Akunzima ukukhulisa ugwayi noma i-shag. Sivame ukubuzwa ngale nqubo, futhi, sihlanganisa isipiliyoni somuntu siqu neseluleko sabafundi abanolwazi, kubandakanya abafundi bethu, sanquma ukushicilela lokhu kwaziswa. Kumele ngithi inqubo yokukhula kagwayi ayihlukile kakhulu ekukhuleni, ngokwesibonelo, utamatisi. Kepha noma kunjalo, ukhula kagwayi, udinga ukwazi izici ezithile zalesi sitshalo. Mayelana nalokhu ukushicilelwa kwethu.
Izimbali zikagwayi.
Imininingwane ejwayelekile mayelana nesitshalo sikagwayi
Ugwayi (UNikotiana) - uhlobo lwezitshalo zonyaka nezonyaka zomndeni wakwaSolanaceae (Solanaceae) Ukhule ukuthola izinto zokusetshenziswa ezisetshenziselwa imikhiqizo kagwayi. Ngokwesiko, izinhlobo ezilandelayo zivame ukutholakala:
- Ugwayi ojwayelekile, noma ugwayi ka-Virtual, noma ugwayi wangempela (I-Nicotiana tabacum) Isitshalo esifinyelela kumamitha amathathu ukuphakama ngezimbali ezipinki, i-nimbus enama-tubular enama-lobes abukhali, amaqabunga e-oblong-lanceolate, isessess. Ugwayi wangempela uyi-thermophilic, ngakho-ke ukhiqizwa ngokukhiqizayo ngokukhethekile ezifundeni ezishisayo. Sikhula ugwayi ojwayelekile eningizimu kwe-55 ° enyakatho (le ndawo cishe ilinganiselwa eRyazan, Smolensk, Ulyanovsk, Ufa, Chelyabinsk, Kurgan, Omsk, Novosibirsk naseKemerovo). Ugwayi ojwayelekile uyatshalwa emazweni amaningi omhlaba futhi unezinhlobo eziningi.
- Shag ejwayelekile, noma ugwayi we-rustic (I-Nicotiana rustica- - isitshalo siphansi kakhulu kunogwayi ojwayelekile (kufika ku-120 cm ukuphakama), izimbali ziphuzi, i-corolla eneshubhu elifushane kanye nama-lobes ayindilinga, amaqabunga angama-ovate, amancanyana, abuthuntu ekugcineni. Amaqabunga alesi sitshalo esingenakuzikhandla aqukethe i-nicotine eningi.
Ngekhulu leshumi nesishiyagalolunye eRussia shag yayitshalwa endaweni yezimboni kuyo yonke indawo (ngisho nase-Urals naseSiberia). Futhi manje, ezinye izakhamizi ngokwesintu zikhulisa lesi sitshalo kusuka ezinhlanyelweni zazo.
IBolivia nePeru kubhekwa njengendawo okwazalelwa kuyo ugwayi; ukuphuma kukaChristopher Columbus kwaletha eYurophu. Izindawo zendabuko zokutshala amasiko yiNyakatho Melika, China, India ne-Asia Minor. Ensimini ye-USSR yangaphambili, ugwayi ojwayelekile uvinjelwa eTranscaucasia, Uzbekistan, Kazakhstan, Moldova, Ukraine, eCrimea naseKrasnodar Territory. Ugwayi uyisitshalo se-thermophilic, izinga lokushisa elikhulu ehlobo ngoba licishe libe ngu-30 ° C. Zilungele ngoba zingumhlabathi omanzi, okhanyayo, nesihlabathi esikhululekile. Ugwayi udonswa yimbewu, ukhule izithombo ezivela kuzo, ezihlwanyelwa emhlabathini.
