Ngemuva kwamaholide oNyaka oMusha, abalimi baqala ukulungiselela ukuhlwanyela imbewu yezithombo. Onolwazi, oneminyaka eminingi yokuhlakulela imifino ekhula kalula, anquma kalula usuku lokuhlwanyela imbewu yezithombo, esebenzisa lokho akubonayo nokubala. Kunzima kakhulu ukuthola ledethi yabaqalayo. Ukuthola nokucacisa usuku lokutshala imbewu yezithombo, ungasebenzisa izindlela eziningana:
- ngokwemiphumela yocwaningo lwezolimo,
- indlela yokubala
- ngokuya ngefomula yezichibiyelo.
Amahlumela apelepele.
Kusetshenziswa amapharamitha okuchazwe ngaphambilini achazwe ngaphambilini
Kungcono ukuthi abalimi be-novice basebenzise izinkomba ezikhethekile zezilimo. Imininingwane yesikhathi sokutshala imbewu yezitshalo zemifino yezithombo itholakala eminyakeni eminingi yokuhlolwa kwe-agrotechnical ezimweni eziseduze kwendawo yokulima. Imbewu ibizwa ngokuthi i-zoned futhi lapho ithengisa ngemuva kokufakwa, abakhiqizi bahlala bekhombisa okukhishwayo, kuze kube lusuku olunconyelwe lokuhlwanyela imbewu yezithombo.
Kumele kuthiwe izinsuku zokuhlwanyelwa kwezimbewu ezinikezwe emaphaketheni ziyisilinganiso. Azinaki izimo zezulu zonyaka, izici zezinhlobonhlobo eziqanjwe kwilebula, namanye amapharamitha. Ngakho-ke, ngesikhathi sasebusika (mahhala emsebenzini wensimu) abalimi kudingeka bazijwayeze nezincomo zabafuthi bese bekhetha izinhlobo nezinhlobonhlobo abazikhethele zona kusukela kuzinkomba nakumahlu.
Ukuthenga nzalo ezimakwe kahle F1. Lokhu kuyinzalo yokuzala kokuqala. Ihlala ihluke kwabalandelayo ngokwanda kokumelana kwezifo futhi ihambelana ngqo nesici sesithenjwa.
Kwidayari yakho yengadi, dweba itafula bese ufaka imininingwane ezokusiza ekutholeni ngokunembile usuku lokutshala imbewu nokutshala izithombo zokutshala unomphela emhlabathini ovulekile noma ovikelwe (ukufudumala, ukubanda, izithombo zokugcina amafilimu, i-spandboda nezinye izindawo zokukhosela ezingapheli nezesikhashana).
Amapharamitha adingekayo ezitshalo eziphambili zemifino anikezwa ngezansi kutafula. 1 no 2. Qaphela ukuthi ethebula 1 no-2, izitshalo ezifanayo ziyahlukahluka eminyakeni yobudala kanye nezinsuku zokutshala (isifunda sinye, kepha izifunda zihlukile). Lawa matafula akhombisa ukuthi idatha esemthethweni ingemuva injani. Ngakho-ke, lapho usebenzisa amapharamitha enzelwe ukulima imbewu, kungcono ukuthatha idatha endaweni yakho.
Ithebula 1: Idatha yokutshala izithombo etholwe ngesisekelo yokuhlolwa kwezolimo okuphakathi kweRussia maphakathi
| Igama lesiko, izinsuku | Iminyaka yobudala, izinsuku | Usuku lokuhlunga | Izithombo, izinsuku | Usuku Lwesithombo |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Utamatisi wokuqala | 45-50 | 10.03-15.04 | 5-7 | 1-10.06 |
| Utamatisi ophakathi nendawo | 65-70 | 11.03-20.03 | 5-7 | 5-15.06 |
| Ipelepele elimnandi nelimunyu | 65-75 | 11.03-20.03 | 12-14 | 5-10.06 |
| Isitshalo seqanda | 60-65 | 21.03-31.03 | 10-12 | 5-15.06 |
| Isaladi lekhanda | 35-45 | 21.04-30.04 | 3-5 | 11-20.06 |
| UCelery | 75-85 | 12.02-20.02 | 12-20 | 21-31.05 |
| Isikwashi, ithanga | 25-30 | 11.04-20.04 | 3-5 | 21-31.05 |
| Ikhukhamba | 25-30 | 1.05-10.05 | 2-4 | 1-10.06 |
| Ikholifulawa | 45-50 | 1.04-10.04 | 4-6 | 21.05-31.05 |
| Iklabishi emhlophe | 45-50 | 25.03-10.04 | 4-6 | 21.05-31.05 |
Izithombo utamatisi.
