Ukwehlulwa kwesivini ngezifo kanye nezinambuzane kuvame ukudala umonakalo omkhulu emvinini. Uma amaqabunga omile kumagilebhisi, amahlumela abuna futhi afe, ngoba umhlwanyeli uba ukulahleka kwesisindo. Kabili inkathazo enkulu, lapho amabhulashi ehlupheka, amajikijolo ayoma futhi ingxenye ebalulekile yesitshalo ilahlekile. Ngaphezu kwalokho, inqubo yokomisa ingaqala kokubili ngemuva kokumiswa kwamajikijolo, futhi lapho sesivuthiwe, ihambisane nezimpawu ezikhona ezifweni zesiko, futhi iqhubeke ngaphandle kwesizathu.
Kungani amajikijolo omile kumagilebhisi? Izizathu zokulahleka kwamaqoqo ziningi. Imvamisa, abaxhasi beewayini bakhomba izifo ezibangelwa isikhunta se-pathogenic.
Okokuqala lapho kukhona ukulimala kukhona i-Downy isikhutha, ethinta hhayi kuphela imigqomo kanye namabhulashi amagilebhisi, kepha nesisindo esiluhlaza, amahlumela amasha futhi angapheli. Ukhunta, izicubu zezitshalo ezihlaselayo, kuvimbela ukungena kokudla kanye nomswakama. Izingxenye ezithelelekile zomvini, kufaka phakathi amabhulashi kanye namajikijolo wokuvuthwa, zomile bese ziyafa.
IMildew akuyona inkinga kuphela esongela ukulahleka kwezitshalo. Kukhona ezinye izifo zamagilebhisi amagilebhisi, izithombe ngesenzo zazo emvinini zikhombisa ngokusobala izinga lobungozi kanye nesidingo sokulwa nazo. Izinambuzane ezinambuzane zingadala ukulimala okukhulu kwesitshalo, kunengozi yokulahlekelwa amajikijolo nokunakekelwa okunganele kwesivini.
Amagilebhisi omile
Ukhunte ubizile I-Eutypa lata Isifo somvini sande kuzo zonke izifunda ze-viticulture, lapho ubusika bungabizwa ngokuthi buthambile, futhi bubangele ukulimala okukhulu ikakhulukazi ngenkathi yezimvula ezinamandla.
Njengoba isikhunta se-pathogenic sikwazi ukungena ngaphakathi kwezicubu zemithi hhayi nje zomvini kuphela, kodwa nakwezinye izilimo eziningi zensimu nezithelo, lokhu kuyenza ibe nzima ukulwa nokubonakaliswa kwalesi sifo nokusabalala kwaso. Lesi sifo asithinti kuphela amahlumela namajikijolo, esithombeni sesifo samagilebhisi, izinguquko ezenziwe ngokhuni ezibangelwa isikhunta zibonakala kahle. Ikakhulu kakhulu, lesi sifo sithinta amahlahlandlela abantu abadala, kusukela eminyakeni engu-8 ubudala, futhi izimpawu zokuncela owomile zibonakala lapho lesi sitshalo sinikeza ukwanda okungama-20-25 cm ubude ekuqaleni kwehlobo.
Amahlumela futhi ashiya ngemuva ekukhuleni, osayizi nombala ahlukile kokuphilile. Amacembe omile kumagilebhisi, bese kuthi i-necrosis ithinte amahlumela athintekile. Amajikijolo ahleliwe ayoma noma ayeke ukukhula, futhi aqhubeke emancane kuze kube sekupheleni kwesikhathi sokukhula.
Amagilebhisi Awabunjiwe Anthracnose
Esinye sezizathu zokuthi amagilebhisi omisiwe angaba yi-anthracnose. Inani eliphakeme lokutheleleka kwalesi sifo esibi livela ngezikhathi ezimanzi, kanti inkathazo ayisebenzi kuphela esimweni sezulu esifudumele, kepha ibanga le-2-30 ° C.
Ukubonakaliswa kwe-anthracnose kuvame ukungaqondakali ngokulinyazwa kwemishini kumajikijolo kanye namahlumela abangelwa isichotho. Kepha isimo sezulu asihlangene nalutho.