Zonke izingxenye zesitshalo ziqukethe i-nicotine (ngamaqabunga e-nicotine ngaphezu kwakho konke - 0.75-2.88%). INicotine iyi-neurotoxin enamandla ne-cardiotoxin ebangela i-euphoria yesikhashana. Ukusetshenziswa kukagwayi ngezindlela ezahlukahlukene nangezindlela ezahlukahlukene (ukubhema, ukuhlafuna, ukudonsa) kudala ukuxhomekeka ngokomzimba nangokwengqondo. INicotine inobuthi obukhulu. Ezinye izinto ezitholakala ugwayi yi-carcinogenic. Ngakho-ke ukubhema ugwayi kuyingozi empilweni.
Ngabe kufanelekile ukuthi ugwayi ukhule?
Ake sithi ungumuntu obhemayo, futhi onenhlanhla enhle yokuhlala endaweni ethile eningizimu yeRussia noma e-Ukraine. Onakho unamahektare omhlaba angamakhulu amaningana. Kungani ungazami endimeni kaPhilip Morris, noma okungenani uJack Vosmerkin, waseMelika?
Okokuqala, kancane kwe-arithmetic emnandi. Ugwayi owodwa uqukethe igremu kagwayi. Futhi uma ushibhile ugwayi, kuncipha lapho. Okusho ukuthi, kwiphakethe kungama-gramu angama-20. Uma umuntu ebhema iphakethe ngosuku, uzodinga amakhilogremu angama-6-8 kagwayi ngonyaka.
Ugwayi
Ngaphansi kwezimo ezinhle, cishe u-30 g kagwayi ongabhemayo ungatholakala esitshalweni esisodwa, kanti izitshalo eziyisithupha noma eziyisikhombisa zingabekwa endaweni eyi-1 metres. Ubungani bokutshala kwezinhlobo ezinamaqabunga amakhulu buba ngu-70 x 30 cm, kuthi ugwayi onamaqabunga aphakathi nendawo ne-shag ungama-70 × 20 cm. Kuvela ukuthi izitshalo ezingama-270-300 zidinga ukuthi zikhule, zihlale cishe amamitha ayi-40 skwele. m. uzungu. Ngaphezu kwalokho, uma ugwayi waphenduka "mubi" kakhulu, ungaxutshwa neziqu.
Ngakho-ke, ngokombono womnotho nezimali, kusizakala ukuthi obhemayo akhule ugwayi.
Izici zikagwayi okhulayo
Ngaphezu kwalokho esihlokweni sizokhuluma ngokukhula kukagwayi ojwayelekile. Uma uthatha isinqumo sokukhulisa i-shag (I-Nicotiana rustica), khona-ke eziningi zalezi zeluleko ongeke uzidinge, i-shag kulula kakhulu ukuyikhulisa futhi ithande ukushisa kancane. Ngomzila ophakathi, ukuhlwanyelwa kwawo kwenziwa ngoMeyi enhlabathini ngaphansi kwefilimu noma ngezinto zokumboza, futhi uyakwazi ukwanda nokukhiqiza isivuno.
Ngakho-ke, into yokuqala okufanele uyinakekele yimbewu nokutshala kwazo. Imbewu manje sezithengiswa kwi-Intanethi kumasayithi amaningi, udinga nje ukukhetha isitolo esikahle kanye nogwayi.
Izinhlobo ezahlukahlukene zikagwayi
Kunezinhlobo eziningi zikagwayi ojwayelekile. Kuyafaneleka ukusho ukuthi isikhathi kusuka ku-1990 kuya ku-2010. Ku-All-Russian Research Institute ofgwayi, izinhlobo ezingaphezu kuka-20 ezintsha ezikhiqiza futhi ezingamelana nezifo ezinezimpawu ezinhle kakhulu sezenziwe.
Njengasemifino, kungcono ukhethe izinhlobo zasendaweni zesayithi lakho. Ngakho-ke, sibala ezinye ezihlwayelwe ngezindawo ze-USSR yangaphambili kanye nezinhlobo ezithandwayo:
- Trapezond Kubanets. Isikhathi sokukhula kusuka kokutshala izithombo kuya ekuvuneni kokugcina izinsuku ezingama-103 kuya ku-134. Ubuchwepheshe obufanele bumshiya buba isilinganiso sama-27 ama-pcs. Okuqukethwe kweNicotine 2.6%.
