Umswakama wenhlabathi - ukuthi unganquma kanjani futhi uhlukanise

Kwesinye isikhathi ukuhlaziya kwenhlabathi kukhombisa ukuthi inhlabathi inezakhi ezanele, kepha izitshalo azithuthukisi. Siyini isizathu? Kuvela ukuthi esinye sezizathu ukugcotshwa kwenhlabathi ngenxa yokusabela kwamakhemikhali kwenani eleqile lama-ion e-hydrogen mahhala. Zinquma i-acidity yenhlabathi. Esimweni esine-acidic, izitshalo eziningi zemifino nezitshalo zasendle azikwazi ukukhula futhi zikhule, ngoba amafomu wokuphendula awatholakali ukufakelwa izimpande zezitshalo. Kuvela ukuthi izakhi zomzimba zikhona emhlabathini, kepha izimpande zezitshalo "aziboni", ziqala "ukubulawa yindlala", okusho ukuthi ziyeka ukukhula futhi zikhule. Ingxenye kasawoti encibilikayo ithathwa imvula namanzi ancibilikayo ngale kwemikhawulo yohlelo lwezimpande zezitshalo, idambisa inhlabathi. Ukusetshenziswa isikhathi eside kwamanyolo athile amaminerali nakho kuyasolisa inhlabathi. Umthelela ophelele emhlabathini wazo zonke izinqubo ezingezinhle uzokhulisa i-acidity futhi, kuleli cala, noma ngabe ukufaka umanyolo owengeziwe, noma ukunisela, noma amanye amasu ezolimo ngeke asize. Umhlabathi uzodinga ukwenziwa u-deoxidised.

Ukunqunywa kwe-acidity yenhlabathi kanye ne-deoxidation

Kusho ukuthini ukulungisa umhlabathi?

Iningi lezilimo zemifino nezithelo zikhula kahle futhi zikhula kuphela emhlabathini ongathathi hlangothi, one-acidic noma omncane we-alkaline. Ngakho-ke, ukuze kudaleke izimo ezinhle zezitshalo, i-acidity yenhlabathi kumele isuswe, noma kunalokho, ingathathi hlangothi (igama elithi agrochemical lisuswe ku-oxidized).

I-acidity yenhlabathi

Inani nokwakheka kwezakhi zamakhemikhali kuthinta i-acidity enhlabathini. Izinga le-acidity liboniswa yisithonjana se-pH. Inani le-pH lincike kunani kanye nokwakheka kwezinto zamakhemikhali enhlabathini. Ngokwemiphumela yokuhlolwa kwamakhemikhali, kwatholakala ukuthi izakhi zomzimba zitholakala ngokuphelele ezitshalweni zemifino nezimbali ku-pH = 6.0 ... 7.0. I-pH yenhlabathi engu-7.0 ithathwa njengengathathi hlangothi. Zonke izinkomba ezingaphansi kuka-7.0 zithathwa njenge-acidic kanti ezantsi zinciphisa igama ledijithali, okuphezulu kwe-acidity. Njenge-acidity, izinqubo zezinto eziphilayo ezitshalweni zithinteka yi-alkalinity, ngenxa yezakhi ze-alkali eziqukethwe emhlabathini. I-Alkalinity iboniswa kumanani we-pH ngaphezulu amayunithi angama-7.0 (ithebula 1).

Lokho nokunye ukuphambuka kusuka enkombeni engathathi hlangothi kukhombisa izinga lokutholakala kwezinto ezithile ezitshalweni, ezingancipha noma, ngakolunye uhlangothi, zande ukuze izakhi zomzimba zibe yingozi futhi isitshalo sifa.

Ithebula 1. Izinhlobo zenhlabathi nge-acidity

I-acidity yenhlabathi	amayunithi we-pH	Izinhlobo zenhlabathi
acid enamandla	3,5 - 4,5	umhlabathi oswakeme, izwe eliphansi
omuncu	4,6 - 5,3	i-peaty, i-coniferous, i-clayey - isoddy
kancane acidic	5,4 - 6,3	i-heather, i-turf
hlangothi	6,4 - 7,3	isod, humus, deciduous
buthakathaka i-alkali	7,4 - 8,0	i-carbonate
i-alkali	8,1 - 8,5	i-carbonate
i-alkali kakhulu	8,5 - 9,0	i-carbonate

Ukunqunywa kwe-acidity yenhlabathi ngedivayisi ekhethekile

Uyini umphumela we-acidity yenhlabathi?