Ithebula 2: Izinsuku zokutshala izithombo enkabeni yeRussia ezindaweni eziphephile nezivulekile
| Igama lesiko | Iminyaka yezithombo, izinsuku ezivela ekuhlumeni | Ukuvela kwezithombo, izinsuku | Izinsuku zokutshala izithombo |
|---|---|---|---|
| Utamatisi | IGreenhouse 60-70, indawo evulekile engu-50-60 | 5-8 | IGreenhouse - maphakathi noMeyi, umhlaba ovulekile - ekuqaleni kukaJuni |
| Ukhukhamba | abamba ukushisa 25-25, umhlabathi ovulekile 20-25 | 2-4 | IGreenhouse - amashumi amabili kaMeyi, umhlaba ovulekile - ekuqaleni kukaJuni |
| Isitshalo seqanda | 55-65 | 7-9 | IGreenhouse - ukuphela kukaMeyi |
| Pepper | 50-60 | 7-9 | IGreenhouse - ukuphela kukaMeyi |
| Isaladi lekhanda | 30-35 | 3-5 | IGreenhouse - maphakathi no-Ephreli, inhlabathi evulekile - maphakathi noMeyi |
| Isikwashi, ithanga | 20-25 | 2-4 | abamba ukushisa - maphakathi noMeyi, inhlabathi evulekile - ekuqaleni kukaJuni |
Indlela yokubala
Ukuze usebenzise le ndlela yokubala, kuyadingeka ukuthi usebenzise amamephu wesimo sezulu esifunda, akhombisa imingcele yesimo sezulu esifudumele sentwasahlobo (ngaphandle kokubuya kwesithwathwa sentwasahlobo) kanye nokupholisa ekwindla. Kudingeka futhi ubude besikhathi sokukhula kwezilimo. Ngomhlangano omuhle kakhulu wesikhathi sokutshala nokufakelwa, singena emikhakheni edingekayo kwidayari yethu yengadi.
Etafuleni sibeka imininingwane yobudala bezithombo, isikhathi sokutshala kwabo enhlabathini, ukuvela kwezithombo, isikhathi sesibonelelo akuyona izimo ezingalindeleki, ukuzivumelanisa nezinto ngemuva kokushona, kanye nedatha ebaliwe.
Isibonelo: enkabeni yeRussia, isikhathi esifudumele samaqhwa sifinyelela eminyakeni eyishumi kaMeyi. Sithatha umnqamulajuqu - Meyi 15. Isikhathi sokuthuthukiswa kwamatamatisi okuqala kusuka kuzithombo kuthatha izinsuku ezingama-45-50. Kulesi sikhathi sifaka izinsuku ezingama-5-7 zokuvela kwezithombo nezinsuku ezingama-3-4 zesikhathi sokushintshwa kwezithombo ngemuva kokuntywila kanye nezinye izehlakalo ezingalindelekile (50 + 7 + 4 = 61). Sisebenzisa ikhalenda, sibala emuva kwezinsuku ezingama-50 kusukela eminyakeni yezithombo, izinsuku ezi-4 zokwehla kwezinsuku kanye nezinsuku eziyi-7 zokuvela, futhi sithola inani lezinsuku zokubala (izinsuku ezingama-60-61) nosuku oluhleliwe lokutshala imbewu yezithombo. Usuku luba ngoMashi 14-15. Ukuhlwanyela imbewu kunganwetshwa ngokuyiqhuba ngezikhathi eziningana ngekhefu lezinsuku eziyi-10-15. Ukutshala izithombo kuzokwenzeka kusuka ngoMashi 15 kuya ku-Ephreli 1.