- I-Trapezond 92. Izinhlobonhlobo zilwa nezinto eziningi ezilimazayo, izifo ezibangelwa ugwayi. Inesikhathi esifushane sokukhula. Ngokwesilinganiso, ezinsukwini ezingama-98 ngemuva kokutshala, ukuqhekeka kwamaqabunga kuyenziwa.
- USamsun 85. Izinhlobonhlobo zingezinhlobo ezivuthwa kakhulu zokuvuthwa, maphakathi nesizini - inani lezinsuku kusuka ekutshaleni ekuhlungeni ngamaqabunga lizoba yizinsuku ezingama-105-110. Inani lamaqabunga avuthiwe kwezobuchwepheshe esisodwa acishe abe ngama-50 ama-pcs.
- Isikhumbuzo New 142. Isikhathi sezitshalo kusuka ekutshaleni izithombo kuya emaqabeleni okuvuthwa okuphakathi kokuphula izinsuku ezingama-78, kuze kube sekupheleni kokugcina kwezinsuku ezingama-82. Okuqukethwe kwe-nicotine emaqabunga e-2.0-2.1%. Izinhlobonhlobo zinokumelana ngokuphelele nezifo zikagwayi.
- Holly 316. Ifomu lesivuthiwe - Uhlobo oluqinile lokuvuthwa kwamaqabunga. Iphansi ku-nicotine. Ukusuka kokutshala kuya ekuvuthweni kwamaqabunga wokuqhekeka kwezinsuku ezingama-120.
Ukutshala imbewu
Sincoma unyaka wokuqala ukuthi ukhule izihlahla ezimbalwa nje. Ngakho uvivinya amandla akho futhi ufunde wonke ama-nuances wenqubo. Ngakho-ke, kwabaqalayo, uzodinga imbewu embalwa kakhulu. Imbewu kagwayi mincane njengothuli. Kwigram eyodwa cishe izinkulungwane eziyishumi nambili zembewu kagwayi, bese ugoqa izingcezu eziyinkulungwane ezine. Ukuthola “umkhuba” obhemayo waminyaka yonke, kudingeka uhlwanyele ingxenye yesine yegramu yembewu kagwayi noma ingxenye eyodwa kwezine yegramu yembewu. Akudingeki uthenge imbewu eningi. Amabhishi amabili noma amathathu uzobanika okungaphezu kokudingekayo kokuhlwanyela ihektha.
Imbewu kagwayi igcina ukuhluma kwayo isikhathi eside, ngakho-ke ukuhlwanyelwa kuyenzeka nangembewu ezindala, yize kufanele kukhunjulwe ukuthi amandla abo okuzala ancipha ngokuhamba kwesikhathi.
Ugwayi ungatshalwa ezitshalweni kuma-sill e-windows, noma ngaphandle kokukha. Isikhathi esidingekayo sokutshala yizinsuku ezingama-40 kuya kwengama-5. Kepha inqubo enjalo ilungele kuphela amavolumu amancane (afinyelela kwikhulu lekota). Noma kunjalo, esivivinyweni sokuqala asidingi okuningi. Lapho kukhula ugwayi ngamanani amakhulu, kungenzeka ukuthi kutshalwe emhlabathini (ezimweni sezulu ezifudumele) noma emagumbini okugcina izithombo ezingadi nasezindaweni zokugcina izithombo.
Imbewu kagwayi ihlwanyelwa ngokuphelele, ifafaze emhlabathini omanzi.
Iphuzu elibalulekile. Ukujula kokutshala kwembewu kagwayi akuyona ngaphezu kuka-0.7-0.8 cm (0.3-0.5 cm nge-shag). Ngemuva kokuhlwanyela, zimcindezela kancane emhlabathini futhi ziniselwe ngokucophelela ukuze imbewu ingangeni ngokujulile.