I-acidity yenhlabathi ithinta ukuguquguquka, ukufinyeleleka kanye nokwanda kwezakhi ngezitshalo. Ngakho-ke, enhlabathini ephakathi ye-acid ne-acidic, phosphorus, iron, manganese, zinc, boron nezinye izinto zitholakala kalula futhi zithakwa kangcono yizitshalo ezithile. Uma i-acidity inyuke (pH = 3.5-4.0), khona-ke esikhundleni sokuthwalwa ngokwengeziwe kwezakhi zomzimba, izithintelo zokukhula kwezimpande nomsebenzi womsebenzi wazo zizobonwa, izitshalo ziyagula ngenxa yokuntuleka kwezakhi ezidingekayo ezingena ezithweni. Emhlabathini onamandla kakhulu, okuqukethwe kwe-aluminium kuyakhuphuka, okuvimbela ukungena kwe-phosphorus, potassium, magnesium, ne-calcium ezitshalweni. Izinto ezithinta kabi i-microflora enenzuzo ziqala ukuqongelela emhlabathini. Ukufakwa kwezinto eziphilayo ezintweni ezinomswakama bese kuba ngamakhemikhali amaminerali atholakala ezitshalweni kuzophela.

Imvelo ye-alkaline ithinta kakhulu izinqubo eziningi zebhayoloji. Ivimbela ukutholwa kwama-macro- nama-microelements athile adingekayo ezitshalweni. I-phosphorus, i-magnesium, i-boron ne-zinc zingafinyeleleki ezitshalweni. Kwezinye izitshalo, umphumela ophikisana nawo uyabonakala: endaweni enamakhemikhali, uhlelo lwezimpande zezitshalo lubamba kakhulu umanyolo wamaminerali osetshenzisiwe, kuze kufinyelele ubuthi.

Ngamandla, ezifundweni ze-agrochemical, imingcele efanelekile ye-acidity yenhlabathi inqunywe izitshalo ezahlukahlukene, amapaki okuhlobisa nezitshalo eziqhakazayo (Ithebula 2). Kwimifino, okuthandwa kakhulu yi-acidity enhlabathini ngaphakathi kwe-acid noma i-acidic kancane (pH = 6.0-7.0).

Ithebula 2. Izinga elikhulu le-acidity yenhlabathi yezitshalo zasengadini ezweni

inhlabathi pH	Igama lezilimo
5,0 - 6,0	ikhabe, amazambane, ithanga, iparsnip, sorrel
5,5 - 7,0	utamatisi, iklabishi emhlophe, izaqathi, ummbila, ugarlic, ikhukhamba, upelepele, ipnatip, i-rhubarb, ibhungane, uphizi
6,0 - 7,0	isaladi, u-anyanisi, i-legumes, ithanga, isipinashi, ubhontshisi, isitshalo seqanda, ugalikhi, iklabishi elinamaqabunga, amahlumela ama-brussels, ama-radish, i-zucchini, izaqathe ze-beet, amaqabunga amaqabunga, utamatisi, ushizi, imichilo, imilente, i-cantaloupe, i-chicory, ukhukhamba, i-horseradish, isipinashi, i-rhubarb
7,0 - 7,8.	ukholifulawa, i-artichoke, isilimo esidliwayo esinamagatsha anamanzi, isaladi, u-anyanisi, i-asparagus, iparsley
4,0 - 5,0	i-heather, i-hydrangea, i-erica
5,0 - 5,6	umjunipha
5,0 - 6,0	isihlahla sikaphayini
6,0 - 7,0.	1 - Ukuhlobisa ngokhuni, ukuhlobisa utshani obusetshenzisiwe obhula nobusika, utshani obunotshani 2 - Izilimo zezithelo (iplamu, i-cherry)
5,5 - 7,0	umuthi we-apula, sitrobheli wasendle, eliphakathi kwe.
7,0 - 7,8	clematis
4,0 - 5,0	ama-blueberries, ama-cranberry, ama-currants, ama-gooseberries, ama-raspberries
5,0 - 6,0	i-lily, i-phlox
5,5 - 7,0	i-clove, iris, rose
7,0 - 7,8	peony, delphinium

Izindlela zokunquma i-acidity yenhlabathi

Lapho sesitholile umhlaba ngokuphathwa okwesikhashana noma okuhlala njalo, kuyadingeka ukwenza ucwaningo lomhlabathi futhi kutholakale izinga lokuzala kwalo, i-acidization, isidingo sokwelashwa ukunciphisa i-acidity, alkalinity, njll. Idatha enembayo kunazo zonke ingatholakala ngokuthumela amasampula omhlabathi wokuhlaziywa kwamakhemikhali. Uma lokhu kungenzeki, cishe kungenzeka ukunquma izinga le-acidity ngezindlela zasekhaya:

kusetshenziswa imicu yokuhlola iphepha;
ukhula olukhula esizeni;
isisombululo seviniga yetafula;
ama-decoctions amaqabunga ezinye zezitshalo ze-berry nezingadi;
ithuluzi (imitha ye-pH noma iphenyi yenhlabathi).

