Kwakuvame ukuthi uma i-nematode iqale esizeni, ungayilahla ngokuphepha, uyithengise, wakhe indlu kuyo noma ubeke umgwaqo kule ndawo. Abantu bebengazi ukuthi bazoyikhipha kanjani i-nematode, futhi balinda iminyaka yokufa kwakhe ebulawa yindlala ngaphambi kokutshala isiza ebesikade singenwe yi-nematode. Kulula ukwethula i-nematode futhi asikho isidingo sokuchaza zonke izinhlobo zezindlela: ngokwesibonelo, kwanele ukuthenga i-rose ngenqwaba yomhlaba, futhi i-nematode isivele isendaweni yakho, isikhathi. Kepha ungabhekana kanjani nayo? Sizokhuluma ngalokhu esihlokweni.
Nematode ezimpandeni zikhukhamba.
I-Biatode biology
Ama-Nematode, ngokuya ngezigaba ezithile, ama-circworms angajwayelekile, futhi ngokusho kwabanye - izibungu zesisu. Izinhlobo zalezi zidalwa zichaze ngaphezu kwamashumi amathathu ezinkulungwane, nokho, kungenzeka kakhulu, ziningi kakhulu. Izinhlobo ezihlasimulisayo zama-nematode ziyizidalwa zezitshalo ezahlukahlukene, zingaphila futhi ngokuthula ezinhlanzini zezinhlanzi, abantu nezilwane. Ama-Nematode akude nezidalwa ezingenangozi; kubantu, ezilwaneni nasezitshalweni, zibangela izifo ezihlukahlukene.
Ubude bomzimba we-nematode bunokwehluka kakhulu (kusuka kuma-microns angama-80 kuye kumamitha ambalwa, uma sigcina izinhlobo ezithile zezinhlaka). AmaNematode anomumo othize wefusiform, ancishisiwe emaphethelweni. Umzimba uyindilinga ububanzi.
Lapha sizokhuluma ngama-nematode ahlukanisa izitshalo, futhi ngokwesayensi yanamuhla, sizozama ukulwa nawo ngokushesha ukuze ngesizini elandelayo ngemuva kokutheleleka, okuthile kungatshalwa noma kuhlwanyelwe.
Ake siqale ngezinhlobo zama-nematode acasulayo izitshalo. Ngokuvamile kunzima kakhulu ukuqonda ukuthi isiza sakho singenwe yi-nematode, kunezimpawu ezimbalwa zokubonakaliswa komsebenzi waso. Ukwenza isibonelo, ubona ukuthi izithombo zihamba kancane ekukhuleni noma cishe akukho ukukhula nokukhula kwezithombo, noma ukuqhakaza kuthambile, noma ukufa kwezitshalo besebancane kubaluleke ngokungazwisiseki, noma isivuno esikhulu sifa.
Konke lokhu kungaba yisibonakaliso se-nematode noma uphawu lwezinye izifo noma izinambuzane. Isizathu sezitshalo ezingenampilo singase kube ukuntuleka okulula kwanoma iyiphi into noma iqembu lezinto ezisemhlabathini. Ngakho-ke, uma isithombe esifanayo sibhekelwa unyaka olandelayo, sikucebisa ukuthi uthathe isampula yenhlabathi ngokumba ifosholo esikhwameni bese usiyisa elabhorethri, bazokutshela uma ngabe kuyi-nematode noma enye into, uma kungenjalo uzokwenzela izitshalo kwesinye , bese kusuka komunye, ukungatholi umphumela ofanele futhi nje ukwanda okukhulu kwesitha esibi kakhulu.
Nematode ngaphansi kwesibonakhulu.
Yini ingozi ye-nematode?
Ngenqubo yempilo yayo esebenzayo, ingena ezimpandeni noma esikhulini semifino, yephula ubuqotho besitshalo, ibangele ukubola, ukutheleleka kwezimpande kanye nengxenyeni yezimila ezinamagciwane, izifo zokukhunta, amagciwane.
Kungenzeka ukuthi uqonde ukuthi i-nematode ihlasele izimpande, uma isitshalo esiqale ukunciphisa umzimba sikhishwe emhlabathini ngokuphelele futhi sihlole ngokuphelele uhlelo lwaso lwezimpande. Lapho ungenwe yi-nematode, ungabona inani elikhulu lamagatsha ezimpandeni, kungathi isitshalo sizamile ukuthola izindlela zokudlula, siqeda inkathazo.