Awukwazi ukuhlwanyela hhayi imbewu eyomile, kepha ukuqhekeka. Kulokhu, ezinsukwini ezi-4 ngaphambi kokuhlwanyela, imbewu ifakwe emanzini afudumele ahlanzekile futhi ibekwe ngendwangu emanzi. Lokhu kuzosheshisa ukuhluma kwezimbewu futhi kunciphise nesikhathi sokuqunjelwa kwezithombo ngesonto.
Izinga lokushisa elilungile lokuhluma kwezinhlamvu zikagwayi ngu + 25ºC ... + 28ºC. Uma izinga lokushisa liphansi, lokhu kungabambezela izithombo zezitshalo, noma ngisho nokuziqothula.
Ukuzilolonga ngokweqile, kanye nezithombo ezihlanyisa ngokweqile akunakwenzeka. Kungcono kunisela kancane cishe nsuku zonke.
Ukutshala izithombo
Izithombo zitshalwa lapho zifinyelela ekuphakameni okungama-15 cm, inamaphoyinti angama-5-6 athuthukisiwe wangempela kanye nohlelo lwezimpande olwakhiwe kahle. Okwamanje, ingozi yezithwathwa zasentwasahlobo kufanele idlule ngaphandle kwewindi, futhi inhlabathi ekujuleni kuka-10 cm kufanele ifudumale ngaphezulu kwe-10 ° C. Ezifundeni ezahlukahlukene, le nkathi yehlukile, kepha, cishe, isukela ngasekupheleni kuka-Ephreli kuze kube sekupheleni kukaMeyi.
Isonto ngaphambi kokutshala, kudingeka uqale uqinise izithombo, unciphise ukuthambisa futhi ukujwayele ukuvula umoya. Izinsuku ezingama-2-3 ngaphambi kokutshala, ukunisela izithombo kumiswa nakho konke, ukunisela kakhulu emahoreni angama-2-3 kuphela ngaphambi kokutshala.
Izitshalo zitshalwa kanyekanye emithonjeni, ngaphambili zazithela ilitha lamanzi kuwo. Ngokuvamile, inqubo ifana kakhulu nokutshala izithombo zamatamatisi. Futhi-ke, konke ukufakelwa kushaqisa isitshalo. Ngakho-ke, kungakuhle ukuthi ulondoloze inhlabathi lapho imbewu ikhule khona.
Ukunakekelwa
Ngesikhathi sokukhula, kuyadingeka ukhulula inhlabathi njalo, ususe ukhula, ukondle namanzi. Ungondla izitshalo ngokuya ngemikhakha yomanyolo we-utamatisi. Ukuchelela kuvame ukukhawulelwa ekunikezelweni kabili noma kathathu ehlobo, kuchitha amalitha ayi-6,5 amanzi ngesitshalo ngasinye. Ukunisela okungcono akwanele kunokuthambisa-ukuthambisa ngokweqile.
Isihlahla sikagwayi esinezimpande singaba nezimpande kuze kube ngamamitha ambalwa, futhi abakhiqizi abaningi bakagwayi babheka ukuthambisa izihlahla zabantu abadala kuyingozi Kodwa-ke, ezinsukwini ezimbalwa ngaphambi kokuvuna, kungaba kuhle ukunisela ugwayi.
Ezitshalweni eziqhakazayo, ama-inflorescence ayaqhuma (ukuqothula) kanye namahlumela akamuva (ancwina) asuswa njalo.
Izimbali zikagwayi.
Inhlabathi
Ugwayi utshalwa emasimini amasha, ngenxa yokuntuleka okunjalo, ubekwa ngemuva kokudonsa, noma ngemuva kwezitshalo zasebusika noma ezinye izitshalo, kubekwa izidingo ezihlukile emhlabathini maqondana nezakhi zomzimba. Ngenxa yalesi sizathu, ugwayi akufanele utshaleke, ngokwesibonelo, ngemuva kwama-beet kanye namazambane.
