Ingadi iqala ngesihlahla se-apula

Isihlahla se-Apple yisitshalo sezithelo esivame kakhulu. Ingatholakala ezifundeni eziseningizimu naseNyakatho. Lokhu kungenxa yezinhlobonhlobo zezinhlobonhlobo zayo, eziguqulwe ngezimo ezahlukahlukene. Kepha nokho, isihlahla sama-apula, njenganoma yisiphi isitshalo, sembula amandla aso kuphela ezindaweni lapho izimo zezulu zivumelana nezidingo zaso.

Uhlobo luni lwensimu ngaphandle kwesihlahla sama-apula? Ngicabanga ukuthi kumahektare ayisithupha ungabeka izihlahla zayo ezintathu. Vele usondele ngokucophelela ekukhetheni kwezinhlobonhlobo. Vele, izinhlobonhlobo zokuqala zazo zonke zikhethwe ngokuya ngokunambitheka, kepha kumele kube nzima ebusika ngokwanele endaweni yakini, zingamelana nesifo se-fungal esiyinhloko - uqweqwe. Nakisisa isikhathi sokuvunwa kokuqala, imvamisa yokwenza izithelo, usayizi wesihlahla.

Inkinga ekhethekile isikhathi sokuvuthwa. Izinhlobo zasehlobo zidingeka kakhulu emindenini enezingane. Lokhu kuphela akudingi isihlahla sonke. Ngemuva kwakho konke, ama-apula ezinhlobo zasehlobo awagcinwanga, futhi akunakwenzeka ukuthi umndeni owodwa ukwazi ukubhekana nokuvunwa kwesihlahla sonke ngesikhathi esifushane (amasonto amabili kuya amathathu). Phinda ingxenye yesihlahla sama-apula yohlobo oluthile lwehlobo nezinye izinhlobo zasehlobo ezihlukile ekuvuthweni. Futhi ungaxhuma kabusha uhhafu wesihlahla sezinhlobonhlobo zasehlobo ngezinhlobo zasekwindla.

Cabanga ukuthi ngabe udinga izinhlobo okuthiwa zasebusika ezenzelwe ukugcinwa isikhathi eside. Kubukeka kimi ukuthi kunengqondo ngokwengeziwe ukukhulisa izinhlobo eziningi zasekwindla engadini yomndeni, khona-ke umndeni uzohlinzekwa ngama-apula ngokuqondile esihlahleni kuze kube sekwindla sekwephuzile "endaweni eluhlaza" yabo.

Isibalo sezihlahla singakhuphuka ngokutshala similiselwe ezingxenyeni ezingamfushane nakwezimincane. Sebenzisa ukwandisa izinhlobonhlobo zezinhlobonhlobo, futhi ngasikhathi sinye ukuhlobisa ingadi, isiko lama-apula elenzelwe isiko: izintambo kanye nezintende zezandla.

© Sven Teschke

Ama-apula okuqala esizini

Enye yezimo ezisetshenziselwa unyaka wonke ukusebenzisa ama-apula amasha ukuba khona kwezinhlobo ezivuthiwe engadini. Izithelo zezinhlobonhlobo zithola ukuvuthwa kwabathengi ngisho naseshlahleni, ngakho-ke, cishe azigcinwanga futhi azithuthwa. Ngenxa yalokhu, ama-apula ehlobo anconyelwa ukuba asuswe kancane ngaphambi kokuba avuthwe.

Izinhlobo zasehlobo zimbalwa. Inqwaba ivuthwa engxenyeni yesibili ka-Agasti. Izinhlobo ezivulekile zesizini ye-apula Imithende ehlobo, kuqala ukubomvu, i-Arcade ephuzi, igolide yasekuqaleni yaseChinese, iCypress, uJulayi Petrova, uGrushovka ekuqaleni kukaJulayi Chernenkocishe isonto kamuva uvuthwe I-Grushovka Moscow, Mantet, Papiroka, Korobovka, Solntsedar, Ottawa futhi nangemva kwesikhathi - I-Lomonosovskoe, Ubuhle bengadi, i-Pink superb, iSuislepskoe, iMedunitsa, iMelba, i-Anniviv. Igcwalisa ngempumelelo isikhathi "esingenalutho" kusukela ekupheleni kwehlobo kuya ekubukekeni kwezinhlobo zasekwindla I-Budagovsky Dessert (ikhula ngemuva kwezinsuku eziyi-10-12 UMelba).