Ukunqunywa kwe-acidity yenhlabathi ngephepha lenkomba

Ku-diagonal yesiza, bhala izimbobo kwi-bayonet kwifosholo enodonga olubushelelezi. Kuwo wonke ukujula kodonga oluqondile, susa ungqimba lomhlabathi omncane, uhlanganise kwifilimu bese uthatha isampula ngo-15 ukuya ku-20. Hlulela amasampula ngokwehlukana engilazini yamanzi, ake ume bese wehlisela iphepha lenkomba emanzini. Kanye nemivimbo yenkomba kwiphakheji kunesilinganiso sokushintsha kombala ngamanani wedijithali. Lapho ushintsha umbala womucu (isikimu sombala singaba semithunzi ehlukene):

kokubomvu - inhlabathi ene-acid;
i-orange - i-acid ephakathi;
ophuzi - acidic kancane;
okuluhlaza okotshani - ukungathathi hlangothi;
Zonke izithunzi eziluhlaza okwesibhakabhaka ziyi-alkaline.

Ukuthola ukuzwisiseka okunembe kakhudlwana kwe-acidity yenhlabathi, qhathanisa ukufundwa kombala kanye nedijithali (kwiphakheji) okubonisa inani le-pH ledijithali.

Ukunqunywa kwenhlabathi acidity ngokukhula ukhula

Ukunqunywa kwe-acidity yenhlabathi kusuka kukhula

Emhlabathini wenhlabathi ukhula:

sorrel yamahhashi;
ukhula ezinkulu futhi lanceolate;
ihhashi;
iminti;
U-Ivan da Marya;
izintwala
induna;
imosses;
sedge;
insimu emincane yezinkuni;
isinaphi sasendle
i-cinquefoil;
indawo ephakeme;
lupine okwesibhakabhaka;
i-buttercup ezinwabuzelayo.

I-Alkaline ilawulwa ngu:

impilo;
i-poppy yasendle;
insimu yesinaphi;
isicoci se-fluffy;
Ubhontshisi

Emhlabathini ongathathi hlangothi noma one-asidi, Kufanelekile ukukhula kokutshala izingadi eziningi:

coltsfoot;
inkambu exhunyiwe;
isithombo semvelo;
isambulela senkambu;
I-Chamomile
umhlobiso kanye ne-clover yasezintabeni;
umhlobiso wefishi;
utshani bukakolweni;
quinoa;
ukubhoboza isihlakala;
ukhula lwengadi;
insipho yesitsha sokwelapha;
drooping pitch;
isikhundla se-meadow;
luhlaza okwesibhakabhaka.

Ukunqunywa kwe-acidity yenhlabathi usebenzisa amathuluzi atholakalayo

Iviniga lethebula

Le ncazelo icishe ilingane, kepha izokhombisa ukuthi iyiphi indlela yokuqhuba umsebenzi owenziwa esizeni. E-digonal yesiza, aqoqwa ezitsheni ezihlukene eceleni kwendawo encane. Amasampula enhlabathi akhethiwe athululelwa kwifilimu bese kudonswa amaconsi ambalwa kaviniga wethebula (6 noma 9%). Uma uzwa i-ors noma inhlabathi “amathumba”, kuvela ama-bubble - kusho ukuthi inhlabathi ayithathi hlangothi futhi ilungele ukusetshenziswa ngaphandle kwe-deoxidation.

Tea elenziwe ngamaqabunga ama-cherry noma ama-currant

Amaqabunga ambalwa athululelwa ngamanzi abilayo, ake akhulele kuze kube imizuzu eyi-15-20. Faka isigaqa somhlaba. Uma isixazululo siphenduka umbala ogqamile - inhlabathi ine-acidic, ishintsha umbala ube luhlaza - ingaba hlangothi noma i-alkali.

Ijusi lamagilebhisi (hhayi iwayini)

Lokhu kuhlaziya kungenziwa ekuqaleni kwentwasahlobo noma ukuwa sekwedlule isikhathi, lapho kungekho zitshalo eziluhlaza. Inhlama yomhlaba iphonswa engilazini yejusi. Uma ijusi selishintshile umbala kanye nama-bubble akhishwa - inhlabathi ayi-acidity engathathi hlangothi.

Isoda

Esitsheni esincane, i-gruel ilungiswa kusuka enhlabathini nasemanzini. Ngaphezulu bengeza inqwaba yesoda yokubhaka. Kwakunenhlabathi - inhlabathi ene-acidified. Izinga le-acidity kumele linqunywe ngokunembe kakhudlwana ukuze uthathe izinyathelo ezidingekayo.

