Ngokwenganekwane yamaNdiya aseMelika, esinye sezizwe zawonkulunkulu abangama-Aborigine sanikeza ihlumela elincanyana lesitshalo esingaziwa. Walwela indlela yakhe eya elangeni enqamula emahlathini otshani abade. Le ndoda enenkani yathola indawo yayo elangeni futhi yaqhakaza, yageza imisebe yayo eshisayo, yaphenduka isihlahla esiqhakaza izimbali. Ikhula ngokushesha kangangokuba umhlaba wawambozwa imifantu, lapho amehlo esizwe sasendulo avula khona amashubhu amhlophe qhwa. Kuhlonipha indvodzakati yemholi wesive sabo, Mani lonemibala lemhlophe lomhlophe, abomdabu batsi lesi sitjalo semangaliso iCassava enikelwe ngawonkulunkulu. I-cassava tuber yayidla futhi imnandi kakhulu. Isihlahla esimangalisayo sasakazeka ngokushesha phakathi kwezizwe, futhi ngasinye sazinika igama laso. Ngakho-ke, umdumbula (umdumbula) unamagama amaningi - umdumbula, i-singkong, i-mann sampalang, yubi kayu nabanye. Futhi namuhla, isihlahla esimangalisayo esinama-tubers acebile athambile (njengemana evela ezulwini), esingadingi ukunakekelwa okukhethekile, sondla abantu abangaphezu kwezigidi ezingama-500 emhlabeni. ICassava kancane kancane iba ukudla kwasekuseni!
Isithombo sezimpande zeManioc ezidliwayo, umdumbula (Manihot esculenta). © IITAUkuhlukaniswa nendawo yokusatshalaliswa
Izwe lakamakhosi yizifunda ezishisayo zaseMelika, kepha iningi lawo amasiko atshalwe ezindaweni ezishisayo zase-Afrika. Ukuze uthole okuqukethwe ujusi omkhulukazi ezinsolweni zesitshalo, umdumbula unikezwa umndeni we-euphorbiae, lapho ubelwa khona i-genus "Cassava" yohlobo oluthile equkethe izinhlobo ezingaphezu kwekhulu.
Ukuzivumelanisa nezimo okuphezulu kwezimo zezulu kube nomthelela ekusakazekeni komndeni ogwadule abashisayo, amahlathi emvula, eningizimu nasendaweni ephakathi yeRussia neCIS. Ukuze uthole nezilimo eziyizigaxa ezivuthiwe ezigcwele kudingeka izinga lokushisa lonyaka okungenani +20 - + 25 ° C. Ngakho-ke, endaweni evulekile, itshalwa ngokukhululekile kuphela ezindaweni ezishisayo. Ezifundeni eziseningizimu yeRussian Federation, amasiko angatshalwa emhlabathini ovikelwe futhi ukhule njengesihlahla sendlu. Okudume kakhulu futhi kuvame kakhulu yi-tropical exotic Manioc edible (Manihot esculenta).
Incazelo yeCassava
Umndeni womdumbula umelelwa endaweni yokukhula kwemvelo ngamakhambi angapheli, izihlahlana, futhi kaningi kakhulu ngabamele izihlahla.
ICassava isihlahla sobucwebe obunahlala njalo sikhula ngomqhele omuhle wamahlamvu wokuhlobisa, ovame ukudlula kumamitha ayi-3 ukuphakama. Isiqu esimaphakathi siyabonakala ngokuhamba kwesikhathi. Ama-branching abuthakathaka, kepha izindawo ezinamacembe amakhulu amnyama aluhlaza omude zibonakala kuso sonke isiqu. Iqabunga leqabunga li-logbar ejulile-yesundu ehlukaniswe ngo-3-7. Ukuhlelwa okulandelayo kwamaqabunga kunomthelela ekwakhekeni kokuhlobisa kwentambo ye-lace.
Imichilo ebunjiwe yomdumbula onezimpande. © Jose CruzIzimbali zingamabala aphuzi amhlophe ngombala, ziqoqwe ngamabhulashi apical kuma-peduncle amade. Ebhashini ngalinye engxenyeni engenhla kunezimbali zesilisa, kanti ezingezansi - zensikazi. Empilweni yemidumbula, futhi ikakhulukazi ekukhiqizweni kabusha, izimbali azinakubaluleka okukhethekile, kepha ukuvuthwa kwazo kunquma ukulungela kwama-tubers ukuvuna.