Ngasikhathi sinye, izimpande ezincane kunazo zonke zizobukeka zibolile. Ngaphezu kwalokho, ezimpandeni, uma kungeyona imidumba, ungabona amageyimu, lokhu kungamaqoqo ama-nematode, ama-cysts namaqanda, kanye nokubukhali nokuvuvukala, izinhlobo ezahlukahlukene zezilonda - konke lokhu kuyingozi ngempande, nakuwo wonke isitshalo sonke.
Imininingwane eminingi mayelana nematode ezimpande
Ngakho-ke, i-nematode yezimpande empeleni, isibungu esisetshenziswayo, esiseqenjini elikhulu kakhulu lezikelemu zokuhlanza nesigaba sama-nematode akha ama-gots ezimpandeni zezitshalo, acishe afane nalawo asezindundwini (amagciwane angama-nodule kuphela awekho kumabala anjalo, nezinsikazi ezifakwe ngamaqanda).
Abesilisa be-nematode yezimpande basesimweni sesibungu esifinyelela kumamilimitha amabili ubude, izinsikazi ziyaqhakaza kakhulu (amageyimu) noma zifana namaphilisi weqanda, isigamu ubude.
I-nematode yobumba iyizinhlobo eziningi ngokumangazayo: kuyaziwa ukuthi ingathinta uhlelo lwezimpande zezinhlobo zezitshalo ezingaphezu kwezinkulungwane ezimbili. Vele, leli qembu lifaka izitshalo zemifino ezitshaliwe, izilimo ezihlukahlukene ezibalulekile zezimboni, kanye nezitshalo zokuhlobisa, amakhambi, izihlahlana ngisho nezihlahla.
Idlulisa ukukhula kwayo okuphelele kwento esebenzayo yangempela ngokuya ngeqondo lokushisa emhlabathini ezinsukwini ezingama-20-50 (lapho kufudumele, intuthuko idlula, njengomthetho, ngokushesha). Kuyaphawuleka ukuthi i-nematode yabesifazane ngesikhathi sokuphila kwayo ingabeka amaqanda amakhulu ama-ama kuze kufike ezinkulungwaneni ezimbili, futhi ngokolwazi lwakamuva - nokuningi.
Eqanda ngalinye, i-larode larva yokuqala izibungu, bese ifika ebusweni futhi, ngenxa yokuthinta emaphethelweni, ingena masinyane empandeni yesitshalo esiseduze, iqala ukondla kakhulu ujusi walesi siko. Angaba ngowesifazane ongagudluki, obese ebeka amaqanda amaningi afanayo, noma owesilisa, ongahamba ngokukhululeka, afune insikazi yokuzalela kwakhe.
Ama-Nematode akhula futhi athuthukiswe kakhulu ngomswakama wenhlabathi olinganiselayo (cishe ama-70-75%) kanye namazinga okushisa ukusuka ku-+22 kuya ku-+ 28 ° ะก. Ngokuqondene nebhalansi ye-acid-base, bakhetha inhlabathi ene-acidic kancane, kepha hhayi i-alkali.
Root nematode in utamatisi.
Isiqu nesigaxa seqabunga
Ngaphezu nematode enhlabathi, kukhona amaqabunga amaqabunga esiqu kanye nesiga. Imvamisa, kuholela ekuqineni kwe-fusiform kweziqu, ngenkathi amaqabunga ekhula ngaphansi kokwejwayelekile nosayizi ojwayelekile, noma kube nokuqhekeka okuqinile kwamaqabunga amaqabunga ezinhlotsheni ezahlukahlukene zezitshalo.
Imvamisa, ubufakazi obunembe kakhudlwana bokuthi kukhona i-nematode emaqabungeni yizindawo ezomile ze-necrotic zezimo ezahlukahlukene ezingenalo iphethini endaweni. Imvamisa, ama-nematode amaqabunga ayatheleleka: ama-sitrobheli asengadini, i-chrysanthemum kanye nephrolepsis. I-nematode yesiqu ayisihlukanisi nokudla izitshalo zemifino, isibonelo, ugarlic, u-anyanisi, iparsley, ama-parsnips, ama-radish, utamatisi kanye namakhukhamba.