Nasi esinye isibonelo sokubala okubabayo kwepelepele. Thola umnqamulajuqu wesikhathi samahhala seqhwa kumephu yesimo sezulu. Ezifundeni eziseningizimu, ingena eminyakeni eyishumi edlule ka-Ephreli - eyishumi yokuqala kaMeyi. Iminyaka yezithombo yezithombo yepelepele elimnandi, elungele ukutshalwa unomphela, izinsuku ezingama-65-75. Sibala phansi kusukela ngoMeyi 10 (ukuze singaweli ngaphansi kwesithwathwa esibuyayo). Ukuya eminyakeni engu-65 yezithombo sifaka izinsuku ezi-5 zokuvela kwamahlumela no-7 ngenxa yezimo ezingalindelekile (izinga lokushisa lizokwehla, ukushoda kokukhanyisa, ukubambezeleka kokuphuza) futhi sithola ingqikithi yezinsuku ezingama-77. Sizibala kusukela ngoMeyi 10 bese sithola usuku lokutshala imbewu yezithombo ngoFebhuwari 17. Ngakho-ke, isikhathi sokuhlwanyela upelepele obumnandi bezithombo ezifundeni eziseningizimu sisukela ngoFebhuwari 17 kuya ku-Mashi 1. Uma kuhlwanyelwa ngemigomo engu-2-3 ngegebe lezinsuku ezingama-8-10, khona-ke isikhathi sokuhlwanyelwa kwembewu yepelepele zezithombo siyohlala kuze kube Mashi 5-10.
Izithombo zeqanda.
Lapho ubala usuku lokutshala imbewu, unamathela kumthetho: kungcono ukutshala izithombo ezincane, ezincane ukuze zikhule unomphela kunokugcwala. Izithombo ezincane zidlula esikhathini sokuzivumelanisa nezimo zokuphila ezintsha (njengengane esanda kuzalwa) ngokushesha, futhi ziyagcwala ziyaphazamisa ekutshaleni (imfucuza eningi) futhi zisengozini yezifo ngesikhathi sokuzivumelanisa nezimo. Uma ungaqiniseki ngekhwalithi yokulungiswa kwezindawo zokutshala izithombo ukuze zisetshenziswe unomphela, khona-ke hlala uhlehlise usuku lokutshala kuze kufike usuku oluzayo (kwesinye isikhathi kuze kufike ezinsukwini eziyi-10). Ungahlwanyela imbewu ngamagama amaningana. Le nqubo izonikeza ithuba lokungena ekushiseni okushisa nokukhanya okuvumayo isiko.
Ukubalwa ngefomula yezichibiyelo
Njengoba ubona kulezibonelo ezingenhla, usuku lokuhlwanyela imbewu lusabonakala ukuthi luyantanta futhi luyahlukahluka kungakapheli izinsuku eziyi-10. Kukhona enye indlela yokubala ukuhlwanyelwa okunembe kakhudlwana kwembewu yezithombo - ngokuya ngefomula yezichibiyelo. Ngokubalwa kwayo, kuzodingeka imininingwane eyengeziwe, engathathwa ezincwadini ezisebenzayo noma isebenzise imiphumela yokubona kwethu isikhathi eside.
Sidweba itafula elisizayo, lapho sifaka khona imininingwane elandelayo (ithebula 3). Lapho kunqunywa usuku lokuhlwanyela imbewu yezithombo ngefomula yezichibiyelo, ukubalwa kwenziwa ezingeni lebanga. Okusho ukuthi, sibheka imingcele hhayi yamatamatisi okuqala noma ezinye izitshalo, kodwa ezinhlobonhlobo noma i-hybrid ethile.
Ithebula 3: Isibonelo sokubala usuku lokutshala imbewu yezilimo zemifino ngokuya ngefomula yezichibiyelo
| Ukubalwa kwamapharamitha | ||
|---|---|---|
| Isiko lemifino | Utamatisi wokuqala | Isitshalo seqanda |
| Okuhlukahlukene, okuhlanganisiwe | (Isihloko) | (Isihloko) |
| Isikhathi semifino, izinsuku | 70-85 | 100-150 |
| Ubudala bezithombo, kusuka kuzithombo kuya kokufakelwa, izinsuku | 45-50 | 60-65 |
| Ukuhluma, izinsuku | 5-7 | 7-9 |
| Khetha, izinsuku, | 1 | 1 |
| Ukuguqulwa, izinsuku | 2-4 | 2-4 |
| Izimo zesimo sezulu (usuku lokutshala izithombo endaweni evulekile, eMoscow, esifundeni saseMoscow) | 10.06 | 15.06 |
| Usuku lokuhlwanyela imbewu yezithombo | Ephreli 15th | Mashi 29 |
Ukubala ngokunembile usuku lokutshala imbewu yezithombo ezikhulayo, udinga ukwazi:
- ubude besikhathi sokukhula sohlobo oluthile,
- iminyaka efanelekile yezithombo (izinsuku kusuka ekuhlumeni kuya ekutshaleni njalo),
- izimo ezikhulayo (abamba ukushisa, abamba ukushisa, umhlabathi ovulekile),
- isikhathi sokukhula kwembewu, izinsuku,
- isimo sezulu sesifunda (isikhathi esifudumele nokuqalwa kwenkathi yeqhwa).
