Ama-strawberry amakha emibhedeni yaseRussia aba uphawu lwangempela ehlobo elizayo. Kepha akunakwenzeka ukuthi ungasijabulela isigaxa sasekhaya ngesinye isikhathi sonyaka. Kepha ezitolo ezinkulu unyaka wonke banikela ngemikhiqizo evela eGrisi, eSerbia, amazwe asenyakatho ne-Afrika, iMedithera neNetherlands.
Yibuphi ubuchwepheshe bokukhula ama-sitrobheli akhula, ngisho nasezindaweni lapho isimo sezulu singeke sabizwa ngokuthi mnene futhi sifudumele, okunikeza imiphumela emihle?
Izici zobuchwepheshe obukhula nge-Dutch sitrobheli
Emgqeni ophakathi nendawo, ukuvuthwa kwezilimo ze-sitrobheli ezweni kungasheshiswa ngosizo lwezindawo zokugcina izithombo. Kodwa ukuthola i-berry nganoma yisiphi isikhathi sonyaka futhi cishe ngaphandle kwekhefu kungenzeka kuphela ngaphansi kwesimo:
- ukutshalwa ezindaweni ezigcina ukushisa ezinezimo zokushisa eziguqukayo;
- ukondliwa kwezitshalo;
- ukudala umbuso ofanele wokukhanyisa nokunisela;
- ukukhethwa okunekhono kwezithombo nokugcina isitoko sazo ukubuyekeza ama-plantings.
KuseNetherlands lapho ubuchwepheshe obunjalo bokukhula ama-sitrobheli endaweni ebamba ukushisa busetshenziswa kakhulu. Abalimi bendawo bahlinzeka iningi leYurophu ngamajikijolo, futhi ubuchwepheshe bezolimo obususelwa kwelezolimo buye baziwa ngokuthi ngamaDashi.
Izinselelo zobuchwepheshe obukhula nge-sitrobheli unyaka wonke
Isiko lama-berry lihlanganisa izithelo ngokweluleka okwenziwe ngehora lesikhathi sasemini kanye nokuhambisana nezimo zokushisa ezikhethekile nezomswakama. Kepha ukufeza isivuno esizinzile kuzohluleka, uma okungenani izinyanga ezimbili ukutshala izihlahla ezintsha. Okusho ukuthi, ubuchwepheshe bokukhula ama-sitrobheli unyaka wonke usho ubukhona bokunikezwa okungathí sina kwezinto zokutshala. Uma amapulazi amakhulu angathenga izithombo, ke kusiza kakhulu kubahlali basehlobo ukuzilimela ngokwazo.
Isipiliyoni sabalimi baseYurophu nabaseShayina sibonisa ukuthi ama-sitrobheli ama-sitrobheli atholakala ngenkathi efudumele, alinde isikhathi sokutshala emhlabathini, angagcinwa emazingeni okushisa ayi-zero izinyanga ezi-9. Futhi uma izinhlobo zokulungisa zanamuhla zisetshenziselwa i-ziphuzo zazihluziwe, khona-ke ukutshala kuzofanela ukuvuselelwa kabili ngonyaka. Ukhuphula isivuno sezindawo ezigcina ukushisa kuzo, ama-sitrobheli akhule ngokuqinile hhayi kuphela ezihlahleni, kodwa futhi kuzo zonke izinhlobo zeziqukathi, ezikhwameni nasezakhiweni mpo, kusetshenziswa izindlela zokunisela ngenkasa.
Ubuchwepheshe Dutch ukukhanyisa abamba ukushisa
Ukunakwa ikakhulukazi lapho usebenzisa ubuchwepheshe bamaDashi bokukhulisa ama-sitrobheli endaweni ebamba ukushisa kunikezwa ukukhanya okungeziwe, okusobala laso lisondele elangeni. Izibani zibekwa imitha ngaphezu kokhokho, futhi ukwengeza ukusebenza kahle kokukhanyisa endaweni eluhlaza, kusetshenziswa izinto ezibonakalayo.
