Wonke umuntu uvame ukuba namakhukhamba engadini; akhula kahle, kubukeka sengathi angawodwa. Kodwa-ke, kwesinye isikhathi kwenzeka ukuthi ukhukhamba kwesinye isikhathi luyehluka ngandlela-thile - aluhlanganisi, lugxishwe, lube nombala ongajwayelekile kwezinhlobonhlobo, luthambe kalula noma lukhule kancane. Masikhulume namhlanje ngezizathu zokuthi kungani kungenza ushintsho olungathandeki ngamakhukhamba, yini elahlekile ngempela nokuthi ungasilungisa kanjani lesi simo?
Yini ukhukhamba ongekho?
Ukudla Okubalulekile Kwekhukhamba
Ukhukhamba adinga zonke izakhamzimba ngaphandle kokukhetha, ngaphandle kwe-chlorine, ikhukhamba layo alibekezeleli, ngakho-ke, umanyolo oqukethe i-chlorine akufanele usetshenziswe ngaphansi kwawo, futhi kufanele amakhukhamba angatshalwe emhlabathini nenhlabathi eyeqile kulokhu.
I-nitrogen
INitrogen iyisakhi esidingeka ngokoqobo zonke izitshalo futhi, ikhukhamba. Ngenxa ye-nitrogen, izitshalo zikhula ngokushesha, zandisa isisindo semifino, yingakho kungcono kakhulu uma i-nitrogen isivele isemhlabathini ekuqaleni kwesigaba sokukhula kukhukhamba. Ngiyabonga ngakho, isisindo esingaphezulu komhlaba siyakhiwa, okudingekayo ukuze kube nefotosynthesis ephelele.
Kuvunyelwe ngokuphelele ukuhlela ukuvunwa kwe-nitrogen yamakhukhamba ngokoqobo izinsuku ezimbalwa ngemuva kokudlulisela izithombo endaweni, bese uphinda isicelo ngesonto ngemuva kokuba sezithathiwe indawo entsha. Imiphi imithamo? Ngqo emaphepheni wethisipuni le-urea emthonjeni ngamunye lapho kutshalwe, kuhlanganiswe kahle nenhlabathi enomswakama. Isonto ngemuva kokutshala, chitha isipuni se-urea ebhakedeni lamanzi bese uthele imitha yesikwele yendawo ngaleli nani.
Kepha ukuletha inani le-nitrogen ngokweqile - okungukuthi, ukugqoka okwesithathu okuphezulu, okwesine nokunye akukufanele ukwenza, lokhu kuzoba nomthelela ongemuhle kakhulu ezitshalweni zamakhukhamba, zizomane ziqhubeke nokuphila, zikhuphuke futhi zikhuphule inani lesisindo semifino ekonakaleni kwesitshalo. Ungathola ukuthi kwanele ukuthi isitshalo samakhukhamba sivele sidle i-nitrogen ngokuguqula amahlamvu waso - zizophenduka ziluhlaza mnyama. Yini engenziwa? Uma womile, bese unisela izitshalo zamakhukhamba nsuku zonke, uzama ukugeza i-nitrogen ibe izingqimba zenhlabathi ezijulile ezingatholakali ohlelweni lwazo lwezimpande.
Ungakhohlwa ukuthi i-nitrogen ingafakwa ezitsheni zikhukhamba, ngakho-ke, lapho nje sekuvela amaqanda okuqala, kungcono ukuyeka ukondla amakhukhamba nge-nitrogen nhlobo.
Kepha ngaphezu kwe-nitrogen eyeqile, kungahle kube nokuntuleka kwe-nitrogen enhlabathini, njengoba isitshalo sibonisa ukwehla komsebenzi wokukhula, ukuncipha kwesayizi lamaqabunga, ushintsho kumbala weqabunga kusuka kokujwayelekile kuya kokuluhlaza okukhanyayo noma ngisho nokuphuzi okukhanyayo, ukwehla okukhulu kwenani lamaqanda ama-likhukhamba esitshalweni, futhi uma uma izithelo zikhula kusuka kumaqanda, ziba zincane kakhulu, zimbi.
Ngokwemvelo, uma ubona okuthile okufana kumakhukhamba, khona-ke kufanele impela ufake umanyolo oqukethe i-nitrogen kungaba ngaphansi kwempande (ngemuva kokukhulula inhlabathi, uthele u-5-7 g we-urea oncibilikisiwe emanzini ngaphansi kwesitshalo ngasinye) noma ufafaze izitshalo (inani elifanayo kodwa ebhakedeni lamanzi, ngemuva kokugqoka phezulu), ukuze ngokushesha izakhamzimba zingene kwezicubu zezitshalo.
