihlahla, yenza izimbobo zenhlabathi enobubanzi obungu-2,5-5 cm kanye nokujula okungaba ngu-30 cm, uqaphela izikhala eziphakathi kwabo ezingaba ngu-45 cm. Thela inani elituswayo lomanyolo owomile ezansi komgodi ngamunye, bese ugcwalisa umgodi ngenhlanganisela phezulu. Ngezihlahlana, ukujula kwezimbobo kufanele kube kusuka kuma-20 kuye kwangama-25 cm. Ngale ndlela, ungacebisa inhlabathi ngezakhi zeminyaka engu-2-3.
Inhlabathi ixuba izitshalo zesitsha
Umquba owakhiwe kahle ungasetjenziswa njengesengezo kungxube yenhlabathi yezitshalo ezikhulayo zesitsha, kuyilapho inani laso lingafanele lidlule i-1 / 2-1 / 4 yevolumu yenhlabathi ephelele. Ukukhula nokuthuthukiswa kwezitshalo zesitsha kuncike ngokuphelele enanini elanele lamanzi nezakhi ezingxenyeni zenhlabathi. Umquba uzobhekana ngqo nale misebenzi - unamandla okugcina umswakama enhlabathini futhi ucebile ngezinhlobonhlobo zezakhi zomzimba, lapho kumanyolo alungiselelwe nenhlabathi, njengomthetho, awanele noma awukho ngokuphelele. Ukuqinisekisa ukuthi izitshalo ezitshalwe ezitsheni zinezakhi zomzimba ezanele, udinga ukufaka umanyolo inhlabathi njalo. Umquba owabiwe futhi oskhiwe nawo ulungile ukuthi usetshenziswe engxenyeni yenhlabathi eyenzelwe ukuhlwanyela imbewu.
Umanyolo we-Liquid - itiye lomquba
Le yindlela yakudala yokudla izitshalo. Umanyolo onjalo owuketshezi uzonikeza okutshala kwakho ngethamo elihle lezakhi ezidingekayo. Itiye elinemvuthuluka liyasiza ikakhulukazi izithombo nezithombo. Ukuze uyilungiselele, gcwalisa isikhwama (noma isikhwama sokugcina segumbi elidala) ngomquba owenziwe ngomumo bese ubopha ngokuqinile isiphetho esivulekile. Ngemuva kwalokho beka isikhwama esitsheni esigcwele amanzi - ubhavu wakudala, umgqomo noma umsele omkhulu wokuthambisa, bese usithutha ngamandla. Ngemuva kwalokhu, vumela ikhambi lisebenze izinsuku eziningana. Ngokuhamba kwesikhathi, lo ketshezi uzothola umbala wetiyi, njengoba amanzi ezothambisa umsoco kumquba. Fafaza itiye lomquba elilungiselelwe noma uthele inhlabathi ezungeze izitshalo ngayo.
Isikhwama somquba singasetshenziswa kaninginingi ukwenza itiye, emva kwalokho okuqukethwe kwalo kufanele kuthululwe kunoma iyiphi ingxenye yengadi yakho.
