Kunesitshalo esijabulisayo emndenini wama-amaranth, izwe lakubo lingasogwini lweLake Titicaca elidumile. Indawo yokusatshalaliswa emvelweni iyithambeka eliphakeme le-Andes elinomhlabathi omubi kanye nesimo sezulu esibuhlungu. Indlela isiko lokudla kwe-quinoa eyaziwa ngayo eminyakeni engaphezu kuka-3000 edlule. Kuqedwe isiko futhi kungeniswe ekudleni ama-Andes ama-Aboriginal. Lo mkhiqizo wawusetshenziswa kabanzi ekudleni kwamaNdiya kanye nommbila namazambane. Ama-Inca abiza lesi sitshalo ngokuthi "okusanhlamvu kwegolide". EGameni igama elithi quinoa linegama elifanayo: irayisi quinoa, i-movie quinoa, i-quinoa, i-quinoa nabanye.
Quinoa (I-Chenopodium quinoa), noma i-Kinva - isitshalo sokusanhlamvu se-pseudo, isitshalo sonyaka, uhlobo lohlobo lweMariya (I-Chenopodium) Imindeni ye-Amaranth (Amaranthaceae).
I-Quinoa, noma i-Quinva (i-Chenopodium quinoa)Ukungabekezeleleki kweQuinoa ezimweni zokutshala, inani eliphakeme lokudla, nokuqukethwe kwezinto zokwelapha kunikeza njengamanje amathemba amakhulu wokusatshalaliswa kanye nokutshala izitshalo ezifundeni eziyinkinga kwezolimo kuwo wonke amazwe nakwamanye amazwe.
I-Quinoa noma irayisi quinoa ivele eRussia muva nje, kepha ukuthandwa kwayo kukhula njalo. Leli siko lithanda ubusuku obubandayo futhi alikwazi ukumisa ukushisa kosuku. E-Russia, eSiberia nasezifundeni ezisenyakatho nengxenye yezwe laseYurophu kufanelekile ukulinyelwa.
Imbewu ye-Quinoa yokutshala emakotini ehlobo ingathengwa ezitolo ezinkulu ezifanayo noma ezinkampanini ezibandakanya ukulethwa kwembewu yezilimo zezolimo. Ukuthenga imbewu, kufaka phakathi nokutshala, ezitolo ezejwayelekile, umuntu ngeke abheke ukuhluma okungu-100%. Okusanhlamvu kudliwa ngaphambi kokuba kuthengiswe, futhi kule nqubo, ingxenye yesilimo ilinyazwa imibungu. Kusebenza ngokwengeziwe ukuthenga imbewu yokutshala ezitolo ezikhethekile noma kwi-Intanethi.
Imibala ehlukahlukene yezithelo ze-quinoa. Ososayensi bathi i- quinoa izitshalo ezi-okusanhlamvu okusanhlamvu.Izici ezizuzisayo nezokuphulukisa ze-quinoa
Ama-Inca asendulo abiza lesi sitshalo ngokuthi "ngunina wazo zonke izinhlamvu zomndeni" ngenxa yezakhi zaso ezizuzisayo nezokwelapha. Ngokwakheka kanye nezinga le-digestibility, izazi zokudla zilinganisa i-quinoa nobisi lwebele futhi zikuthatha njengento ebaluleke kakhulu ukudla komkhiqizo wabantu abangenayo i-gluten, amaprotheni kanye nokudla okune-paleo, kanye nakulabo abanenkinga yokungezwani komzimba. Isiko leli lithakazelisa kakhulu odokotela, abondli bezempilo, abondli, abapheki, ama-blogic ama-Culic, futhi babhekwe kakhulu ngabadli bezimila.
Ukwakheka kwamakhemikhali kwe-quinoa akuqhathaniswa nokuqukethwe amavithamini wamaqembu "B", "A", "E", "C", "K", "PP", "D" nabanye. Inamaminerali amaningi, ikakhulukazi i-calcium, i-zinc, i-phosphorus, i-iron, ithusi, i-magnesium, i-manganese. Ukhozo lwe-Quinoa ucebile ku-fiber, amafutha, futhi nekhwalithi yamaprotheni ezilwane iqhathaniswa nobisi oluphelele lwemvelo. Kubonakala ngokuqukethwe okuphezulu kwamaprotheni nama-amino acid, ikakhulukazi i-lysine, okunomthelela ekuphulukisweni kwamanxeba ngokushesha, kubandakanya nalawo asebenza ngemuva. Izithelo ziqukethe i-tryptophan, i-valine, i-threonine, i-phenylalalanine, i-tyrosine, i-histadine, i-isoleucine ne-leucine.