Izinhlobo zokugcina zesikhathi eside

Ikhwalithi yokugcina isikhathi eside ehlanganiswe nokuqina okuphezulu idume ngezinhlobo ze-apula zaseningizimu. Akulula ukudala izinhlobo ezifanayo zaphakathi nendawo kweRussia ngezimo eziningi. Kungakho eminyakeni edlule ikakhulukazi izinhlobo ezintathu zobusika zasatshalaliswa ezingadini zaseRussia: Ugogo, Skryzhapel no-Antonovka vulgaris. Izinhlobo ezimbili zokuqala zicishe zashiya izihlahla zethu, kanti ama-apula e-Antonovka vulgaris agcinwa kuphela kuze kube ekuqaleni kukaJanuwari.

Ngemizamo yabafuyi bezindlu ezifuywayo, kanye nokubonga ukubonakala ezweni lethu lezinhlobonhlobo zakwamanye amazwe, isibalo sezinhlobo ezinesithelo sesikhathi eside sezithelo sikhuphuke kakhulu. Izinhlobonhlobo zavela ngokugcina ama-aphula kuze kube kuphela uFebhuwari nokuqala kuka-Ephreli. Phakathi kwabo Lobo, Mekanis, Orlik, Asterisk, Phambili, Memory of Michurin, Renet Chernenko (Renet Kichunova), Wellsie, Calville golden, Student, Polinka, Noris, Berkutovskoye, Spartan, Bogatyr, Kulikovskoye, Mekintosh, Pobeda Chernenko, Imrusunko, Strusko, Strandko, Strandus, Strandus, Str. Celandine, izinhlobo ezintsha ezivela eBelarus I-Imant, iNadzeyny, Inkumbulo yeKovalenko, Haste. Phakathi kwababambe irekhodi ekugcineni kwezithelo EMoscow kamuva, ubusika baseMoscow, iRussia, iNyakatho yeSinap, i-Oryol synap, i-Sinap yaseBelarusian, iPalm, ubuhle basebusika, ukuKhanya -Izithelo zabo zigcinwa kuze kube nguMeyi namuva.

Kepha cishe zonke lezi zinhlobonhlobo zifaneleka kakhulu ngokuqina kobusika ezifundeni eziseningizimu neMoscow, futhi enyakatho zazo zithembeke kakhudlwana ekukhuleni kwamafomu wesikhumba. Kulokhu, umuntu kufanele acabangele ukuthi ngabe kukhona yini ukushisa okwanele kwehlobo ukuvuna izithelo.

Ama-apula amnandi

Mayelana nokunambitheka, njengoba besho, musa ukuphikisana. Abanye bathanda ama-apula omuncu, abanye bathanda amnandi. Ama-apula amnandi abaluleke kakhulu kubantu okwenziwa ngabo ukusetshenziswa kwama-apula avamile omuncu. Ukunambitheka kwama-apula kuncike ikakhulu kokuqukethwe ushukela nama-asidi. Uma kuqhathaniswa nama-acid aseningizimu, izinhlobo zaseCentral Russian ziqukethe okuningi, noshukela, kunalokho, zinokuncane.

Kepha ukunambitheka kwezithelo akunqunywa kangako ngokuqukethwe ushukela ne-acid ngokwehlukana kwesilinganiso sikashukela kuya ku-acid, okubizwa ngokuthi yi-sugar-acid coeffnty. Ezinhlotsheni ezinezithelo zokuqina okuphezulu, kuvame ukulingana no-20-34, ezinhlotsheni zezithelo ezimnandi - eziphakeme.

Phakathi kwezinhlobo ezimnandi ziqhamile Bessemyanka Michurinsky, Knight, Pipi, Medok, Melba, Pepin Saffron, Pink omuhle kakhulu, uRenet Chernenko. Isidingo sama-apula amnandi sikhona isikhathi eside futhi siyaqhubeka nokuhlala.

Abesabi isithwathwa

Ukuze ubusika bube yimpumelelo, ngaphezu kwezinga lokumelana nesithwathwa elibekiwe ezinhlobonhlobo, "ikhwalithi" yokulungiselela izihlahla zokuhlala nezimo zokudlula kwalokho okubizwa ngokuthi ukucishwa kubalulekile. Ukulima kuqala ekwindla, lapho izihlahla ziyeka ukukhula, ezinye izinqubo zomsebenzi wazo obalulekile zehla, bese amaqabunga ewa. Ngakho-ke, eminyakeni eyandulele ubusika, inkathi ende yemvula, ngenxa yokulibaziseka ekugcineni kokukhula nokuwa kwamaqabunga, izihlahla zingahluleka ukudlula ekuqineni okufanele bese ziphenduka zingakulungele ubusika.