Okuthakazelisa kakhulu yingxenye engaphansi komhlaba yezinhlobo zemidumbula. Umdumbula uyavela, noma iCassava (Manihot esculenta) ekhangayo njengesitshalo sokudla. Uhlelo lwezimpande lumelwa yimpande ende enwebekile ukufika ku-1 m ubude no-8-10 cm ubukhulu.Ngenxa yokuqina kwesibili kwezimpande, izimpande ezingama-3-8 tuberoid-swollen (tubers) zakhiwa phansi kwesiqu, zifinyelela ku-0.5-1.0 m ubude, kufinyelela 20 cm kanye nesisindo kusuka ku-5 kuya ku-25 kg. Isizinda se-tuber sicebile ngesitashi (20-40% ngesisindo). Yizilimo eziyizigaxa zomdumbula ezisebenza njengomkhiqizo wokudla, kodwa kuphela emva kokucutshungulwa: ukomisa, ukubilisa noma ukugeza ngamanzi. Izilimo eziyizigaxa ezingamakhowe zinobuthi ngenxa yokuqukethwe kwe-prussic acid.
Yini umdumbula othakazelayo?
Imakethe namuhla imelelwa uhlu olukhulu lwemikhiqizo yemifino. "Izitika" ezithakazelisa ezinegama elizwakalayo elixakile lomdumbula ongadliwa lithengiswe emakethe nasezitolo. Abahlali abaningi ehlobo abaqala ukukhula hhayi utamatisi, upelepele, amazambane, kepha banesifiso sokudla okungajwayelekile. ICassava nayo ingeyemifino enjalo engajwayelekile. Akunakuba yisitshalo semifino yasekhaya kuphela, isitshalo esingaphandle sangaphakathi, kodwa futhi kube yisisekelo sebhizinisi lapho sitshalwe endaweni evikelekile. Lapho esethole ukunambitha izitsha ezivela kumdumbula, umthengi uzothandana ngokuphelele ne-cuisine yasendaweni eshisayo. Ngaphambi kokuthatha isisnqumo sokuthi hlobo luni futhi ukuthi umdumbula uzokhula yini ekhaya lakho, sizojwayela ngokwakhiwa kwalo, izakhiwo zokwelapha nokusebenzisa ekuphekeni nasekuphekeni kwasekhaya.
Umsuka wezitshalo zeCassava. © Arthur ChapmanOkuqukethwe okunomsoco
Impande yemidumbula edliwayo efana nezambane elikhulu, kodwa iqukethe inani elikhulu le-linamarine noma i-hydrocyanic acid glucoside. Lokhu kungumuthi onobuthi futhi ngenxa yalokho awunakudliwa ngendlela yawo eluhlaza. I-Cassava edliwayo ingenye yezinto eziwusizo eziqukethe amaminerali ayinhloko aqinisekisa impilo ephelele nokuthuthukiswa kwe-intrauterine kwengane - i-potassium, i-magnesium, insimbi, i-selenium, i-zinc ne-calcium. ICassava inothile ngamavithamini we-B, kanye ne-A, C, D, E, K nezinye izithako ezizuzisayo. Isiko licebile kakhulu kuma-carbohydrate (aqukethe kufika ku-40% isitashi).
Izici zokupholisa umdumbula
Ngemuva kokulashwa okushisa, isitshalo sezimpande zecassava kuphephile ukusidla futhi sisetshenziswa inani labantu bendawo yokulima:
- njengendlela yokwandisa ukungasebenzi komzimba namandla,
- njengomuthi olwa nokuvuvukala ekwelapheni i-gout, bursitis, isifo samathambo,
- ukulungisa ushukela wegazi,
- njengento ye-antioxidant ekhulula umzimba wama-radicals wamahhala,
- njengomuthi wesintu, ovimbela inqubo yokuguga yomzimba womuntu.
Imbewu yamakhaza yaphansi - i-emetic enhle ne-laxative.
Ukutshala kweCassava. © Slav4Ukudla kwe-Cassava
Abantu abangaphezu kwezigidi ezingama-500 eLatin America, e-Afrika, e-Asia, e-Indonesia basebenzisa umdumbula njengokudla okuyisisekelo. Isitshalo sokudla esibalulekile sethropiki sisetshenziswa njengomkhiqizo wokudla kwezinye izifunda zomhlaba, lapho sihanjiswa njengomkhiqizo oseqedile.