Ngokwakheka kwayo, i-quinoa ibhekisela ezitshalweni zokwelapha. Ine-antioxidant, choleretic, anti-inflammatory, i-diuretic. Ithinta kahle uhlelo lwezinzwa, isetshenziswa ekwelapheni ipheshana esiswini, ithinta ukwakheka kwamathambo, i-normalizing umfutho wegazi futhi yehlise i-cholesterol, ihlanza umzimba ubuthi. Inezinto ezilwa ne-oncological. Kusetshenziselwa izinkinga ngesibindi namanyikwe. Imikhiqizo ye-Quinoa ilungele ukudliwa kosonkanyezi ezindizeni ezinde.
Izithelo ze-Quinoa zinokunambitheka okulula okunempilo, okunika ama-porridge kanye nezitsha eziseceleni umphumela ongajwayelekile we-crunchy. Isetshenziselwa ukulungiswa kwezifundo eziningi zesibili, ama-appetizer, izitsha eziseceleni ezinokunambitheka okungathathi hlangothi, iziphuzo, imikhiqizo kafulawa. EYurophu, i-quinoa kwesinye isikhathi itshalwa njengesitshalo semifino, kusetshenziswa amasaladi. Abathandi bokudla okusahlanzekile basebenzisa imbewu ye-quinoa ekudleni okugcotshwe futhi kuhlanzwa ngokuphelele kusuka kuma-saponins, okunikeza ukuthukuthela komkhiqizo noma ngesimo sezithombo zamagciwane.
Izici zemvelo ze-quinoa
I-Quinoa noma i-quinoa yelayisi iyisitshalo saminyaka yonke esivela kulolu hlobo lohlobo. Ukwakheka kwangaphandle kweziqu namaqabunga e-quinoa kufana ne-giant Moorish swan. Izitshalo ezikwi-vivo ezweni lakubo zifinyelela ku-4 m ukuphakama. Lapho ukhule emazweni aseYurophu, uphansi kancane - u-1.5-2.0 m. Zinezindebe eziyisiqalo ezinamaqabunga alula anemilenze emithathu efana nezinyawo zikakhokho. Kusetshenziswa amaqabunga amancane kumasaladi, okusanhlamvu nofulawa kutholakala ezinhlanyelweni. Ngokwindla, amaqabunga aluhlaza aphenduka aphuzi, abomvu, onsomi futhi abukeka njengomhlobiso kakhulu. Izimpande ziyinduku, zihlotshisiwe, ziyakwazi ukuhlinzeka izitshalo ngamanzi avela ezingxenyeni ezijulile, okubaluleke kakhulu lapho kutshalwa ezindaweni eziyomile. Isikhathi sokukhula sithatha izinsuku ezingama-90 kuye kwezingama-130 futhi kuya ngesifunda sokutshala nezinhlobonhlobo.
I-Quinoa yisitshalo esiziphathisa impova kuphela, kepha uma isaphaza impova inyusa isivuno sisuka ku-10 siye ku-20%. Ngemuva kokuqhakaza, kwakha amabhulashi anjengamakhandlela aphezulu (njenge-lwesghum) noma ama-panicles wezimbali ezimhlophe, eziphuzi nezibomvu, ezihlanganisa amaqoqo ngamanye. Izimbali eziseku-inflorescence zimhlophe-ziphuzi, zincane. Izazi zebhayoloji zithi isiko leli yi-pseudo-okusanhlamvu, ngenxa yokuntuleka kwegobolondo elikhuni okusanhlamvu, futhi izithelo zokusanhlamvu zibizwa ngokuthi izithelo. Ngempela, lokhu akuyona inzalo, kodwa isithelo esincane sembewu. Imbewu incane (cm 0.3 cm), ngesimo ifana nethebhulethi elingangembewu yembewu. Ukungaguquguquki kwembewu kuthambile kakhulu. Imbewu, ngokuya ngezinhlobonhlobo, inemibala ehlukahlukene: mhlophe, ophuzi, owolintshi, upinki, ubomvu, umnyama.