Uma, ngokuntuleka kwe-nitrogen, ukhukhamba usazakha izithelo, azoba mancane futhi amabi.
Iphosphorus
Iphosphorus iyinto ebalulekile emhlabeni wethu, iyadingeka izitshalo eziningi, kubandakanya nezitshalo zemifino, kubandakanya ikhukhamba. Kulesi sitshalo, lesi sakhi sinesibopho sokukhula nokuthuthuka kwezimpande: uma ngabe kukhona ifosforasi encane enhlabathini, uhlelo lwezimpande luzokhula kabi futhi ngeke bakwazi ukudonsa ezinye izinto eziwusizo ezivela enhlabathini, futhi lokhu kuzodala ukulahleka kokungavikeleki kwezitshalo futhi kuholele ekuncipheni kwalo.
Into esemqoka ukwazi ukuthi i-phosphorus ngeke iphazamise kunoma yisiphi isigaba sokuthuthuka kwamakhukhamba, ngakho-ke, ibekwa ngisho nasezinkomeni lapho utshala izithombo zamakhukhamba, pre-ihlanganiswe nenhlabathi futhi iswakanyiswe ngenhlabathi (isigamu sesipuni se phosphorus). I-phosphorus ibalulekile futhi iyadingeka kumakhukhamba ngesikhathi sokuqhakaza kweziningi nangesikhathi sokumiswa kwe-ovary - kulezi zikhathi ezibalulekile ikhukhamba, kungenzeka ukusebenzisa i-superphosphate, usebenzisa u-8-12 g nge-skwele ngalinye lokutshala.
Ukushoda kwe-phosphorus kuzodala amaqabunga wamakhukhamba ukuthi aguqule umbala ube luhlaza okwesibhakabhaka noma obomvu, amaqabunga amasha azoba mncane kakhulu kunalawo amadala, ukukhula kwamahlumela kuzophela, isibalo se-ovari sizoncipha, izinqubo zokuvuthwa zizoncipha. Kunesidingo esiphuthumayo sokwenza ukugcotshwa kwama-foliar top, okokuqala chaza ithisipuni le-superphosphate emanzini abilayo (amanzi abilayo amancane), bese ubeka ebhakedeni lamanzi, ugcwalise ibhodlela lokufafaza bese uphatha izitshalo ngokuphelele.
Iqiniso elithokozisayo abaningi abangazi ngalo: Ukhukhamba kuyaqabukela kuhlushwa ukuntuleka kwe-phosphorus enhlabathini evamile, bangathola ukushoda kwalesi sakhi emhlabathini ompofu ngokweqile kanye nezinga elikhulayo le-acidity.
Kepha kwenzekani kumakhukhamba ngokweqile kwe-phosphorus: amahlumela akamuva aqala ukusheshisa ukukhula ngenkathi evezwa, amaqabunga ajika aphuzi, kwesinye isikhathi ngisho nezindawo ezinobungozi zingabonakala kuwo, futhi uma kukhona nokusilela kokuswakama, khona-ke izitshalo ziqala ukulahlekelwa yi-turgor futhi ibune. Insindiso ngasikhathi sinye - Ukunisela okusebenzayo.
Ungakhohlwa ukuthi inani ngokweqile le-phosphorus alinakuxazululeka - ukungezelela okuningi kwalo, lapho uvimba amandla okudla i-potassium ngezitshalo, okungekho ingozi kangako. Lapha udinga ukuqaphela.
Potassium
Ngendlela, mayelana ne-potassium: ngenxa yalesi sakhi, izakhi zomzimba zigeleza ngokukhululekile kusuka ohlelweni lwezimpande ziye izithelo namaqabunga, futhi lokhu kusondeza isikhathi sokuvuna. Ngokunikezwe lokhu, ukuze i-potassium iphenduke amafomu atholakalayo wezitshalo zamakhukhamba, kufanele ifakwe ngaphambi kwesikhathi, ngenyanga (isipuni se-potassium sulfate nge-1m2), bese iphinde ingezwe futhi emva kwesonto (potassium sulfate enanini le-12 g ngama-10 l wamanzi nge-1 m2) Abalimi bathi ngeke kube khona okujwayelekile kwekhukhamba ngaphandle kwe-potassium.