Ukwelashwa okuyimpande
Izilimo eziyizigaxa ezingavuthiwe zikhonjwe kusuka ekhasini eliphakeme kuya enkabeni, elichotshoziwe futhi libilisiwe noma lifakwe amahora amaningi emanzini abandayo. Umkhiqizo onqunyelwe ubekwa kudoti onendlalelo elincanyana bese womiswa amahora angama-5-6 kuze kube yilapho womile ngokuphelele. Ngalesi kulungiswa, i-cyanide icishe icwengeke ngokuphelele futhi ngesikhathi sokulungiselela izitsha iba ephephile ngokuphelele yokuyidla.
Ukusetshenziswa kokudla okulula
Isisindo esomile somkhiqizo esiqediwe siba phansi esimweni sikafulawa noma usinki (njengesago), obonakala ngokuqukethwe okuphezulu kwesitashi.
- Umkhiqizo owumphumela uyinto eluhlaza engokwemvelo yokwakha isinkwa, ophaya, okusanhlamvu okuhlukahlukene nezinye izitsha kanye nemikhiqizo ephakeme.
- Ezikhungweni ezinenkinga yokungezwani komzimba, ufulawa we-cassava ungabeka ufulawa kakolweni ngamakhekhe ahlukahlukene.
- Ngemuva kokulashwa okushisa, umdumbula usetshenziswa njengesitsha sokudla sezinhlanzi nenyama, kuphekwa isobho kanye nomhluzi.
- Benza ama-chips, ama-jellies, amaswidi nokunye okujabulisa okwenziwa okungajwayelekile kwe-Thai: amabhola ase-Thai adumile, "amaparele amnyama", ama-cocktails, i-teas, ama-compotes, njll.
Ubuchwepheshe bokulima iCassava
ICassava yisiko lebhande lasezindaweni ezishisayo futhi idinga izimo ezithile zokukhula kwayo - izinga lokushisa lomoya okungenani +25 - +30 ° ะก, ukungabi bikho kwesikhathi eside esomile, kanye nezinsuku eziningi zelanga. Lezi zimo zihambelana nesimo sezulu sezindawo eziseningizimu yeRussian Federation noma zingakhiwa ezindaweni ezivalekile: izindlu zokugcina izithombo, izindlu zokugcina izithombo, izingadi zasebusika futhi nasezindlini ezisetshenziselwa ukusetshenziswa ngumndeni.
Izimbali ze-Cassava. © Ton RulkensIzidingo zenhlabathi yeCassava
Ukuze ukhule umdumbula, kudingeka inhlabathi ekhanyayo, ephefumulayo, engathathi hlangothi (okungcono kube yilapho kunesihlabathi esiningi) esinokuqukethwe okuphezulu. I-Loam ingasetshenziswa. Inhlabathi kufanele ibe yikhululekile, izitshalo azibekezeleli inhlabathi enesisindo esindayo. Ukudonswa kwamanzi kahle kuyadingeka, ngoba isiko alikubekezeleli ukuhanjiswa kwamanzi, yize lidinga ukuthambisa.
Ilungiselela izinto zokutshala
ICassava isatshalaliswa kuphela ngokusatshalaliswa futhi isebenzise izinto zokutshala ngesimo sokusika esivunwa kusuka engxenyeni ephakathi yeziqu ezakhiwe kahle eziye zafinyelela ezinyangeni eziyi-6 kuya phezulu. I-15-20 cm yezisiki zigcinwa izinyanga ezingama-2-3 endaweni epholile noma etshalwe emhlabathini ngokushesha. Isikhundla sesibambo ngesikhathi sokutshala asidlali (sibheke phezulu, sithambekele, silingile). Isidingo esikhulu: okungenani uhhafu wokusika kumele kube semhlabathini. Ngokutshala okuvundlile, ukunqunywa kwamanga kumbozwe ngenhlabathi ka-8-10 cm. Ngaphandle kwalokho, izinto zokutshala zoma. Ngomswakama owanele, isiqu ngokushesha sakha amashubhu ezingqimba ezingaphansi kanye namahlumela.
Ifomu leCassava elihlanganisiwe. © MokkieUkutshala umdumbula
Akunzima ukukhulisa umdumbula, kepha udinga ukukhetha okuhlukahlukene (mhlawumbe ukuvuthwa kokuqala) nesikhathi sokutshala. Ukusuka ekwindla, i-humus engama-20-30 kg / 10 sq. M isetshenziswa enhlabathini edilikayo. m. Ngaphambi kokutshala, inhlabathi yemba kuze kufike ku-15-20 cm bese kuthi i-nitroammophoska yethulwe ngesilinganiso sama-50-70 g / sq. m. Ukulimaza okujulile akunakwenzeka. Kwakhiwa ama-tubers amade, okwenza kube nzima ukuvuna.
