Ezivandeni ezindala ezinganakwa, ungathola izihlahla ezinamahlamvu aqhekekile futhi njengokungathi amagxolo avuthayo. Lolu uhlobo olujwayelekile futhi oluyingozi lomdlavuza omnyama, kwesinye isikhathi olubizwa ngokuthi "umlilo we-anton", noma"indoda yomlilo".
Ukulimala kwesihlahla sama-apula ngumdlavuza: 1 - i-boleza ethintwe "ngumlilo we-anton"; I-2 - umdlavuza omnyama eqabunga nezithelo (ngezansi - lo mbungu olunyisiwe); 3 - ingxenye yesiqu esithintwe yi-cytosporosis; Ukuchobozwa kwe-cortex ngo-4- kuwuphawu lwesimo se-cytosparosis.Umdlavuza omnyama - Isifo sekhowe esiyingozi kakhulu somuthi wama-apula, sithinta zonke izingxenye zomuthi. Okokuqala, iziveza emagatsheni kanye nesiqu ngokwakhiwa kwezindawo ezinobuso obunsomi onsomi. Kwesinye isikhathi amagxolo aqubuka abese ephenduka abe nsundu. Umngcele wezicubu ezinempilo nezigulisiwe umbozwe ngemikhawulo noma ngemifantu, lapho kuvela khona izigaxa ezimnyama - i-pycnidia, noma izinqe zesikhunta. Kamuva, amagxolo athintekayo ayawa bese ewa, eveza izinkuni ezimnyama.
Kuyingozi kakhulu isifo samagatsha wamathambo kanye nesiqu. Kulokhu, umuthi ungafa eminyakeni emithathu kuya kwemine. Le ndlela yalesi sifo ijwayelekile kwezinye izindawo ezifundeni ezisenkabeni yezwe laseYurophu, isifunda saseVolga, i-Ukraine, iNyakatho neCaucasus, iTranscaucasia, iMoldova kanye nezwekazi lase-Asia Ephakathi.
Umdlavuza Omnyama (Amanqamu Amnyama we-Apple)"Amasango"izindawo zokushiswa yilanga, ukulimala kwesithwathwa, nezinye izilonda eziningi zivame ukuthelela ukutheleleka emagatsheni kanye nesiqu sesihlahla. Umuthi omncane onamandla unomphumela wokuzelapha ezindaweni ezinegciwane: zihlukaniswe ungqimba lukakhokho futhi isifo asiqhubeki. Umuthi obuthaka noma isihlahla esidala kuneminyaka I-20-25 iyabonakala ezifweni, yingakho umdlavuza omnyama udlangile kakhulu ezivandeni ezindala.
Ezifundeni ezisenyakatho, i-cytosporosis yenzeka emagxolweni amagatsha neziqu zesihlahla se-apula. Ngokungafani nomdlavuza omnyama, one-cytosporosis, amagxolo awenzi mnyama, kodwa agcina umbala wawo wokuqala obomvu onsundu, kepha uma uzama ukuwuhlukanisa nokhuni, umanzi. Ama-tubercles amnyama avela ngokungahleliwe kuqweqwe olufayo - ama-pycnid amakhulu kunalawo womenzeli obangelwa umdlavuza omnyama.
Ukusuka kumagxolo, isikhunta sidlulela ku-cambium bese siba sokhuni, okuholela ekumeni ngokuphelele kwamagatsha, isiqu nesihlahla sonke.
I-ejenti yokubangela i-cytosporosis iba kuqala ezicutshini ezifile noma ezibuthakathaka kakhulu - ezindaweni ezilinyazwa imishini, imigodi yesithwathwa, ukushiswa yilanga, bese ubuthi izicubu eziseduze ezinempilo zinobuthi bese zisakazekela kubo.
Umdlavuza omnyama we-apulaLapho isimo sezulu sinomswakama - eBelarus nakwezinye izindawo zeSifunda esingeyona i-Chernozem, iziqu kanye namagatsha e-oda lokuqala, izihlahla zamapula ezihlatshwayo zithinteka umdlavuza ojwayelekile. Esigabeni sokuqala sokukhula kwalesi sifo, izimpawu zaso ziyafana nezimpawu zomdlavuza omnyama. Esikhathini esizayo, ezindaweni zokwehlulwa kukhona ukugeleza, cishe kokusibekela ngokuphelele isilonda noma, ngakolunye uhlangothi, kutholakala kwimibuthano ehlanganisiwe emaphethelweni ayo. Esimweni sokugcina, ngesimo okuthiwa isifo esivulekile, amanxeba ajwayele ukujula, kwesinye isikhathi afinyelele kumongo.