Izindawo ezinwebekayo ezine-necrotic ezinomngcele omnyama onsundu yizindawo zokungena kwesikhunta eziyingozi. Izindawo ezinjengalezi zingahlangana, izicubu ezithintekile ezomile ngaphakathi kwazo ziyabhujiswa, bese amaqabunga amancane omile kumagilebhisi avele ashiswa.
Lesi sifo sithelela zonke izitho eziluhlaza ezingaphezulu komhlaba ngaphansi kwezitshalo, kufaka phakathi ibhulashi. Isifo samagilebhisi, esithombeni, siveza ingozi enkulu kumajikijolo ngaphambi kokuqhakaza, lapho lonke ibhulashi lithintekile, futhi nangaphambi kokuvuthwa kokuvuthwa. Lapho lesi sifo sikhula, amabala aleli fomu lesifo esibelethweni nasemigqomeni, emva kokukhula lapho ibhulashi liqothuka liphelele noma ingxenye.
Ukuqothuka komvini
I-Verticillosis, okungukuthi i-ejenti yokubangela yalesi sifo, isikhunta se-pathogenic Verticillium dahliae, ingena ngezimpandeni ngomhlabathi futhi, iphindaphindeka, iphazamisa ukunikezwa komswakama amahlumela namabhulashi amagilebhisi. Isifo samagilebhisi esenziwe ngamagilebhisi, njengasesithombeni, sithinta kaningi kakhulu izitshalo ezisencane, futhi ukubonakaliswa kwaso kwangaphandle kungabonakala kuphela ngonyaka noma emibili ngemuva kokutheleleka.
Isivini sinezinkinga eziningi ngomthwalo omkhulu ezihlahleni. Ngokuvamile lokhu kuphawulwa ngokuntuleka komswakama, ukukhuphuka kokushisa komoya kanye nokuqala kokukhula kwamajikijolo. Okokuqala, amaqabunga abukeka njengomile owomile kumgilebhisi, bese kuvela ithuba lamahlumela namaqhubu. Amabhulashi asezithombini ezingezansi zamahlumela athintekile omile, amajikijolo ngamanye kumagilebhisi omile, aqothula, futhi ngaleli fomu ahlala kulamaqhubu.
Buffalo circadian
Akunakuba yingozi kangako kunesikhunta se-pathogenic, amasimu angenziwa yi-buffalo cicadas, evame ukuhlasela izivini.
Isinambuzane esidla esiphuzweni sesitshalo, amahlumela nasezinqenqemeni, senza ukulimala okufana nokwendandatho kufinyelela kusentimitha ubude, ngenxa yalokho amajikijolo omvini angondlekile, amahlumela abuna futhi afe.
Ngesikhathi sonyaka, inkathazo inika isizukulwane esisodwa. Kulesi sigaba, izibungu zamacicadas zihlala futhi zidla izitshalo ezinotshani ngaphansi kwezihlahla zomvini, bese izinambuzane ezindala zigibela emvinini bese ziqala umsebenzi wazo olimazayo.
Ukusakazeka kwalesi sikhwanyana kusatshalaliswa ngobuningi bezimila eduze kwezihlahla zamagilebhisi. Isinyathelo sokulwa nezinambuzane eziyingozi ukuphathwa kabili kwezitshalo nge-benzophosphate. Ukufafaza okunjalo kufanele kwenziwe ngoJuni, futhi, ngaphezu kwalokho, ukususwa kokhula nokutshala imibhede ye-anyanisi no-anyanisi kanye negalikhi esivinini okuxosha i-cicadas kuzoba yisinyathelo esihle sokuvimbela.
I-Curl egoba ngesikhathi sokuvuthwa kwama-berry
Ukuchazwa kokuthi kungani amajikijolo omile kumagilebhisi kungaba ngamahlumela wokuvuthwa ngokwawo, lapho izingalo zawo zigobile, isisindo somswakama kanye nezakhi zomzimba ziphazamiseka, nezithelo zibuna.
Ingozi yokulahleka kwezilimo ngenxa yalesi sizathu inkulu kakhulu ezinhlotsheni nasenzalo eyakhiqwini enkulu.
Ungakugwema ukwephula imigodi nezithombo eziveza ibhulashi uma ukhula isihlahla esise-arch noma e-arbor. Izandla ezilengise phansi azinqobeki futhi zikhula kahle, futhi amagatsha athola umthwalo ofanayo futhi awaguqi.