Izithombo of isilimo esidliwayo esinamagatsha anamanzi, ulethisi, uleki kanye iklabishi.
Amanye wemingcele ozowathola esikhwameni sembewu, amanye angatholakala kwizikhombisi-ndlela, amamephu wesimo sezulu wesifunda, wesifunda. Ukubalwa, manqume masinyane ukuthi yiziphi izimo isiko elizokhuliswa ngalo esikhathini sokuzala.
Amapharamitha alandelayo kufanele akhonjiswe esikhwameni sembewu:
- igama lezinhlobonhlobo noma i-hybrid,
- isifunda esikhulayo
- usuku lokutshala
- usuku lokwehlukaniswa,
- ukwelashwa ngembewu.
Amapharamitha wokugcina angu-2 azoba yinkomba yakho ekubaleni. Kubalulekile ukwazi ukuthi ngabe ukwelashwa kwembewu kwenziwa yini. Uma kungenjalo, kufanele uphathe imbewu yakho ezifweni nasezinambuzaneni ngokwakho. Imbewu esezingeni eliphansi izokubambezela ukukhula kwezithombo futhi ingephuze isikhathi sokutshala ngaso sonke isikhathi, ukungatholi noma ukuthola izithombo ezihluma kakhulu, njll. Ukugcwalisa itafula lokubala, kuzodingeka inani lamapharamitha atholwe ngokuhlolwa (isikhathi sesikhathi sokukhula, iminyaka yezithombo zemifino, isikhathi sokuhluma kwembewu).
Ngokwesilinganiso, isikhathi sokukhula kwesinye isikhathi sikhonjiswa kwiphakheji ngembewu noma kumakhathalogi ezinhlobonhlobo kanye nzalo yezilimo zemifino. Sithatha njengesisekelo idatha emaphakathi
- Utamatisi-izinsuku ezingama-75-140;
- upelepele omnandi -80-140 izinsuku,
- Isitshalo seqanda-izinsuku ezingama-90-150.
Ubudala obunconyiwe bokutshala (ipharamitha elungile kakhudlwana liyakhonjiswa kwiphakethe yembewu):
- utamatisi - izinsuku ezingama-45-50;
- utamatisi waphakathi nesizini - izinsuku ezingama-55-60;
- utamatisi ovuthiwe sekwephuzile - izinsuku ezingama-70;
- upelepele omnandi-izinsuku ezingama-55-65;
- Isitshalo seqanda - izinsuku ezingama-50-60.
Ukuhluma kwezithombo kuncike ekuqulweni kwezinto ezibonakalayo: - ukwelashwa ngezinto zokukhula, ukuhlwanyela ngembewu noma ngembewu eyomile, njll. Isikhathi sokukhula kwembewu esijwayelekile yile:
- utamatisi - izinsuku ezingama-4-8;
- pepper omnandi - izinsuku eziyi-12- 12;
- isitshalo seqanda - izinsuku ezingama-10-12;
- iklabishi elimhlophe - izinsuku ezingama-4-6.
Izithombo iklabishi.
Kungenzeka ukuthola isivuno esikhathini esinqunyelwe, kanye nokwelula izithelo zezitshalo. Ukuze wenze lokhu, imbewu yokuhlwanyelwa yenziwa ngezigaba eziningana, ngegebe (ngokuya ngesiko) ngezinsuku eziyi-8 kuya ku-12-16. Ukuze sithole isivuno esisezingeni eliphakeme kakhulu, sikhetha izinhlobo zokuqala zokuvuthwa bese siyitshala ngaphambi kwesikhathi, sinikeze yonke imibandela edingekayo (ukushisa, ukuthambisa, ukukhanyisa kabusha, ukugqoka okuphezulu). Kukhona ubungozi bokulahlekelwa yizithombo kusuka ekuqandeni, kodwa indawo ekhosela esezingeni eliphakeme izosiza ekugcineni izithombo futhi zithole isivuno sokuqala esingeziwe.