I-Strawberry iphendula kahle ekukhuleni kwamahora wemini kuya emahoreni ayi-12-16:
- zingakapheli izinsuku eziyi-10, izitshalo ziyaqhakaza;
- izithelo ziqala ngosuku 35.
Ukukhanya okwengeziwe kuyasebenza ekuseni nakusihlwa kusihlwa, uma isimo sezulu sangaphandle siluhlaza, amalambu angacishwa.
Uhlelo lokunisela ngokusho kobuchwepheshe bokukhulisa ama-sitrobheli endaweni eluhlaza okotshani
Uhlelo lokudonsa olunikezwe lobu buchwepheshe, noma ngabe ukuthambisa okungaphezulu noma okungaphansi, akuvumeli umswakama ungene emaqabungeni nakwezinye izingxenye zezitshalo, futhi wonke amanzi aya ngezinhloso zawo ezihlosiwe.
- Lokhu kuvimbela ukukhula kwezifo kanye nezifo zesiko lama-berry.
- Ukuchelela ukunisela kusindisa umswakama namandla abahlali behlobo.
- Ukuhlanza kuqala amanzi okunisela kusiza ukonga amandla futhi kwenza ukuvuna kusondele.
- Ngohlelo lokunisela, ungenza umanyolo odingekayo kanye nokugqoka okuphezulu ngaphansi kwe-sitrobheli.
Njengoba amanzi engena ngaphansi kwezimpande, umhlabathi awugcini amanzi futhi awomile. Futhi uhlelo olungaphansi lubamba iqhaza ekutholeni kwenhlabathi ngaphansi kokutshala.
Ukulungiselela inhlabathi yezithombo zezithombo ezingama-sitrobheli
Ukuqhakaza, ukuqhakaza izitshalo unyaka wonke akunakwenzeka ngaphandle kwenhlabathi egcwele izakhi.
Izinkampani ezisebenzisa ubuchwepheshe be-Dutch sitrobheli zisebenzisa izinhlobo ezahlukahlukene.
Ezimweni zasehlobo, ungalungisa ingxube ye:
- inhlabathi evundile enosawoti enothile ngezinto eziphilayo, kodwa ine-acidity encane;
- oswakanyiswe nge-sawrea solution sawdust engezelelwa ukugcwala ngesilinganiso sezingxenye eziyisikhombisa ezingxenyeni ezimbili zomhlaba;
- izinkomishi zokhuni lomlotha, ushoko noma ufulawa we-dolomite;
- i-lowland peat, idonsa kahle futhi igcine umswakama, futhi ngaphambi kokungeza i-sulfate yethusi ne-mullein ifakwe kusisombululo seengxube;
- humus kusuka ekuwohlisweni kwezinsalela eziphilayo noma umquba;
- isihlabathi somfula coarse, wethulwa ngenani le-10% yevolumu yengxube elungiselelwe.
Ngaphambi kokugcwalisa iziqukathi zokutshala ama-sitrobheli, i-substrate ixubeke kahle, ikhetha izindaba zangaphandle.
I-Microclimate ku-greenhouse yes sitrobheli
I-optimum, ngokusho kobuchwepheshe bokubekelwa ama-sitrobheli unyaka wonke, kubhekwa njengendawo yokushisa ukusuka ku-18 kuye ku-25 ºะก. Okwamanje kuphela lapho ususe ama-mass ejection wama-peduncle lapho kungcono khona ukulondolozela izinga lokushisa kufika ku-21 ºº.
- Izinga lokushisa eliphansi ngaphakathi kwegreenhouse lingadala izimbali ezinde nezimbali ezingenampilo.
- Isizinda esiphakeme ngokweqile sithinta kabi ikhono lezitshalo lokuvota nokusetha amajikijolo.
Izihlahla ezingama-Strawberry zisabela ngokungathandeki ekwehleni kwamazinga okushisa angaphansi kwama-degree ayi-12 nokukhuphuka kwawo ku-35 ºº. I-greenhouse kufanele ilondoloze umswakama womoya ebangeni lama-70-80%. Uma umoya womile, ukufafaza kuyadingeka. Umswakama owedlule wehliswa umoya omncane.