Ukomisa Amagilebhisi
Uma kungekho zimbangela ezibonakalayo, ngokwesibonelo, zezimpawu zezifo zamagilebhisi amagilebhisi, njengasesithombeni, nezandla azigcwalisi, futhi amajikijolo ancitshisiwe, mhlawumbe kufanele sikhulume ngomiswa kweziqunjelwa.
Le nto, eqale ukuqaphela isikhathi esingaphezu kwekhulu edlule, ayikafundwa ngokwanele, kutholakale kuphela ukuthi uhlobo lokukhubazeka, okuholela ekunciphiseni noma ekumeni ekwakhiweni kwamaqoqo, lihambisana nokuphazamiseka kwe-metabolic futhi likhona endalweni. Lesi sifo asinayo imvelo yokutheleleka, asidluliselwa kwezinye izitshalo futhi singase sihambisane nokuphulwa kwe-ingress yomswakama ngemithambo yegquma kuya amajikijolo avuthiwe. Ngempela, kungenkathi eyomile lapho ukukhubazeka komzimba, okuholela ekumisweni kwamajikijolo omvini, kuvame ukubonakaliswa.
Izimpawu ezome ukomisa, ngesimo sezindawo ezimnyama onsundu ezindaweni zokuhlotshiswa kwama-crest, ziyaqapheleka ngesikhathi sokuvuthwa, lapho amajikijolo aqongelela ushukela osuka ku-7 kuye ku-12%.
Izicubu ezingaphansi kwamabala zithinteka ekujuleni kwezingqimba eziningana zamaseli, futhi umswakama oswelayo wandisa isithombe bese i-necrosis ihlanganisa izindawo ezintsha. Uma ibala ku-crest livuliwe, ukuphuma komswakama kuya kubhulashi elingezansi kuyama, amagilebhisi angawomile awomile, ayashwabana, bese alahlekelwa ukunambitheka kwawo nokumaketha.
Ukomiswa kwezihlahla zamagilebhisi ayingozi hhayi ngokulahleka kwesilimo kuphela, kodwa futhi nokuthi isikhunta nesikhunta se-pathogenic zivame ukuhlala ezindaweni ezithintekile, okudala ukutheleleka kwesibili kwesitshalo.
Akukho buhlobo obuqondile phakathi kwemvamisaokomiswa kwezigodi, isifunda sokukhula nezinhlobonhlobo zamagilebhisi sezikhonjisiwe. Kepha bekwazi ukubona ukuthi izihlahla ezingamagilebhisi ezingatheni izimpande zivame ukuthintwa yilesi sifo samagilebhisi amagilebhisi, njengasesithombeni, kunezitshalo ezixhunyelelisiwe, ikakhulukazi esitokisini esikhula isikhathi eside.
Ukwelashwa kwezihlahla ezikhubazekile ngama-fungicides noma eminye imikhiqizo yokuvikela isitshalo ayisebenzi. Kwezinye izimo, lapho amagilebhisi omile, ukufafaza okutshaliwe ngesisombululo se-0,75% se-magnesium chloride noma i-3% magnesium sulfate kuyasiza. Ukuvimbela kuqala cishe inyanga ngaphambi kokukhubazeka kokukhubazeka, bese kuthi okunye ukufiphalisa okwengeziwe kwenziwe ngokuhamba kwezinsuku eziyi-10.
Njengokuvimbela okusebenzayo, lapho amajikijolo eqala ukuthola umbala futhi ethola ujusi, iziqu nendawo ezungezile ziphathwa ngesixazululo esingamaphesenti amahlanu se-magnesium sulfate.
Kodwa-ke, abalimi babheka ukulandela imithetho yobuchwepheshe bezolimo njengendlela eyinhloko yokulwa nokomiswa kwamagilebhisi. Kungaba ukwakheka komdiliya okufanele kuphela kanye nokuthenwa komvini, ukusetshenziswa kokugqoka okulinganiselayo okuphezulu, kufaka phakathi i-magnesium nenani elilinganiselwe le-nitrogen, kanye nokunisela okwanele kwesivini kuhlanganiswe nokusebenza ngamakhemikhali, lapho singakhuluma ngokubandakanyeka kokukhubazeka kwezigodi nokulondolozwa kwesilimo.
