Amantongomane we-Pistachio asetshenziswe ekudleni iminyaka engaphezu kwezinkulungwane eziyizinkulungwane ezimbili. Ama-pistachios abizwa ngokuthi zombili lezi zithelo ngesimo samantongomane aluhlaza, adliwayo, nezihlahla ezinikeza lezi zithelo. Igama elithi "pistachio" ngokwalo lafika olimini lwethu lisuka eFrance, lapho, khona-ke, libolekwe kwisiLatin nesiGreek. NgesiGrikhi, igama lelo livela olimini lwesiPheresiya elivela egameni elithi “pisteh“. Yi-Iran ebhekwa njengendawo yokuzalwa yalesi sitshalo esimangalisayo. Igama elithi "pistachio" lifakwe ngokuqinile kulwazimagama lolimi lwaseRussia kusukela ngekhulu le-18.
I-Pistachio (I-Pistcia) - uhlobo oluncane lwezihlahla noma izihlahlana zomndeni wakwaSumakhov (Anacardiaceae), ejwayelekile ezindaweni ezisendaweni ezishisayo, ezingxenye ezishisayo ze-Old and New Worlds. Isitshalo esaziwa kabanzi futhi saziswa ezikhathini zasendulo futhi singumthombo wezithelo ezidliwayo I-pistachio yangempelaIsihlahla sePistachio (I-Pististia vera) luhlobo lwe-pistachio genus.
Ukubiza amantongomane we-pistachios akulona iqiniso ngokuphelele kusuka endaweni yokubukwa, ngoba isithelo somuthi wepistachio yi-drupe. Esikubiza ngokuthi yi-nati yi-intraocarp (itshe), njengama-alimondi athandwa yibo bonke. Kodwa-ke, ekuphekeni nasekuphileni kwansuku zonke sekutholakele ukuthi noma yisiphi isithelo esidliwayo, esakhiwa yigobolondo kanye ne-kernel edliwayo, ibizwa nge- nati.
Ukutshala kwezihlahla ze-pistachio. © cstoernerUmlando wama-pistachios
Sekuyizinkulungwane zeminyaka, izihlahla zepistachio zikhule eNtshonalanga Asia, zisuka eSyria ziye e-Afghanistan. Ayehlonishwa ikakhulukazi ePheresiya futhi abhekwa njengophawu lwengcebo. Ama-pistachios ayaziswa ngokunambitheka kwawo okunambitheka kanye nenani lomsoco; bekungamantongomane athandekayo enkantolo yamakhosi ye-Queen of Sheba. Kuyathakazelisa ukuthi ama-pistachios angenye kuphela kwamantongomane amabili okukhulunywa ngawo eBhayibhelini.
Ngesikhathi soMbuso WaseRoma, isihlahla sepistachio sangeniswa eGrisi nase-Italy sisuka eSyria. Ezinye izazi-mlando zibonisa ukuthi ngemuva kokuwa koMbuso WaseRoma, ukutshala kwama-pistachios e-Italy kwaphela, kepha ngemuva kwalokho ama-Arabhu awangenisa eSicily ngemuva kokunqotshwa kwalesi siqhingi.
AmaPistachios atshalwe e-Iran, Greece, Syria, Spain, Italy, Turkey, USA nakwamanye amazwe.
Emhlabeni omusha, ama-pistachios aqala ukutshala ukuthengisa ngasekupheleni kweminyaka ye-1890 eCalifornia. Namuhla, ukukhiqizwa kwaminyaka yonke kwama-pistachios e-US kungokwesibili kuphela e-Iran, umkhiqizi omkhulu kakhulu emhlabeni. Iningi lokuhlinzekwa kwama-pistachios omhlaba kudliwa e-United States.
Isixha se-pistachios egatsheni. © uStan ShebsIkhula kanjani ipistachios?
Isihlahla sePistachio kwesinye isikhathi sibizwa ngokuthi i-almond eluhlaza. Lesi sihlahla, kwesinye isikhathi esikhula sibe ngamamitha ayi-10 ubude, sikhula emadwaleni, ezinsweni ezixegayo, emithambekeni nasezindaweni ezinobusika obupholile (umuthi wepistachio ubekezelela isithwathwa size sifike ema-20 degrees). Ibekezelela isomiso kahle, ingazinakekeli uma inakekelwa.
Isiqu salesi pistachio sigobile, sivame ukuthambekela futhi siboshwe. Amagxolo emagatsheni amadala ngampunga ekhanyayo, ngonyaka - obomvana ngokubomvu. Izimpande zihamba ngo-10,5 m ngokujula, futhi zifinyelela ku-20-25 m nxazonke.
