Eminyakeni yamuva nje, iningi labapulazi abasebenza ngokungemthetho nabanini bomhlaba bebelokhu behlinzeka ngemakethe ngemikhiqizo enobungqabavu nenempilo ekhiqizwa ngaphandle kokusebenzisa umanyolo, ukhula, isibulala-zinambuzane nezinye izidakamizwa ezinethonya elibi empilweni yabantu nasendaweni yabo. Ngokuqala kwethuba lokuba nomhlaba wabo (ikotishi, indlu phansi, indlu encane emaphandleni, njll.), Abalimi, abalimi baqala ngokungenisa izindlela zokugcina izindlu emapulazini abo amancanyana abangafaki ingxenye ethile noma ephelele yamakhemikhali ngenhloso ukugcina nokukhulisa ukuzala kwenhlabathi nokuthola imikhiqizo enempilo. Ezolimo zahlukaniswa zaba yizindawo ezimbili zokukhiqiza:
- zakudala noma zezimboni
- kwendabuko (okususelwa esisekelweni sezolimo) noma ukulima ngomanyolo.
Engadini yasekhishini ku-permaculture. © Wen RollandEzolimo zezimboni
Imikhombandlela yeklasikhi ukukhiqizwa kwezolimo, lapho kusetshenziswa konke ukufezekiswa kwesayensi nokuziqikelela ukuze kuqinisekiswe ukulondolozwa kanye nokwenza ngcono ukuzala kwenhlabathi, kanye nokuthola isivuno esiphezulu sekhwalithi enhle. Kuyamukeleka ngomkhiqizo wezolimo ezindaweni ezinkulu. Inikeza ukuthi kungenzeka ukuthi ukusebenza kwemishini ephezulu ukuthola isivuno esanele, kepha ngokulima okunjalo, ngonyaka ungalahlekelwa lonke ungqimba lomhlabathi oluvundile, olwakhiwa ngenxa yenqubo yemvelo yemvelo ngejubane le-1 cm ngeminyaka eyi-100.
Izindawo zokugcina uHumus ezikhiqizwa ungqimba oluvundile ziyabuyiselwa (ngokusho kwemiphumela yocwaningo) kungqimba lwe-0.5 cm ngemuva kweminyaka engaba ngu-250 futhi zincike ngqo ezimeni zezulu zezindawo. Ukubhujiswa okuyinkimbinkimbi kwesembozo sezimila (ukulima, ukudonswa kwamanzi, ukungcoliswa kwemizimba yemvelo yamanzi nenhlabathi ngamakhemikhali, njll.) Kuholela, ekuwohlokeni kokucekelwa phansi kwemvelo. Ukusetshenziswa kobuchwepheshe obusha bokukhiqiza kwezolimo, obangela ukuqubuka kwesikhashana kokukhula kokuzala kwenhlabathi, futhi ngenxa yalokho umkhiqizo wezitshalo, akuholeli ekwandeni kokuzala komhlaba wemvelo - lokhu kuyimpilo enhle. Ngokusebenzisa okuhleliwe komanyolo, udaba lwe-organic olwakha i-humus, oluyisisekelo sokudla kwezitshalo, aluboli. Ngokuphambene nalokho, i-humus iyabola kanye nosawoti okhishwe, obusetshenziswa izitshalo, kunikeza ukuqubuka kwesikhashana kwezithelo zezitshalo. Ngale ndlela yokulima, amakhulu ezinkulungwane zamahektha omhlaba ovundile alahleka minyaka yonke.
Ezolimo (Okuphilayo) Kwezolimo
Inkomba yesibili, ebizwa ngokusemthethweni ngokuthi yendabuko noma yezolimo, ilungele izindawo ezincane. Lokhu kungenxa yezindleko ezinkulu zabasebenzi, ukusetshenziswa komsebenzi wezandla. Isivuno sezilimo ezitshalwe ngobuchwepheshe bezinto eziphilayo noma zebhayoloji siphansi kakhulu kunokulima okujwayelekile, kepha umkhiqizo oqukethe awunazo izinto ezinciphisa ikhwalithi yempilo yabantu.