Inhlabathi enhle kakhulu kagwayi kufanele ibhekwe njenge-loams enesihlabathi, ebonakala ngokuba khona kwe-potassium ne-nitrogen, edingekayo kwisitshalo sikagwayi.
Njengabo bonke abantu baseNew World, ugwayi udambisa umhlabathi ngokushesha. Kepha ikhambi liyaziwa - umanyolo uyixazulula ngokuphelele le nkinga.
Umanyolo omuhle kakhulu kagwayi ubulongwe bezinkomo. Izithonsi zezinyoni, amakhekhe kawoyela nawo abhekwa njengomanyolo owusizo kagwayi. Emhlabathini ontambeme ku-lime, kusetshenziswe i-liming, kunomthelela omuhle hhayi esitshalweni kuphela, kodwa nasekupheleleni kokuhlanganiswa kwesitshalo sikagwayi.
Ukuvunwa kuqala lapho umbala weqabunga kagwayi ushintsha usuka kokuluhlaza kuya kokuluhlaza okotshani noma okuluhlaza okotshani. Njengoba ngisho nasesihlahleni esisodwa kuzoba namaqabunga amabanga ahlukahlukene wokubala umbala, lapho-ke ukuhlanza kungelula amasonto ambalwa.
Izifo zezinambuzane nezifo zikagwayi
Ugwayi ulinyazwa yizinambuzane eziningi, ezithi:
- I-peid aphid, Ukushisa okuluhlaza kwe-Aphid, ugwayi ka-Aphid. Inambuzane eyingozi kagwayi. Inhlobo ebanzi edla izitshalo eziningi ezitshaliwe nezasendle. I-peach aphid igcwele zonke izitho zesitshalo sikagwayi bese imunca ujusi kuzo, okuholela ekuncipheni kwesivuno kanye nekhwalithi yezinto zokusetshenziswa ezingavuthiwe.
- Umlenze omnyama. Kubonakaliswa ngokufa kanye nokufa kwenqwaba yezithombo. Isisekelo seziqu sinciphile futhi sibole. Kuhlanganiswa umucu onsundu noma omhlophe emhlabeni othintekile. Umenzeli we-causative ugcinwa emhlabathini.
- I-Powdery Mildew Kubonwa ngemuva nje kokudlulisela izithombo emhlabathini. Kumaqabunga aphansi, kuvela amabala ahlukaniswe ngentambo ye-cobweb-powdery; lapho-ke i-plaque iqina khona futhi imboza amaqabunga aphezulu. Isifafaza sekhowe kudoti wemithi. Lesi sifo sinciphisa i-photosynthesis, siholele ekuvinjelweni kwezitshalo. Yehlisa isivuno kanye nekhwalithi yezinto zokusetshenziswa ezingavuthiwe.
- Ukubola okumpande okumnyama kuvame ukuthinta izithombo, kepha izitshalo zabantu abadala nazo ziyagula. Kuzithombo ezithintekile, amaqabunga ayaphela, aphuzi abe omile, izimpande ziphenduke zibe nsundu noma zibe mnyama bese zivama ukushabalala. Ezitshalweni ezindala, amaqabunga abopha, bese amabala amnyama namhlophe emikhawulweni yezimpande.
- Umhluzi ojwayelekile. Kusatshalaliswa yonke indawo eningizimu naseningizimu-mpumalanga yeKazakhstan. Amagciwane ahlala ezimpandeni zikagwayi futhi akhula ngenxa yesitshalo somsingathi, akha isiqu esinamandla esinamagatsha anamibala ansomi. Njengomphumela wokutheleleka okuningi kwezitshalo nge-broomrape, ukukhiqizwa kukagwayi kanye nekhwalithi yezinto zokusetshenziswa kuyancipha. I-Broomrape isatshalaliswa imbewu eqhubeka enhlabathini iminyaka eminingi.
- UMose. Amaqabunga ezitshalo ezinesifo anemibala evamile eluhlaza ehlukile ngokuluhlaza okotshani. Kamuva, kuvela izicubu. Umthombo oyinhloko wokutheleleka kwezitshalo izinsalela zasemva kokuvunwa kwezitshalo ezinezifo, zombili ezindlini zokugcina izithombo kanye nasensimini.