I-Pistachio isitshalo esijwayelekile. Izimbali ezinamandla, ezinobukhulu, eziyinkimbinkimbi, ezibanzi ezinobukhulu, ubude obungu-4-6 cm. Izimbali ze-Varicose ezimbizeni ezinqabile nezincane, cishe ubude obufanayo, ukubukeka kwezimbali ezintathu kuya kwezihlanu, ezingalingani, zibanzi kunezimbali eziqinile, amaqabunga 2-4 mm ubude.
Izimbali zesihlahla sePistachio. © Ido KronIzithelo zale pistachio zikhulu (amahlandla amaningi amakhulu kunezinye izinhlobo zalesi sakhi sofuzo) i-drupe engu-0.8-1,5 cm, ububanzi obuyi-0.6-0.8 cm. Lapho sesivuthiwe, i-pericarp ihlukaniswa kalula. Izikhwebu zembewu ziluhlaza, ziyadliwa, zinamafutha.
Izimbali zePistachio ngoMashi - Meyi. Izithelo ngoJulayi - Septhemba.
Amaqabunga amahle namaqoqo ezithelo ezibomvu ezinwebekile kwenza kuthandeke njengesitshalo sokuhlobisa.
Ama-pistachios egatsheni lesihlahla. © uStan ShebsUkuvuna
Ukuvuna ama-pistachios ngasekupheleni kukaJulayi - ekuqaleni kukaSepthemba. Amantongomane aqale omiswe elangeni - emva kwalokho angagcinwa, kepha angabi ngaphezu konyaka. Kwesinye isikhathi nawo afakwe usawoti futhi othosiwe.
Amantongomane ayavunwa lapho ikhoba elingaphandle eligubungela umunyu liba buthaka. Ziwa kalula ngokwanele uma isihlahla sinyakaziswa. I-husk imbozwe nge-walnut eluhlaza okotshani eboshwe ngombala we-beige. Isihlahla esisodwa singakhiqiza amakhilogremu angama-25 wamantongomane athosiwe. Lapho ifakwa emaphaketheni angama-airtight, ama-pistachios athosiwe agcinwa izinyanga eziningana. Uma eqandisiwe, azogcinwa iminyaka eminingi futhi agcine ukunambitheka kwawo kanye namaminerali.
I-Pistachio ithathwa njengenye "yamantongomane" ahamba phambili, ama-80-90% ama-pistachios (athosiwe futhi enosawoti egobolondweni) adliwa njengengwadla. Ama-pistachios angahloliwe, anokunambitheka okumnandi futhi asetshenziswa ekuphekeni.
Amantongomane kaPistachio egobolondweni elivuliwe. © CemgIzici eziwusizo ze-pistachios
Ama-pistachios angakathelwanga ukudla okunempilo kakhulu, noma kunjalo, acebile ngamafutha. Le nati iphezulu nge-potassium, iphansi ku-sodium, isiza ukulawula ukulingana kwe-fluid emzimbeni, futhi ihambise nomfutho wegazi ngokwejwayelekile. Ama-pistachios angumthombo omuhle kakhulu wamaprotheni, aqukethe i-calcium, i-iron, i-phosphorus, i-thiamine, i-zinc, i-vithamini B6 ne-Vitamin E. Pistachios anokuqukethwe kwe-cholesterol ephansi kuqhathaniswa namanye amantongomane. Ziphakeme nge-fiber futhi ziphansi emafutheni anamandla, kepha ziphakeme ngamafutha angama-monounsaturated, okunciphisa ingozi yokuhlaselwa yisifo senhliziyo. Ama-pistachios aqukethe ne-antioxidant enciphisa ubungozi bokuthola izifo ezinjengomdlavuza.
Ama-pistachios asetshenziswa ekudleni kwase-Middle East, eMedithera naseNdiya, ama-pistachios angenasisekelo ayengezo olukhulu ekudleni kwemifino. Zisebenza kahle lapho zisetshenziswa njengezithako emilanjeni, isinkwa, amakhukhi, u-ayisikhilimu namanye amaswidi, ama-muffin, udoti, amasaladi, amasoso, ukugcwaliswa kwezinhlanzi nenyama, kanye nomhlobiso.
Izici ezinhle zepistachios zibaluleke emazweni amaningi, ikakhulukazi eSyria, lapho izivakashi zivame ukunikezwa khona isikhwama sepistachios njengesipho sokuvalelisa.