Ukusheshisa ukukhula kwezithombo futhi kusondeze izithelo eduze, izakhamuzi zasehlobo ezinolwazi zibheka izinga lekhabhoni diokishini endaweni eluhlaza. Ukuyinyusa ibe ngu-0,1%, ungakhanyisa amakhandlela.
Izinto ezikhulayo zokutshala
Ukulungiselela izinto zokutshala zokutshala izithombo ezinotshani obuluhlaza kungenziwa ngezindlela ezahlukahlukene:
- Izitshalo ezincane zikhulele ekutshalekeni kwesibeletho kuze kube sekwindla sekwephuzile, futhi lapho kufika isithwathwa, amadevu anezimpande ayembiwa ngokucophelela, asikiwe amahlamvu futhi agcinwe ngohlelo oluvulekile lwezimpande emapulangeni noma kuma-cellars emazingeni okushisa ukusuka ku-0 kuye ku-2 ºº. Usuku ngaphambi kokutshala ku-greenhouse, izithombo ziyasuswa kwisitoreji sokukhulisa kabusha futhi zihlelwe. Inzuzo yobuchwepheshe obunjalo bokukhula ama-sitrobheli uhlelo uhlelo lwezimpande olwakhiwe ezitshalweni, kanti ukungathandeki yisidingo sokutshala izithombo ezinkulu zesibeletho, esidinga ukuvuselelwa eminyakeni emibili.
- Izithombo ezitholwe indlela yekhasethi zigcinwa emazingeni okushisa angama-0 kuye ku- +1 ºº kanye nomswakama wama-95% ngendlela yamadevu amancane. Emavikini ayisithupha ngaphambi kokufakelwa engangeni eluhlaza, ayasuswa futhi atshalwe ezitsheni ezincane ezinomhlabathi wezakhi. Amakhono, ngenkathi kukhona ukwakheka okunamandla kwezimpande, umthunzi wamasonto amane. Izitshalo zingena ekukhanyisweni ngeviki lesihlanu, kuthi elesithupha - zitshalwe ku greenhouse.
Ukutshala ama-sitrobheli endaweni ebamba ukushisa
Ubuchwepheshe bamaDashi bokutshala abangahluphanga amajikijolo amasha buandakanya ukusetshenziswa kweziqukathi ezahlukahlukene zokutshala izitshalo. Kungaba ngamapayipi we-polypropylene anezimbobo ezisikiwe, amabhodwe nezikhwama zepulasitiki neziqukathi.
Into esemqoka ukuthi iziqukathi ezibekwe zibheke phezulu noma emigqonyeni eminingana zinomthamo owanele wohlelo lwezimpande, futhi izitshalo zithola ukuthambisa okudingekayo nokukhanyisa.
Enye yezixazululo ezisebenzayo yisikhwama sepulasitiki, esifinyelela kumamitha ayi-2 ukuphakama, ukuze ukukha amajikijolo kube lula futhi kube lula, futhi kube nobubanzi okungenani amasentimitha angama-15. Ngemuva kokusikwa kwama-25 cm, ukusikeka kokubethelwa kwenziwa ngephethini yokuhlola engxenyeni yesikhwama nge-substrate, lapho kutshalwa khona izithombo.
Lapho utshala emabhokisini noma ezitsheni, kubalulekile ukuthi okutshalekile kungagqinsiwe futhi kufakwe umoya omncane. Lokhu kuzovikela ukukhula kokutheleleka okuthe xaxa futhi kuzophazamisa kahle ikhwalithi yejikijolo.
Ubuchwepheshe bokukhula ama-sitrobheli unyaka wonke muhle uma usebenzisa izinhlobo zokuzenzela izithelo amajikijolo, uma kungenjalo umhlali wasehlobo kuzodingeka enze impova nge-brashi, ifeni noma, uma isikhala sivuma, faka i-beehive ku greenhouse.
Naphezu kwezinkinga ezikhona zokutshala izithombo ezinjengamabhele, izindleko ziyakhokha ngokushesha, ngoba ngisho nangesikhathi sokubanda, ama-sitrobheni amasha afinyelela ku-50 kg angaqoqwa kusuka kumamitha-skwele abamba ukushisa.