Uma kukhona i-potassium enenhlabathi eyanele, khona-ke amakhukhamba avame ukuba crispy, amnandi, namanzi, futhi nesiko ngokwalo likhule lingaziguli.
Uma kune-potassium encane enhlabathini, khona-ke amaqabunga amnyama, imivimbo iba yinde ngokweqile, ubuncane bezindlela zama-ovary, umngcele ophuzi ungabonakala emaqabungeni, futhi ukhukhamba ngokuqinisekile uzoba nomunyu. Ukugqoka okungaphezulu okuphuthumayo kwe-foliar kuzosiza - ukuncibilikisa i-16 g ye-potassium sulfate ebhakedeni lamanzi bese ufafaza izitshalo kuze kube yilapho izimpawu zokufa yindlala kwe-potasium ziphela ngokuphelele.
Kepha ukugcwala ngokweqile kwe-potassium akuhambi kahle - amaqabunga ayaguquka, izitshalo zihamba kancane, ibanga phakathi kwezingxenyana, futhi uhlobo lwendabuko lungavela ngaphezulu kweqabunga. I-potassium ethe xaxa, njengoba ibukeka ingaxakile, ingadala ukubola ngaphambi kwesikhathi kwamaqabunga ekhukhamba.
Ukudla ngokweqile kwe-potassium kubonakaliswa kabi kukhukhamba ngoba kuvimbela ukufakwa kwezihlahla zezinye izinto ezibalulekile - i-nitrogen, kanti nokuntuleka kwayo, kudala ukukhula nokukhula kwekhukhamba. Ukuze ugweme lokhu, ungazama ukwelapha izitshalo nge-ammonium nitrate, thela amanzi ayi-12 g ngamalitha ayi-10 amanzi ngokufafaza izitshalo.
Kepha hhayi kuphela i-nitrogen, phosphorus ne-potassium kuphela ebalulekile ikhukhamba, izakhi zomkhondo nazo zidlala indima, futhi kwesinye isikhathi kuyabhekeleka.
I-Boron
Isibonelo, ngokuntuleka kwe-boron, kuvela umphetho ophuzi emaqabungeni ekhukhamba, izimbali, kanye nama-ovari, kuncane, kanti imivimbo ye-chlorotic ekhanyayo ivela ezitsheni ezibunjiwe. Imvamisa, ngokuswela i-boron, izithelo zigoqiwe impela, kepha ngokweqile kwayo, emaphethelweni amaqabunga aqala ukoma ngamandla, ancibilike futhi abe njengedome leparachute.
Amaqabunga ekhukhamba angalingani ngokusobala angakhombisa ukuntuleka kwe-magnesium.
Magnesium
Izimpawu zokuqala zokuntuleka kwe-magnesium zithinta ikhukhamba ngendlela eshidi elinemibala engalingani: kuyo ungabona i-foci yemibala evamile ne-chlorotic ngokuphelele. I-magnesium engaphezulu nayo ayigibeli kahle - amaqabunga amnyama kakhulu futhi aqhekekile.
Manganese
Ukuntuleka kweManganese kuvela uma imithambo namaqabunga amakhukhamba bese ephenduka eluhlaza okotshani, bese iqabunga ngokwalo livela njenge-chlorotic. I-manganese eyeqile nayo iyinkinga, ama-veins amaqabunga aphenduka abomvu, futhi isikhala esiphakathi kwawo simbozwe amabala ansundu. Uma kune-manganese eningi, khona-ke lesi sitshalo sinobuthi futhi singafa ngokushesha okukhulu.
I-calcium
I-calcium iyinto ebalulekile yekhukhamba; ukuntula kwe-calcium kukhukhamba kungabonakala emngceleni weqabunga owomile, ophuzi. Into ejabulisa kakhulu ukuthi ngokumelene nalesi sizinda, ishidi ngokwalo lingacishe libe mhlophe ngokuphelele, lingabi nalutho lwe-turgor bese ligoqekile.
Ngomthamo omkhulu we-calcium, i-chlorosis iyaqala, izibonakalisa ngesimo samabala abonakala kahle, ayindilinga emagqabeni. Lokhu kungenxa yokuthi ikhukhamba iyehluleka ukubamba i-manganese ne-boron.
Gcina ukhukhamba kusuka ekusweleni kwezakhi zomzimba
Njengesilinganiso sokuvimbela, cishe kanye ngenyanga, ungangeza umlotha wezinkuni ngaphansi kwamakhukhamba - 200 g nge-1 m2, kuwo kufinyelela ku-5% we-potash nokulandelela izinto okugaywe kahle yizitshalo.