I-Quinoa, noma irayisi quinoa. © Tom RatajUbuchwepheshe bokulima iQuinoa
Uma ucabanga ngendawo yokusatshalaliswa (ikakhulukazi indawo enezintaba) kanye nezimo zezimo zokukhula kwemvelo, isiko lidinga inhlabathi enesihlabathi nesihlabathi esinamandla aphansi okuzala kanye nokubanzi okuningana nezinga le-acidity yenhlabathi. Ekhotini ehlobo, lingatholakala kumhlaba odoti one-acidity ye-pH = 4.8 kuya kwe-alkali kakhulu nge-pH = 8.5.
Ukuhlwanyelwa kweQuinoa
Isiguli maqondana lokushisa ngesikhathi sokukhula nokuthuthuka, i-quinoa idinga izimo ezithile zenhlabathi zokuhluma. Isikhathi esinengqondo sokuhlwanyela imbewu isikhathi lapho inhlabathi engxenyeni ka-5-15 cm ifudumala ifike ku + 6 ... + 8 ° C. Imvamisa le nkathi ihlanganisa maphakathi no-Ephreli-maphakathi noMeyi. Uma intwasahlobo imfushane futhi isishisa, izinga lokushisa lomhlabathi lidlula + 8 ° C, imbewu igcinwa izinsuku ezingama-2-3 efrijini futhi ihlwanyelwe iqhwa. Ngaphandle kokulungiselela okunjalo eningizimu esishisayo, izithombo ngeke zisebenze.
Indlela yokuhlwanyela ijwayelekile. Ibanga emugqeni ngu-5-7 cm, ngemuva kokuqhekeka lenyuka laya ku-20-40 cm. Ukujula kokubekwa kwembewu kuyahluka phakathi kuka-0.5-1,5 cm.Ibanga eliphakathi kwemigqa lingama-40-60 cm. Izitshalo zikhulu ngobude bomuntu nangaphezulu. I-Artificial thickening inciphisa isivuno. Lapho kuncipha, amahlumela amancane aluhlaza asetshenziswa ndawonye namaqabunga ukulungisa amasaladi e-Vitamin entwasahlobo. Uma kunesidingo, ukuthamba kwesibili kwenziwa ngemuva kwezinsuku eziyi-10.
Isithombo se-Quinoa. © Mason FeducciaUkunakekelwa kwecino ngemuva kokuvela
Ngaphambi kokuhlwanyela, kungcono ukuthambisa inhlabathi ne-mulch ngemuva kokuhlwanyela. Ngaphambi kokuqhuma kwe-quinoa mass, umswakama oqhubekayo uyadingeka. Uma kunesidingo, amanzi avela kokuphuza angaba kuphela umucu ezilinganisweni. Ukunisela kokuqala kwenziwa lapho kuvela amaqabunga eqiniso ayi-2-3. Naphezu kwamahlumela okusheshayo, izitshalo ze-quinoa ekuqaleni zikhula kancane kakhulu futhi zidinga ukugcina indawo isesimweni esihlanzekile. Ngalesi sikhathi, ukunakekelwa okuyinhloko kuqukethe ukubhujiswa okhula ngesandla. Lapho uhlanza indawo yezitshalo zokhula, qaphela, i-quinoa ifana kakhulu ne-swan yokhula ejwayelekile. Ngokufana kwayo kwangaphandle, yaziwa kakhulu ngokuthi irayisi swan (isithelo sifana nohlamvu lwerayisi).
Kufika ku-30 cm ukuphakama, ukukhula kwezitshalo ze-quinoa kuhamba kancane. Ngemuva kokungena esigabeni sokuthuthuka, izitshalo zithola ngokushesha isisindo esiluhlaza, ziphonsa ama-panicles amahle kakhulu nokuqhakaza.
Umanyolo we-Quinoa nokunisela
I-Quinoa, ukuthuthukisa izimpande zentambo ejulile, empeleni ayidingi kuniselwa futhi kubhekisele kwizitshalo ezibekezelela isomiso minyaka yonke. Ukuchelela okukodwa kwanele isiko esikhathini kusuka kokusuka kwesisindo kuya kumakhasi ayi-3 eqiniso.