Umdlavuza ojwayelekile uthinta izihlahla ezincane nabadala, kepha uyingozi ikakhulukazi njengomdlavuza omnyama kanye ne-cytosporosis, kwezihlahla zabantu abadala ezibuthakathaka. Ukumelana kwesitshalo kunoma yisiphi isifo somdlavuza kuyancipha lapho izithelo zazo ziningi kakhulu futhi isivuno sibambezeleka.
Isimo esikhulu sokuvimbela izifo zamagxolo amagatsha nesiqu ukunakekela kahle izihlahla zama-apula, ukugawula kwazo okufanele, umanyolo ofanele osesikhathini futhi onengqondo, oqinisekisa ukuvuthwa kwezinkuni ngesikhathi esifanele.
I-Cytosporosis (Cytospora)
Ezifundeni ezisenyakatho, izihlahla ezinesiqu esisezingeni eliphansi azihlaselwa kalula yi-cytosporosis.
Ukucekela phansi imithombo yokutheleleka, okonakele kakhulu, izihlahla ezingalapheki namagatsha wamathambo ngamanye kufanele kugawulwe bese kushiswa ngokushesha. Uma kwenzeka kunomdlavuza omnyama, izithelo namahlamvu awile onesifo kufanele kuqoqwe kushiswe, iziqu zeziqu kufanele zimbiwe.
Lapho unakekela izihlahla ezincane ezinezithelo, kubaluleke kakhulu ukuzithunga ngendlela efanele. Ngaphezu kwalokho, ezihlahleni ezingangeniswanga empeleni akunakwenzeka ukuba uthungule izihlahla ze-apula unyaka omuhle. Ezinhlangothini zesilonda, amahlumela amanoni kufanele agcinwe, abangele ukunqotshwa kwezakhi zomzimba. Ngenxa yalokhu, amanxeba aphola ngokushesha.
Ukuvikela ekushisweni yilanga kanye nesithwathwa, ngo-Okthoba - Novemba, gxobhoza futhi ucwebe amagatsha namagatsha amade wesikhumba ngesisombululo sikalamula esimhlophe noma esingu-25%.
Gcoba imifantu egxotsheni lamagatsha nesiqu kanye nesixazululo esingu-0.5 - 1% se-sulfate yethusi. Amanxeba esithwathwa angcono ukulungiswa ngaphansi kweminyaka yobonda. Ukuze wenze lokhu, ungasebenzisa inhlanganisela yenani elilinganayo le-mullein nobumba ngesinamathiselwe esenezelwe kulo - i-glue yokubazi (100 g ngamalitha ayi-10 amanzi).
Faka udaka wosuku emanzini. Musa ukumboza izihlahla nge-ocher kumafutha omiswe. Ngokusho kwe-All-Union Science Science Institute of Horticulture, lokhu kungagcini nje ngokugqugquzela ukuphulukiswa kwamanxeba, kepha futhi, kunalokho, kubambezela kakhulu le nqubo.
Uma uthola isifo sezihlahla ze-apula, ngokushesha qhubekela kokwelashwa kwabo. Hlanza ngokucophelela amanxeba esimweni sezulu esimanzi ngezinsimbi zokhuni, ubambe izicubu ezinempilo ngo-1.5-2 cm, bese ukhipha isibulala magciwane ngesisombululo esiyi-2-3% se-sulfate yethusi bese kuthi emva kwezinsuku ezintathu kuya kwezine ikhava nge-varnish yengadi (ungqimba kuze kube ngu-3 mm). Shisisa ukusikwa kwamagxolo okugula ngesikhathi ukhumula.
Lapho ukhetha uhlobo lwe-apula, umuntu kufanele akhumbule ukuthi izinhlobo ezifanayo zinomdlavuza ezindaweni ezihlukile zezwe. Isibonelo, izihlahla zama-apula zeKandil synap, izinhlobo ezimhlophe zeRosemary azithinteki kalula ngomdlavuza omnyama eCrimea, kanti iKandil synap, kanye noJonathan, Mekintosh, esifundeni saseLipetsk akuvamile ukuthi ama-apula ezihlahla ezinhlobonhlobo zeKorichnaya zimthele, iPapirovka, iBorovinka, isafron Pepin, iGrushovka Moscow, Isifunda saseSaratov - iSanina yaseChina, iMalta Bagaevsky. Ngakho-ke, izinhlobo zesifunda kufanele zithandwe, zihambisane kahle nezimo zasendaweni. Okungcono futhi, bonisana nochwepheshe eziteshini zokuvikela izitshalo noma eziteshini zokuhlakulela izingadi ezinolwazi.
Izinto ezisetshenzisiwe:
- N. Tsupkova - phytopathologist