Ukumelana nesithwathwa kungancishiswa ngenxa yokunakekelwa okunganele kwengadi noma ngenxa yokusetshenziswa isikhathi eside kakhulu kwezakhi zomzimba ngezithelo ezingafanele ezivela esihlahleni. Kungakho ukunisela, ukondla, ukulambisa izinambuzane nokulawulwa kwezifo, okuhlose ukudala amahlamvu anamandla anempilo, anikezi kuphela isivuno esiphakeme sonyaka wamanje, kodwa futhi nobusika obuphumelelayo.

Ngokwezinga elithile, umphumela wamazinga okushisa ebusika amabi angancishiswa. Ngale njongo, kusetshenziswa ama-ejenti akhulisa ukwakheka kohlobo lweqhwa, okuvumela ukukhipha amagatsha anebanga elibalulekile kusuka endaweni eneqhwa elinobungozi kakhulu, kanye nokuqothuka kwamaqhugwane namagatsha atshalwe iqhwa ngeqhwa (kwezinye izimo, ukufiphalisa nje), nokukhulisa isihlahla se-apula ngendlela yezilokotho evikela ubusika ngeqhwa noma uhlobo oluthile lokumboza .

Akesabi ukwethuka

Isibazi - isifo esijwayelekile se-apula nethanga, isishayo salezi zitshalo. Kuyathinta amaqabunga, izithelo, kunciphisa isivuno sesihlahla, kwenze isimo sabo sibe nzima, ubusika bube nzima. Ukusuka kweshidi elilodwa elinjalo, kungaphonswa ngaphandle izicucu eziyizigidi ezimbili kuya kwezi-3. Kepha lokhu kudinga imvula, ukuze amahlamvu angenwe yileli gciwane adlule. Ngakho-ke, ibala livame ukuthinta izihlahla zama-apula eziphethweni zemvula. Ngemuva kwalokho ukuhlanzwa okufika ngesikhathi kwamaqabunga ekwindla akusizi okuningi, okuwukuphela kwendlela yokuphuma yizinyathelo zokuvikela amakhemikhali. Futhi ukugwema lokhu, tshala izinhlobo eziningi ezingamelana nebanda. Ngabo engibancomayo Bessemyanka Michurinsky, Autumn Joy, Cinnamon New, Renet Chernenko, Winner, Dessert Isaev, Welsey, Young Naturalist.

Izinhlobo zezinhlobo ezijulile

Lezi zinhlobonhlobo zihlukaniswa ukuqala kwezithelo, ukwanda okusheshayo kwezithelo, ubuningi bazo kanye nokuvama kwazo. Ngokugcwele, zonke lezi zakhiwo zitholakala kuphela kwezinye izinhlobo. Isibonelo, ngenkathi izinhlobo eziningi zingena zichuma ngonyaka wesine kuya wesithupha, ezinye Kuzwelonke, Winner, Student, Melba, Lobo, Welsey, Dessert Isaeva, Mekanis, Young Naturalist, Orlik, Zhigulevskoye, Northern Synap, izinhlobonhlobo ze-Institute of Horticulture, i-National Academy of Science of Belarus U-Antey, uDarunak, u-Imant, uMemori kaKovalenko, uHashe - qala ukuthela izithelo esele eminyakeni emithathu yokuqala emva kokutshala. Kulokhu, kubalulekile hhayi kuphela ukuqala kokuqhakaza izithelo, kodwa futhi nokwanda okusheshayo kwezithelo.

Izinhlobo ziyahlukahluka nekhono lokuthela izithelo njalo. Abanye bakhiqiza izilimo minyaka yonke, abanye bathela izithelo ngonyaka. Isizathu esiyinhloko sokuvama kwezithelo ukuthola isivuno ngokweqile. Kulokhu, izihlahla azikwazi ngasikhathi sinye 'sokondla' inqwaba yezithelo, futhi zinikeze umsoco ngokubekwa kwezimbali zezimbali ukuvuna konyaka olandelayo. Kungakho izinhlobonhlobo ezinokuphakama okwanele kodwa ngasikhathi sinye izithelo ezijwayelekile, ngokwesibonelo I-Folk, injabulo ye-Autumn, iZhigulevskoye, i-synap yaseNyakatho, owesifazane waseRussia, uPepin Saffron, u-Antey. Izihlahla zezinhlobonhlobo ezinjalo zibonakala ngokuqhakaza okulinganiselayo, kanti ngezikhathi ezithile eziqhakaza izithelo zimbozwe izimbali ngokuphelele. Njengoba imvamisa yokwenza izithelo ihlobene nosayizi wesilimo, kuyacaca ukuthi ezihlahleni ezincane ibonakala ngezinga elincane, futhi ikhula ngeminyaka ngezithelo ezengeziwe.