Bheka izinhlobo zama-nematode ezitshalo ezibaluleke kakhulu, futhi ezokuqala kulolu hlu kuzoba ama-beets etafula
Beetroot nematode
Kuyathakazelisa ukuthi ngaphambi kokuba kube khona i-nematode kuma-beets ayizange yamukelwe ngokusemthethweni futhi ngasizathu simbe lesi sifo sabizwa ngokuthi ukukhathala kwe-beet: okuthiwa, lapho sikhula endaweni efanayo, ngisho nokusetshenziswa komanyolo akuzange kusize ukuthola imiphumela emihle. Kodwa-ke wonke umuntu uthole ukuthi i-nematode iyenzeka nakuma-beets, futhi ayigcwele kakhulu.
Ukuqonda ukuthi i-beet itheleleke nge-nematode, eqinisweni, ilula impela, uma uqala ungabona ukufiphala okubonakalayo kwamaqabunga ayo, futhi uma ukhipha isitshalo esinjalo, ungabona isivuno sezimpande sikalwe ngesigamu (noma kancane kancane), esingaphonswa kuphela, ngoba ayinakusetshenziswa kabusha. Imvamisa, izilimo zezimpande zingaba ziphelele, kepha zilahlekelwa isisindo esiningi izikhathi eziningana, futhi azigcinwa nhlobo, zingasetshenziselwa ukucubungula kuphela. Ukusuka emasimini atheleleke nge-nematode, awukwazi ukuqoqa okungekho ngaphezu kwesigamu sezilimo zezithelo ze-beet ezingenabo ubuningi bawo
Izambane lamazambane
Enye imifino ethinta kakhulu i-nematode ngamazambane. Kulula kakhulu ukuthelela isayithi lakho ngale nhlekelele, kwanele ukuthenga impahla yezinhlamvu endaweni engaqinisekisiwe futhi ungakuqeda iminyaka eminingi (noma uqale usebenzise i-chemistry enokhahlo). Iqiniso ngukuthi noma usika i-tuber ethengiwe, awukwazi ukuqaphela izibungu ezifihliwe kubhatatisi nakancane, futhi kuphela lapho selubekwe enhlabathini kuzovela ngesimo isibungu.
I-Potato nematode iyinhlangano eyindilinga efinyelela ku-milimitha ubude, engathela amandla ezimpandeni nakuma-tubers amazambane. Imisundu imvamisa iqhubekela ku-tuber isuka ezimpandeni uma inhlabathi ingekudla okunempilo futhi izimpande zincane kakhulu.
Inqubo yomsebenzi obalulekile wamazambane amazambane iyathakazelisa kakhulu. Ngemuva kokuba izibungu zishiya ibhungane, izinsikazi zinamathela ekugcineni kwempande bese zilinda owesilisa, bese owesilisa esesha owesimame angahamba ngezimpande zamazambane, abangele ukulimala kwesitshalo, kuthi lapho ethola insikazi, ifa emva kokukhulelwa. Ngemuva kwalokhu, insikazi empeleni iyafa nayo, iphenduka ibe yi-cocoon cyst, lapho izinkulungwane zabantu abobulili obuhlukile besesimweni samaqanda, ngokwemvelo zihlala emhlabathini ngemuva kokumba amazambane.
Intwasahlobo elandelayo, lapho amazambane esetshalwe kule ndawo, ama-cysts aqhuma, izibungu ziyaphuma futhi konke kuyaphinda futhi.
Kuyacaca ukuthi i-nematode ivimbela kakhulu ukukhula kwezitshalo zamazambane, isivuno siwohloka kakhulu, futhi uma inhlabathi ingeyinhle, khona-ke i-nematode imane ingakutholi ukudla okuvela ezimpandeni zezitshalo, nasezinkomeni ungatholi izimbotshana nje ezimbalwa.
Ngaphandle, ungabona ukuthi izitshalo zisemuva kakhulu ekukhuleni kozakwabo, esimweni sezulu esifudumele zibonakala ziyaconsa, ngoba i-nematode ayitholi umswakama enhlabathini, futhi uma ukhipha isitshalo emhlabathini, ungathola nenqwaba yezimpande ezingajwayelekile ezingamazambane.