- Bacterial hazel. Kumathiphu amaqabunga ezinhlamvu zezithombo ezincane noma ngasemaphethelweni amaqabunga, kuvela izindawo ezinamafutha noma ezikhalayo. Esikhathini sezulu esina, ziyabola, futhi sonke isitshalo sitheleleka kubo. Izindawo ezi-round chlorotic ziyavela emaqabungeni ezitshalo ezikhulile, ezihlangana zihlanganise izingqimba zezicubu ezifile. Umenzeli obangela lesi sifo ugcinwa emacembe kagwayi, othulini lwecuba, naku-yokusungula.
Ukomiswa kukagwayi kanye nokuvutshelwa
Ingxenye ebaluleke kakhulu yokuthola ugwayi wokubhema ukoma kwayo nokubola. Sizokwenza ukubhuka ngaso leso sikhathi: uma ungabhemi, ungenakho okuhlangenwe nakho kwangaphambilini kokusebenzisa ugwayi, kuzoba nzima impela kuwe ukuthola ukuthi ukulungele kangakanani ukubhema. Awukwazi ukuwomisa, noma ukukubola. Kodwa-ke, ake ngikuikhumbuze ukuthi ogogo bethu bakhula futhi bomisa i-shag ngaphandle kwemfundo ephakeme.
Ukomisa
Ngemuva kokuvuna, amaqabunga kagwayi alengiswa ukuze omiswe egumbini elinomoya, futhi kungakuhle ukubeka iziqukathi zamanzi lapho ukuze wandise umswakama. Ihamba isomile cishe inyanga.
Lapho-ke amaqabunga omisiwe kumele ahlanganiswe namanzi ahlanzekile avela kwibhodlela lokufafaza futhi ahlanganiswe, embozwe nge-polyethylene, futhi avunyelwe ukumelana kuze kube usuku ngisho lokuthambisa. Amacembe kufanele abe athambile kodwa angabi manzi. Ngemuva kwalokho, amaqabunga, aphelele noma asikiwe, antshontshelwa ezitsheni ezingilazi ezibunjiwe (emabhange) ukuze zibiliswe.
Ugwayi
Fermentation
I-Fermentation inqubo yenqubo yezinto eziphilayo ezenzeka njalo emazingeni okushisa angama-50 ° C amasonto ambalwa. Ugwayi ubilisiwe ukuze unciphise amandla, uguqule ukunambitheka ungcono, unciphise i-nicotine nama-resins. Lokhu kungenziwa, ngokwesibonelo, kuhhavini kagesi ekushiseni kwe- + 50ºC ... +60 ºC. Kwesinye isikhathi kulula kakhulu ukomisa amaqabunga aqokiwe kunokuphelele.
Ugwayi ophumela lapho ungabhema emapayipini, ugoqwe ngogwayi, omuhle, imishini yokugoqa nephepha likagwayi manje sekuthengiswa ezindaweni eziningi. Ekugcineni, ungazama ukwenza i-cigar - ilula futhi iyathakazelisa.
Vele, impahla yethu ayenzi sengathi yincwadi enemininingwane, futhi izinto eziningi ezifihlakele zahlala zingasebenzi. Futhi uma uthatha kanzima ukulima ugwayi, kuzodingeka ukuthi ulufunde kabanzi lo magazini. Kepha ukuze uthole isivuno sokuqala - usuvele wazi ngokwanele.
Sizokujabulela ukufunda izeluleko nezimfihlo zakho ngokukhula kukagwayi, ukomisa kanye nokubila.
Futhi ekuphetheni, sikukhumbuza futhi: ukubhema kuyayilimaza futhi kuyingozi empilweni yakho. Uma ungabhemi, ungaqali. Uma ubhema - mhlawumbe sekuyisikhathi sokuyeka? Nerd ngokumelene nokubhema!