Emhlabathini ovulekile futhi uvikelekile, umdumbula utshalwe kahle emigqonyeni engu-40 ububanzi kanye no-40-60 cm ukuphakama emgqeni owodwa, odala inhlabathi eyindilinga edingekayo futhi kube lula ukunakekela izitshalo.
Lapho utshala ngendlela yomugqa obanzi, ukusika kubekwa emigqeni emi-2 emiseleni noma emiseleni. Ubuningi bokutshala buxhomekeke kokuhlukahluka nokuhlunga futhi ngokwesilinganiso kuphakathi kokusikwa komugqa 60-90 cm, naphakathi kwemigqa 80-120 cm.
Ukunakekelwa Kwe-Cassava
Uma inhlabathi ivundile kakhulu, khona-ke umanyolo wesitshalo awudingi ukusetshenziswa, ikakhulukazi ngokuvunwa kwama-tubers ngonyaka. Ngesikhathi sokukhula, ungondla isiko ngomanyolo we-nitrogen-potassium wokutshala ukhula njalo ezinyangeni ezi-2 nezine emva kokutshala. Uma isivuno se-cassava sisuswa kancane kancane isikhathi esiyiminyaka engama-2-3, ukugqoka okuphezulu kuqala ngonyaka wesibili wokutshala.
Ngenkathi yokukhula, amagquma ezitshalo ezingama-1-2 ayenziwa emasimini omdumbula, ethungatha izinga lokugubuzelwa kwenhlabathi kwesiyingi sesiqu lapho kutholakala khona nezilimo eziyizigaxa. Ukhula kunconywa ngemuva kokunisela ngakunye. Inhlabathi kuze kube yilapho izintambo zivaliwe zigcinwa zihlanzekile ukhula. Ukhula ngokuhlelekile.
Isikhathi sokukhula kwezinhlobo zokuqala zokuvuthwa ngu-6-8, futhi kuvuthwe sekwephuzile izinyanga eziyi-12-16. Lapho kuqala inkathi ebandayo, ukukhula kwamakhaza kubanda futhi kuqalise ngokuqala kokushisa komoya okudingekayo kanye nomswakama wenhlabathi. Izimpande eziyizigaxa azifanga.
Izilimo eziyizigaxa ze-Cassava. © IITAUkuvuna
Ukulungela ukuvuna umdumbula kunqunywa ngokuphuzi nokuwa kwamaqabunga, nangokuvuthwa kwembewu. Isikhathi sokumbiwa kwamaviki angama-3-4. Uma uqoqa nezilimo eziyizigaxa ezincane kakhulu ezingavuthiwe, umkhiqizo ophume wokuphela uzoba nzima futhi ugaywe kahle.
Okokuqala, gawula iziqu zezitshalo, ushiye ama-30-40 cm we-hemp. Kulezi, ukusikwa kuvunwa ngokushesha bese kutshalwa emhlabathini olungiselelwe ezinsukwini ezingama-2-3. Ngokuhambisanayo, ngemuva kokusika iziqu, nezilimo eziyizigaxa ezingaphansi komhlaba zemidumba zikhishwa ngokuphelele. Uma izihlahla zishiyelwa unyaka olandelayo, khona-ke ama-tubers ama-2-3 abiwa futhi anqunywe, kusale okusele ukukhula okwengeziwe.
Izilondolozi zokubekisa umdumbula wesitolo
Ngemuva kokumba, nezilimo eziyizigaxa ezingavuthiwe zigcinwa izinsuku ezingama-2-3 kuphela futhi zingabonakali. Ngakho-ke, nezilimo eziyizigaxa zemidumbula ngokushesha nje lapho kuvuniwe kuhlanza uqweqwe olungaphezulu, kusikwe izingcezu ezincane bese kumiswe elangeni elivulekile izinsuku ezingama-3-6. Umkhiqizo onjalo oseqediwe ugcinwa isikhathi eside. Ukuthola umkhiqizo wokudla (ufulawa, okusanhlamvu), ama-tubers afakwe emanzini izinsuku ezingama-3-4, ahlanzwa kuze kufike emgqeni, ochotshoziwe futhi omiswe abe ngumswakama oqukethwe yi-8-10% ngesisindo. Izinto ezomile zisezingeni lesimo esifunayo (ufulawa, okusanhlamvu) futhi sisetshenziselwe injongo yaso ebekiwe.