I-Boric acid ihambelana kahle nokuntuleka kwe-boron, kungcono ukucubungula ukhukhamba nayo ngesikhathi sokuqhakaza izimbali, ngaleyo ndlela uyokhulisa nesilungiselelo sezithelo. IBoron ayanele - i-boric acid ejwayelekile ayidluli ku-0,2 g ilitha lamanzi, futhi izitshalo zidinga ukufafazwa ngokucophelela ngangokunokwenzeka ngaleli nani elivela ebhodleleni lokufafaza.
Kungenzeka ukucebisa ukhukhamba nge-magnesium nge-kalimagnesia - ingafakwa kabili ngesizini - amaviki ambalwa emva kokufakelwa futhi futhi ngenyanga ngemuva kwesicelo sokuqala. Isilinganiso esingu-10-12 g seKalimagnesia ngamamitha skwele ngamunye.
Njengokuthi esikhundleni se-kalimagnesia, kungenzeka ukusebenzisa ufulawa we-dolomite noma isigaxa sokhuni, ukuthola amamitha ayisikwele enhlabathi ngamakhukhamba abakudinga bobabili ngenani lama-50 g.
Uma ubuzibuza ukuthi ungasitholaphi i-manganese, khona-ke kukhona isisombululo - thatha uphinde unciphise isixazululo esibuthakathaka, esigcwele esipinki se-potanganum permanganate ejwayelekile.
I-calcium - ingafakwa emhlabathini ngokunothisa kokugcina nge-calcium carbonate, vele udinge u-0.5 g nge-skwele ngalinye lomhlaba. Ngendlela, lesi sakhi sicebile ku-chalk ejwayelekile, ufulawa we-dolomite noma umlotha wezinkuni.
Ikhalsiyamu eliningi nakuzo iziqobelo zamaqanda. Into esemqoka ukuthi i-calcium ligcinwe lapho impela, amaqanda awadingi ukubiliswa, kufanele aphulwe, igobolondo kufanele lithathwe futhi lichotshozwe kwi-grinder yekhofi iye endaweni yofulawa - ongcono kunalokho. Lapha kuleli fomu, ungalenza, uchithe ingxenye yesipuni ngemitha yesikwele yenhlabathi. Ngendlela, ungafaka uhhafu wezipuni zegobolondo emgodini lapho utshala izithombo bese uthela enye isipuni ngesonto emhlabathini owawukhululiwe ngaphambili.
Kubalulekile ukufeza ukondla okuphoqelekile okukhombisa amakhukhamba amathathu noma amane.
Ezinye izici zokondla ukhukhamba
Ngesikhathi sokuqhakaza, ukwelashwa nge-boric acid - ukufafaza kufanelekile. Udinga u-0,2 g we-boric acid ebhakedeni lamanzi bese ufafaza kahle zonke izimbali ngaleli khambi. Ngemuva kwezinsuku ezimbalwa emva kwalokhu, engeza i-potassium sulfate encibilikisiwe emanzini ngenani lezipuni ngesikwele esilinganayo ne-superphosphate ngevolumu efanayo, ngaphambili eyachithwa emanzini abilayo.
Ngokuqondene ne-nitroammophos, abalimi abaningi bayiletha yonke inkathi yangempela engxenyeni yezipuni, bayayiqeda emanzini bese befafaza lokhu kwakhiwa kwesitshalo kusihlwa kuyo yonke inkathi, akukho lutho olubi oluvame ukwenzeka.
Kubalulekile ukufeza ukondla okugunyaziwe kwamakhukhamba ngesizini, ngaphezulu kungenzeka, kepha asikho isidingo esiphuthumayo salokhu. Kungcono kunisela izitshalo kaningi, sikhulule inhlabathi silwe nokhula.
Isiphetho Njengazo zonke izinto eziphilayo, ukhukhamba udinga ukudla, ngaphezu kwalokho kulinganise futhi kuhlukahluka okuhlukile. Musa ukufaka izinto ukhukhamba ngomanyolo ofanayo, ungasebenzisi imithamo emikhulu yomanyolo we-nitrogen, zama ukusebenzisa umanyolo wemvelo owengeziwe - ngokwesibonelo, ukhula, umlotha wokhuni, isosi elicwengekile izinsuku ezimbalwa, khona-ke izilimo zakho ziyobe ziphakeme futhi, okubaluleke kakhulu, zilusizo!