Ukutshala izithombo zaphakade kuthinta kakhulu isikhathi sokuhlwanyela imbewu yezithombo. Uma sitshala izithombo emhlabathini ovulekile, lapho-ke kudingeka wazi ukuqala kwenkathi yehlobo lasekuseni elingenantethe ngokunembe ngangokunokwenzeka. Kwindawo ephakathi neRussia (indawo yaseMoscow, Ufa, Chelyabinsk) lesi isikhathi sisukela ku-10.06. Esifundeni esibanda kakhulu, esimboza iPerm, Yekaterinburg, isikhathi seqhwa siqala ngo-15,06. Ezingeni leVoronezh naseSaratov, kusungulwa isimo sezulu esifudumele kusuka ku-1.05 naseningizimu (Rostov, Krasnodar) - kusuka ku-10.04.
Ukufudumala okusunguliwe kuzoba nomphumela obonakalayo esimweni senhlabathi, kuzoqala ukufudumala. Lokhu kubaluleke kakhulu lapho kuhlwanyelwa ezindlini zokugcina izithombo zamafilimu nezindlu ezishisayo ngaphandle kokushisa njalo. Ngezinsuku ezingenhla, inhlabathi yezithombo kufanele ifudumale ifike ku-10 ... + 14 ° С ungqimba lwe-10-15 cm. Emhlabathini obandayo, ukuhlwanyelwa kungcono ukubambezeleka. Abaphenyi ababambe iqhaza kubuchwepheshe bezolimo bezitshalo zemifino bakholelwa ukuthi kunengqondo kakhulu ukutshala izithombo zesikhathi esifushane kunokugcwala.
Ngokusho kwetafula. 3 sibala usuku lokuhlwanyela imbewu yamatamatisi okuqala wezithombo ngokuya ngesimo sokuchitshiyelwa.
- Usuku lokutshala izithombo endaweni evulekile eMoscow esifundeni lungoJuni 15.
- Isikhathi esifanele sokuhlwanyelwa yizinsuku ezingama-50. Ngokwamapharamitha alungile, izithombo zalesi sikhathi kufanele zibe nokuphakama okungama-25-30 cm, amaqabunga angama-5-7 abunjiwe, ubukhulu besigaxa abukho ngaphansi kwama-6-8 mm nama-inflorescence ayi-1-2 anamahlamvu. Uma izithombo zinezinkomba ezinjalo, kepha zinezinsuku ezingama-44 kuphela, zingatshalwa endaweni evulekile ezinezinkomba ezamukelwe ngenhla zokulungela inhlabathi. Uma inhlabathi ingakashisi futhi isimo sezulu sibanda, unganciphisa ukuthambisa bese wehlisa izinga lokushisa ku-greenhouse (misa okwesikhashana ukukhula kwesithombo) noma usitshale emhlabathini ngokwenza indawo yokukhosela yesikhashana (ngokwesibonelo, sebenzisa ungqimba oluphindwe kabili lwe-spandbond).
- Kusukela ngosuku lukaJuni 15, sikhipha unyaka wokuhlwanyela (izinsuku ezingama-50) ngokubala phansi. Sithola usuku ngo-Ephreli 27th.
- khipha isikhathi sokuhluma kwembewu (izinsuku eziyi-7). Sithola usuku ngo-Ephreli 20.
- Susa isikhathi sokuguqulwa uma izithombo sezikhulile zisebenzisa ukukha (1 + 4 = izinsuku ezi-5). Sithola usuku ngo-Ephreli 15th.
Izithombo of pepper.
Kutholakala ngokubalwa, izinsuku zokuhlwanyela imbewu yezithombo zihlangana ngokuphelele nedatha ekuThebula 1 (isilinganiso esimaphakathi sokuhlwanyelwa kwembewu esitholakala eminyakeni eminingi yesipiliyoni), kepha sinembe kakhudlwana.