Lo mkhombandlela uhlotshaniswa nokusetshenziswa kwezindlela ezahlukahlukene zokukhulisa imikhiqizo yezolimo ngaphandle kokusebenzisa izinto ezingejwayelekile ngomhlabathi, kuze kufike kumanyolo wamaminerali. Izingqinamba zolwazi eziqoqelwe ndawonye zenza kwaba nokwenzeka ukuthuthukisa ubuchwepheshe bokubuyiselwa kwemvelo kokuzala komhlaba, ukuphathwa kwayo kanye "nokuvuselelwa kabusha". Izindlela eziningi ziye zahlongozwa futhi zakhiwa ukuze kulondolozwe futhi kuthuthukiswe imvelo emincane engqimba yenhlabathi evundile (isikhunta esisizayo, amabhaktiriya, imihlume, nokunye), ukusebenza kwayo ngomonakalo omncane. Ngakho-ke, ngokwemiphumela yezifundo, bafika esiphethweni sokuthi inhlabathi yaseningizimu idinga ukucutshungulwa okujulile (25-27 cm) ngenzuzo yedamu. Isikhathi sekwindla esifudumele sinomthelela ekukhuleni okuqinile kokhula nokungeniswa kwazo, ukugcinwa kwezilokazane ezingxenyeni ezingaphezulu, lapho ngentwasahlobo kuhlasela izitshalo ezitshaliwe. Izimvula ezinde zibangela ukuthuthukiswa kwezifo zokukhunta. Futhi, ngakolunye uhlangothi, enhlabathini enendawo encane yokugcina (ubhontshisi, onsundu), umuntu ngeke aphazamise ukuhlelwa komhlaba okuguqulwayo ngokuguqula okuphansi akhiphe isendlalelo esivundile phezulu.
Ubuchwepheshe obabusungulwa buthuthukisa ukwethulwa kwaminyaka yonke kwama-organic kanye nengxenye ethile yamanyolo wamaminerali, kepha ngaphandle kokusebenzisa i-herbicides kanye nemithi yokubulala izinambuzane, ukusetshenziswa kokujikeleza kwezitshalo ezindaweni ezinkulu nokushintshana kwezilimo emakotini amancane ehlobo, kube nomthelela omuhle esimweni senhlabathi, kunciphise ukukhathala kwenhlabathi, futhi kwehlisa izinqubo ezonakalisayo namakhemikhali . Ubuchwepheshe obuthuthukisiwe bezolimo obujwayelekile, njengomthetho, buthinta kuphela umsebenzi "phansi", ngaphandle kokubandakanya ezinye izingxenye zempilo yasemakhaya ohlelweni olulodwa.
Ngokuhamba kwesikhathi, abameli abaningi ngokwengeziwe bezokukhiqizwa kwezolimo ngohlelo lwe-permaculture baqala ukuvela futhi bazuza okuningi.
Engadini yasekhishini ku-permaculture. © UCaroline AitkeKuyini ukunqwabelana?
Ngokuphikisana nesizinda sezindlela ezimbili ezingenhla zokwenza umkhiqizo wezolimo, kwavela inkomba yesithathu, ebizwa ngokuthi abasunguli - i-permaculture. Ukuhunyushwa kusuka esiNgisini kusho ukulima okuhlala njalo. I-Permaculture ihlanganile futhi isebenzisa izindlela zendabuko zezolimo nobuchwepheshe besimanje, ukungenelela okungenalo udlame ezinqubweni zemvelo, ohlelweni olulodwa.
Umgomo oyisisekelo wokulima ngohlobo lwe-permaculture ukudala uhlelo lokulima lwebhayoloji ngokubandakanyeka kwazo zonke izinhlobo zabaphathi ngomjikelezo owodwa. Lolu uhlobo lokukhiqiza kwezolimo, lapho izingxenye zohlelo olulodwa zizo zonke izinto ezizungeze umuntu (umndeni wakhe): indlu, ingadi yemifino, ingadi, uthango, ipulazi elisekelayo, izilwane ezifuywayo, uhlelo lokunisela, umanyolo wemvelo, njll.
Umsebenzi oyinhloko we-permaculture ukubuyela emuva okungenalo udlame ohlelweni olwenziwe lwako konke ukulahleka kwamandla okuphelile. Ngakho-ke, ngokwemibono ye-permaculture, ukwethulwa kwamanyolo wamaminerali, ama-pesticides udlame olubhekiswe ku -velo yemvelo. Ukusetshenziswa kwemfucuza evela ezilwaneni ezifuywayo nezinkukhu, abantu (umquba, amaconsi enkukhu, umquba, enye imfucuza yasendlini) ukubuyela kumjikelezo owodwa wezinto odlulele ngale kwemingcele yokuphatha.