Ukulima okujulile kufaka nokukhula okuvinjelwe, okunquma ubukhulu bomuthi omncane. Lokhu kuvumela ukutshala denser, okusho ukuthi kwandisa umkhiqizo endaweni ngayinye yendawo futhi kusiza ukunakekelwa kwezihlahla, okubaluleke kakhulu ezingadini zomndeni. Ubukhulu bomuthi omncane buqhathaniswa nezinhlobonhlobo I-National, i-Lingonberry, i-Young Naturalist, i-Zhigulevskoe, uMfundi, okungabikwa ngohlobo olunamandla futhi kucatshangwe ezinye izinkomba.

Kodwa noma kunjalo, izinhlobo ezikhethekile, ezibizwa nge-spur zinamandla impela. Umehluko wabo oyinhloko kufushaniswe ama-internode, ngenxa yokuthi umuthi uphuma umangalisa futhi umbozwe ngokuphelele ngamaphoyinti wokuzala (ama-ringworms). Iningi lazo liqhamuka ezinhlotsheni zaseMelika ezitshalwe eningizimu yethu, - Okumnandi, Okumnandi kwegolide, Mackintosh. Ngakho-ke, izinhlobo ze-spurian, njengomthetho, zivame eningizimu yeRussia. Zitshalwa ku-trellis noma ngesimo segadi okuthiwa yi-meadow.

Kuyiqiniso, kunengqimba yonke yamasu we-agrotechnical amasu akwenza ukuba uqinise noma yiziphi izakhiwo ezinquma ubukhulu bezinhlobonhlobo. Ukuthathwa kwezithelo kungasheshiswa ngokutshala amagatsha, ngokulinganisa ekutheneni izihlahla ezincane, kwesinye isikhathi kukhala kanye nokugqobhoza isiqu kanye namagatsha. Imvamisa ethengisa izithelo iyancishiswa ngokuhlanganisa izihlahla nokususwa kwencwadi yezimbali nezithelo ezisencane. Ukuthena okuhleliwe kubuye futhi kusekele ukukhula kwesihlahla.

Kulesi sakhiwo, zonke lezi zakhiwo zingatholakala ngokutshala izinhlobonhlobo eziseleni eziyimifino. Kulokhu, izinhlobo eza ngokwazo ezisondela kuhlobo olunamandla, zivame ukusebenza kahle, okungukuthi, kuleli cala, amakhono azo ayabonakala. Kungakho umqondo wokuthi "uhlobo olunzulu oluhlakulelwayo" luhlanganisa nokukulula kokukhulisa ezimpondweni ezincane, lapho kungezona zonke izinhlobo ezisebenza kahle ngokulinganayo. Ngasikhathi sinye, izinhlobo zohlobo olunamandla, kanye nanoma yiziphi izinhlobonhlobo ezisekelweni ezibuthakathaka, zidinga ukunakekelwa ngokucophelela, futhi ukutshala kwazo kufanele kwenziwe ngokucophelela okuqinile kwemithetho eyisisekelo - okuphakelayo, amanzi nokusikwa.

Apula ePharadesi

Abantu kudala bathanda hhayi kuphela ezinkulu, kodwa, kunalokho, izinhlobo ezincane zezithelo zemithi yama-apula ezinjengezikhwanyana, ezivame ukubizwa ngokuthi ama-apula epharadesi. Baye banconywa kakhulu ngokuba nokuqina kwezihlahla zasebusika eziphakeme ezingazange zihluleke ngesitshalo ngisho nangemva kokubusika obunzima, futhi okubaluleke kakhulu ngoba benza ujamu ohlukile kubo.

Izinhlobo eziningi zakhiwa ngokukhethwa kwabantu. Akudingekile ukubatshala ngezihlahla zonke, kepha kwanele ukubahlakulela ngendlela yokugoma. AmaShayina ahlukahlukene kakhulu. Ziyahluka ngosayizi wezithelo, umbala wazo, ukwakheka, ukufanelekela ukucutshungulwa.

Izinto ezisetshenzisiwe:

• U-Isaeva Irina Sergeevna - Udokotela Wezesayensi Yezolimo, umlimi ofela ifa, usosayensi onegunya. Izihloko ezihola phambili zegadi kumaphephandaba athandwa kakhulu asemaphakathi nawesifunda futhi. nomagazini. Umlimi osebenzayo ogcina ubudlelwane obusondelene nabalimi be-amateur ezweni lonke. Ilungu loMkhandlu Wokufunda Wezikhungo ZaseMoscow Institute of Horticulture (VSTISiP), oyilungu lebhodi labahleli bejenali engadini Yezitshalo Nengadi Yezitshalo.