Ngokuvamile, kungenzeka ukuchaza izinhlobo ezahlukahlukene zama-nematode ezitshalweni ezahlukahlukene isikhathi eside; okungcono, ake siqhubekele endabeni ngezinyathelo zokulwa nalesi sifo.
Potato nematode.
Izinyathelo zokulawula ze-Nematode esizeni
Uma i-nematode ngandlela-thile ifika kusayithi lakho, khona-ke kufanele ulalele ochwepheshe, yize abaningi beluleka ukuthi nje balinde iminyaka emibili noma emithathu, bagcine izitshalo ngaphansi kwesifu elimnyama, bemba isiza ngaphansi kobusika ngenhlama yomhlaba, ngaphandle kokuphula ama-clods, bese wena, mhlawumbe ukuqothula i-nematode.
Kepha uma ufuna ukukususa masisha ngokushesha, khona-ke qala uzame ukusebenzisa ukuzungeza kwezitshalo. Okusho ukuthi, endaweni lapho kwaqashelwa khona i-beetode, ungabe usatshala ama-beet, futhi uma ubona amazambane, khona-ke amazambane. Mhlawumbe, ngale ndlela, kuzokwazi ukuqeda uhlobo oluthile lwe-nematode endaweni yalo.
Ngemuva kokujikeleza kwezitshalo, okungeke kwenzeke ukusiza, inqubo esindayo iyasebenza, yi-fumigation, okuthe okwamanje iyindlela ephumelela kakhulu yokulwa nalesi sinambuzane, kodwa futhi kuyingozi.
Kuyini fumigation?
Lokhu ukuphathwa kwenhlabathi okuthelelekile nge-nematode (okuyilapho kuthathwa amasampula nokuhlaziywa kusengaphambili) ngezifu ezinhlobonhlobo ezisebenza kakhulu ngisho nangamabili amabala, kwesinye isikhathi kwifomu elibomvu. Ngokuyinhloko, ama-pesticides ngokwawo angathengwa emakethe manje, lawa yiNefamos, i-Dimetoat noma i-Vidat.
Le mishanguzo ingalapha izitshalo ezinegciwane ngama-nematode futhi ichithe inhlabathi ngazo. Le mishanguzo iyingozi impela futhi besingeke sincome ukuthi sithulule nje amakhemikhali, kepha kungcono ukuyidlulisela kulolu hlelo kochwepheshe abangakwazi ukucubungula isiza bese bachitha hhayi kuphela izibungu zabantu abadala ezedlula zonke, kodwa futhi nezibungu ezinamandla kakhulu, kwesinye isikhathi ezidinga ezimbalwa zokwelapha.
Ngonyaka olandelayo, kungcono ukuqhuba ukutshala okulawulwa kwezitshalo kulesi siza, uthathe, sithi, ingxenye yesithathu yezitshalo enezitshalo ezahlukahlukene futhi ubheke ukuthi i-nematode ihlala emhlabathini.
Finyelela iziphetho mayelana nematode
I-Nematode yisinambuzane esiyingozi, udinga ukuqaphela lapho uthenga izinto ezibonakalayo zezitshalo, izitshalo emhlabathini ovaliwe, kanye nezithombo nje ezinezingxenye zomhlaba. Kungabacaphukisa kakhulu abanikazi bezindawo ezincane okufanele balinde iminyaka okungenani okuthile okuzotshalwa kubo, noma engeza amalitha amakhemikhali ukuze balwe nokutheleleka okulimazayo ngaphandle kwesiqinisekiso sokuthi endaweni ethile kwakusekhona i-cyst enamaqanda ambalwa.
Khumbula ukuthi i-nematode iyinto yangaphandle neyangaphakathi yokuvalelwa okuthile. Awukwazi ukuthengisa imikhiqizo etheleleke nge-nematode; awukwazi ukuthutha izitshalo kwamanye amasayithi kusuka kumasayithi atheleleke nge-nematode. Uma amazambane esetshalwe kwisiza esinegciwane nge-nematode, khona-ke angafakwa kuphela ekusebenzeni, futhi okuhle kunakho konke, ondlela izilwane zasepulazini.
Uma ngabe uke wasebenzisana ne-nematode, chaza isipiliyoni sakho kumazwana akulo mbhalo, mhlawumbe kuzosiza kakhulu kwabanye babafundi.