Isibonelo: imfucuza yasekhishini icutshungulwa ibe ngumquba, osetshenziselwa inhlabathi njengomanyolo. Ukwehliswa yizinto ezincanyana, kuphenduka ama-humus ahlekisayo kube ukudla okungabizi kwemifino, ingadi kanye nezinye izitshalo ezihamba ukondla izilwane nezinyoni, futhi zizosebenza njengokudla kwabantu, njll. Izindawo ezingcolile ngemuva kokuthola ukwelashwa ngama-microorganisms asebenzayo (izitshalo ze-EM) zizokulungela ukusetjenziswa kanye nokusetjenziswa kwenhlabathi. Ngemuva kokufaka amandla, imicibisholo yemvelo izoshintsha ibe amachibi anezindawo ezinhle zokuphumula nokunikezwa kwamanzi okunisela.
Engadini yasekhishini ku-permaculture. © Chrystel VultierUmehluko omkhulu phakathi kwe-permaculture nezinye izindlela zokulima
1. Ukuntuleka kwesiko lakudala. Izitshalo zikhula ngaphansi kwezimo zemvelo ngesisekelo sobungani obuhle (amazambane abhontshisi, ama-sitrobheli negalikhi, upelepele kanye nama-eggplant emkhakheni owodwa, njll.) Ngezitshalo ze-herbaceous, izihlahlana, izihlahla zezithelo.
2. Isixazululo sokuqamba sonke isiza ngokubekwa okulula kakhulu kwezilimo, kusiza ukunciphisa izindleko zabasebenzi zokutshala, ukunakekela, ukuvuna, njll. Isibonelo: kusuka emthonjeni wamanzi, izilimo ezidinga ukuthambisa njalo zisabalalisa inkanyezi eyenziwe njengama-chamomile amacembe (ukhukhamba, utamatisi, ama-sitrobheli nezinye izitshalo ezithanda amanzi), okunciphisa isikhathi nomsebenzi obandakanyeka ekulethweni kwamanzi nokunisela.
3. Ukuhlinzeka indawo ngomswakama ngaphandle kokusebenzisa ubuciko, imithombo, imithombo. Umswakama unqwabelana emizimbeni yamanzi eyakhiwe ngokushintsha indawo yendawo (echibini lemvelo, ichibi, ukuphakama, lapho amanzi ezonikezwa khona ensimini ngamandla adonsela phansi). Lapho uhlela amachibi anjalo, kuvunyelwe ukusebenzisa imishini esindayo, kepha ngaphandle kokusebenzisa ukhonkolo namapulasitiki ekwakhiweni kwamabhange (uthango lwemvelo kuphela).
4. Ukwakhiwa kwezindlu namanye amakamelo okusetshenziswa okwenziwe ngezinto zemvelo kuphela.
5. Ukusetshenziswa kwezinhlobonhlobo zezitshalo nezilwane ezisungulwe ngokusebenzisana kwazo.
6. Ipulazi kufanele libe nezitshalo ezahlukahlukene, izilwane ukuze lithole imikhiqizo eminingi kanye nokudla okudingakalayo kwezitshalo.
Engadini yasekhishini ku-permaculture. © Marianne MercierUkusetshenziswa okusebenzayo kobuchwepheshe be-permaculture
I-Permaculture ukusetshenziswa “komanyolo” wemvelo ukwandisa ukuzala kwenhlabathi futhi unikeze izitshalo izakhi zomsoco. Kulokhu, kuyadingeka ukuhlinzeka ngomnotho onjalo womnotho:
- Indawo yokubekisa indawo yokubeka umquba ngaphezulu-kokuvuthwa, umquba, wokuhlanza imfucuza enamanzi (ingubo eyomile, amanzi ngemuva kokugeza, ukugeza, ukugeza, ukugeza izitsha).
- Ukwakha i-coop yenkukhu (ukuthola izinyoni zezinyoni ngomanyolo nenyama yokudla). Epulazini elikhulu, lokhu okuqukethwe yizinkomo namahhashi (umquba, ubisi, inyama, amandla okushayela).
- Ukuzilungiselela kwama-biofertilizer usebenzisa indle noma obomvu weCalifornia worm - vermicompost.
Kunezinhlobo ezimbili zezikelemu ekwakhiweni kwe-biofertilizer nokusatshalaliswa kwayo: abadali be-humus nabadli bayo-abasabalalisi bayo. Abamele iqembu lokuqala baphila ngaphansi komhlaba ongaphezulu. Basebenzisa yonke imfucumfucu evela emzimbeni kanye nengxenye yenhlabathi yokudla (ngokulandelana ezingxenyeni 9: 1). Ngenxa yalokhu, kwakhiwa i-vermicompost, lapho kwakhiwa khona i-humus ngosizo lwama-bacterium angama-fungal namagciwane.