Uma inhlabathi igcwele ngezinto eziphilayo ngaphambi kokuhlwanyela, ngakho-ke awukho umanyolo owenziwa ngenkathi yokukhula. Ukuze uthole isivuno esiphakeme (kuze kufike ku-18%), izitshalo zingondliwa ngomanyolo we-nitrophose noma we-nitrogen-phosphorus ngesikhathi se-inflorescence ejection. Umthamo womanyolo, ngokulandelana, ngu-70-90 g noma 50 no-40 g we-nitrogen ne-phosphorus ngendlela ye-ammonium nitrate ne-superphosphate. Amanyolo asetshenziswa ngaphansi kokunisela (uma kukhona) noma ungqimba lomhlabathi olungaphezulu kwe-10-15 cm bese evala ngokuvula. Uma kwenzeka kulinyelwa ngaphandle kwamanzi, ukugqoka phezulu kubekelwe imvula noma kwenziwa ngendlela yesisombululo, kulandelwe ukuyitshala enhlabathini.
Amahlathi eQuinoa. © zug55Ukuvikela i-quinoa ezifweni nasezinambuzaneni
Imvamisa, i-quinoa ithintwa ukubola kwesiqu, ukubola okungwevu, ukushiswa kwamagciwane, i-Downy hlobo, iqabunga leqabunga. Ekhaya, ukulwa nezifo, udinga ukusebenzisa kuphela imikhiqizo yezinto eziphilayo engenangozi kubantu nasezilwaneni ukuvikela izitshalo ezifweni. Lawa ngama-Agat-25, Alirin-B, Gamair, Gliokladin. Ama-biofungicides afakwe kuhlu ayasebenza kumazolo etiology ehlukahlukene, ukubola, ukushiswa kwamagciwane. Imithamo, izinkathi zokwelashwa kwezitshalo, ukusetshenziswa kwezingxube zethangi ngama-bioinsecticides kukhonjisiwe kwiphakheji noma emiyalweni yokusebenzisa.
I-Quinoa empeleni ayonakaliswa yizilokazane, kepha uma abameli abathile bokuququda amazinyane noma abancela izitshalo babonwa, ungasebenzisa iLepidocide, Bitoxibacillin, Fitoverm, neHaupsin ngokuhambisana nezincomo ezingxenyeni yethangi ne-biofungicides.
Ukuvuna
Ukuhlanza kwenziwa ngemuva kokuphuza ngokuphelele nokuwa kwamaqabunga. Kwesinye isikhathi ngokuqala kwe-quinoa yasekuqaleni kwesikhashana ayinaso isikhathi sokuvuthwa. Ibekezelela kalula ama-frames wesikhashana esifushane aze afike ku-2 ... -3 ° С futhi avuthwe ngezinsuku ezifudumele ezilandelayo.
Baqala ukuhlanza esimweni sezulu esomile. Amapanikhi asikiwe, aboshwe zibe yizithungu futhi ahanjiswe esibuyeni. Uma isimo sezulu semvula sidonsele, ama-panicles amanzi ayasuswa futhi amiswe ukuze omiswe ngaphansi kwe-awnings kokusalungiswa. Badinga ukomiswa okusheshayo, ngoba imbewu ingaqhuma phakathi nosuku emaphaketheni asikiwe. Ama-panicles omile ayabhulwa futhi ahlanzwa imfucuza emoyeni noma usebenzise amadivaysi ahlukahlukene (ungasebenzisa fan yasendlini).
Okukhethwa kukho okuhle kokugcina i-quinoa kuyinto esiqandisini noma efrijini. Lapho zigcinwa ngaphansi kwezinye izimo, imikhiqizo ezitsheni kumele ipakishwe ngokuqinile futhi igcinwe endaweni eyomile, emnyama ngamazinga okushisa we-zero noma minus.
Ngaphambi kokusebenzisa ukupheka, i-quinoa kufanele igezwe nge-saponin, enikeza i-aftertaste ebabayo ezitsheni.
Ukuvunwa kwe-quinoa. © Madeline McKeeverHlanza imbewu emanzini at lokushisa lasekamelweni, ushintshe amanzi okungenani amahlandla ama-5 kuze kube yilapho kunyamalala ngokuphelele insipho. Indlela yasekuqaleni inikezwa abanye abalimi. Imbewu ithungelwe endaweni yomcamelo, ibekwe emshinini wokuwasha bese ivula imodi yokuhlanza ngejubane eliphansi. Imikhiqizo ehlanzwa kusuka kuma-saponins ibekwa phezu kwamathawula bese yomile (hhayi kwifilimu). Gcina esitsheni esivaliwe ngokuqinile bese usebenzisa uma kunesidingo.