Iqembu lesibili lezibungu lihlala ezingxenyeni ezingaphansi zenhlabathi. Babizwa ngokuthi abadli be-humus. Benza inani elikhulu lezinto ezihamba emhlabathini, ezikhuphula amandla alo. Isebenzisa izinto eziphilayo ezibuye zenziwe kabusha, i-biohumus ixubene nenhlabathi, ikhulisa ungqimba lomhlabathi ovundile. I-biohumus Ready isetshenziswa ngaphansi kwezitshalo zasengadini ngendlela yokugqoka okuphezulu noma komanyolo oyisisekelo.
- Ukuvikelwa ezifweni nasezinambuzaneni ngosizo lwe-infusions etholakele, ama-decoctions, izingcaphuno ezivela ezitshalweni ezinendawo enezinto ezibulala amagciwane nezinambuzane. Abathuthukisi bohlelo lwe-Permaculture bayakuphika ukuthi kungenzeka basebenzise izidakamizwa ezitholwe ngenkani. Ngikholwa ukuthi ukusetshenziswa kwemikhiqizo yezinto eziphilayo kungavunyelwa ukuthi kusetshenziswe okungenani ekuqaleni kokwethulwa kohlelo lokuphilisana kwendalo okunjalo.
Engadini yasekhishini ku-permaculture.
Kuphephile futhi kuphephile ukuvikela izitshalo ezifweni nasezinambuzaneni ngamalungiselelo emvelo, ama-biofungicides nama-bioinsecticides enziwe ngesisekelo sama-microorganisms (isikhunta namagciwane). Ama-Biofungicides afaka i-Phytosporin, i-Barrier, i-Barrier, i-Phytop, i-Integral, i-Bactofit, i-Agate, iPlanzir, iTrosodermin, iGamair-P. UGlyocladin nabanye.
Kuma-bioisecticides, Bitoxibacillin, Boverin, Actofit (Akarin), Fitoverm, Lepidocide, Metarizin, Nematofagin, Dachnik, Verticillin aziwa kakhulu.
Ziphephile izitshalo namalungu omndeni, izilwane, izinyoni nezinhlanzi. Eminye imikhiqizo yemvelo ingasetshenziswa ukucubungula izitshalo kuze kube sekuvuneni.
Kuyiqiniso, ukusetshenziswa kwabo kuze kufike ezingeni elithile kuzoba ukwephulwa kwezidingo ze-permaculture. Kepha, njengoba zihlobene namalungiselelo emvelo, ukusetshenziswa kwawo ngeke kuphikisane nokuphathwa kwemvelo komnotho. Ukusetshenziswa kwama-decoctions anconywe yi-permaculture, i-infusions, okukhishwe kusuka kumakhambi, izimpande, amaqabunga ezitshalo zasendle nezilinywe akuvame ukuletha umphumela olindelekile. Isibonelo: amakhasi we-orange, ama-anyanisi husks, amakhanda wegalikhi, uthuli lukagwayi, izimbali ze-calendula nezinye ezinomonakalo omkhulu ezitshalweni eminyakeni ye-epiphytotic azinamandla.
Sicela wazi! Ama-decoction kanye ne-infusions yamanye amakhambi anezindawo ezinobuthi eziqinile. Qaphela futhi uqaphele lapho usebenzisa i-hemlock, aconite, hogweed, blached emnyama. Ngemuva kokufafaza nge-decoction yemvelo enjalo, kwanele ukudla izithelo noma imifino engageziwe ukuthola ubuthi obunzima.
I-Parsley ku-permaculture. © okweqisayoSengiphetha, ngifuna ukuxwayisa umfundi ukuthi ukulima ngohlelo oluvaliwe lwe-permaculture kungaphezu kwamandla wanoma yimuphi umnikazi. Kudinga ulwazi, ubuhlakani, umkhuba wokusebenza emkhakheni wezolimo futhi, ngokweqiniso, ukuhlala unomphela ohlelweni oluzinzile oluvaliwe, olukwazi ukwanelisa izidingo zalo futhi luvuselele imfucuza yalo. Ukufika ekotishi izikhathi ezi-1-2 ngesonto noma ngamaSonto kuphela ngeke kunikeze umphumela oyifunayo.
Ukukhetha kungokwakho, mfundi. Kulezi zinhlelo ezintathu eziphakanyisiwe, ukhululekile ukukhetha noma yiziphi, kepha uma i-permaculture idonsile ukunaka kwakho, ungaqala ngenqubo ethile ehlukile epulazini bese uyelula kancane kancane kulolo lonke uhlelo (isibonelo: kusuka engadini, umanyolo nokufaka umanyolo, ukuvikelwa kwezitshalo, njll.). d.).