Ukunqunywa kwe-acidity yenhlabathi ngezinsimbi ezikhethekile

Umphumela ongcono kakhulu ekhaya ungatholakala usebenzisa abahlaziyi: amamitha we-pH, amamitha e-asidi, inhlabathi yenhlabathi. Ukuzisebenzisa kulula kakhulu. Kwanele ukunamathisela lesi probe ekugcineni okukhulu enhlabathini futhi emva kwemizuzu embalwa inkomba yezinga le-acidity yenhlabathi izokhonjiswa esikalini.

Ukulungiswa kwe-acidity yenhlabathi ekhotheni ehlobo

Ukuhlaziywa kwemininingwane kwi-asidi enkulu yenhlabathi ngaphansi kwemifino, ingadi kanye nezinye izitshalo kukhombisa ukuthi akuzona zonke izitshalo ezidinga inhlabathi engathathi hlangothi. Ezinye izitshalo zivame ukukhula bese zikhula ezinhlabathini ezinama-acidic ngisho ne-acidic. Uma kudingekile ukunciphisa noma ukuguqula i-acidity yenhlabathi, besetshenziswa ama-deoxidizer.

Ukwehlukaniswa kwenhlabathi kungenziwa ngalezi zindlela ezilandelayo:

iming;
ukugoqa;
ukusetshenziswa kwezilimo zomquba oluhlaza,
ama-deoxidizing agents.

Izinto ezisetshenziselwa ukukhipha umhlabathi inkani zihlanganisa:

i-fluffy lime;
i-dolomite (i-limestone) ufulawa;
i-lake lime (i-drywall);
chalk;
umlotha we-peat;
umlotha wezinkuni;
siderates;
ama-ejenti we-deoxidizing.

I-Lime Deoxidation

Ngaphambi kokuthi uqhubeke nokudonswa kwenhlabathi, kuyadingeka ukuthi kukhanyele indawo yasehlobo bese ukhetha izindawo engadini, isitshalo sezimbali, ingadi, ingadi yemithi, indlu yezwe nokwakhiwa kuyo, igaraji, indawo yokuzijabulisa nezinye. Khetha lezo okumele zihlolwe nge-acidity. Ukuhlola futhi, sewembulile izinga le-acidity yenhlabathi yezindawo ezikhethiwe, qhubeka ngokulungiswa.

Indlela ejwayelekile yoku-deoxidation ikhawula nge-lime egayiwe, i-fluff, ufulawa we-dolomite, chalk, i-lake lime (i-drywall). Ngokuya ngohlobo lomhlabathi kanye nezinga le-acidization, amanani okusetshenziswa kwelimestone ayahlukahluka (Ithebula 3).

Ithebula 3. I-Deoxidation yenhlabathi ngokukhawulela

Umswakama	pH	I-lime fluff, kg / sq. m	Ufulawa weDolomite, kg / sq. m	I-lime fluff, kg / sq. m	Ufulawa weDolomite, i-drywall, chalk, kg / sq. m
Umswakama	pH	Inhlabathi enobumba kanye nothokomayo		Inhlabathi enesihlabathi nesihlabathi
acidic kakhulu	3,5 - 4,5	0,5 - 0,75	0,5 - 0,6	0,30 - 0,40	0,30 - 0,35
omuncu	4,6 - 5,3	0,4 - 0,45	0,45 - 0,5	0,25 - 0,30	0,20 - 0,25
kancane acidic	5,4 - 6,3	0,25 - 0,35	0,35 - 0,45	0,20 - 0,40	0,10 - 0,20
hlangothi	6,4 - 7,3	ungaboli	ungaboli	ungaboli

Ukukhawulelwa kwenhlabathi enezinhlabathi kuvame ukwenziwa enhlabathini enzima ngemuva kweminyaka engu-5-7, ezinhlabathini ezikhanyayo ngemuva kwenhlabathi engu-4-5 nese-peaty emva kweminyaka emi-3. Ukujula kokuvinjwa kuthwebula indawo yomhlaba engamasentimitha angama-20. Uma umcako ufakwa ngenani eliphansi, khona-ke ungqimba olungu-5-6- cm kuphela lu lime. Lapho wenza lime, kumele ihlakazeke ngokulinganayo phezu kwenhlabathi. Kuyalulekwa ukunisela inhlabathi ngemuva kokufaka isicelo. Inhlabathi ene-Deoxidised izofinyelela ukungathathi hlangothi eminyakeni engama-2-3.

I-Lime yi-deoxidizer enzima futhi, ngesilinganiso esiphakeme ingeniswe enhlabathini, ingashisa izimpande zezitshalo ezincane. Ngakho-ke, ukumiswa kwenziwa ngaphansi kokumba ekwindla. Ngesikhathi sekwindla-nobusika, lime lizosebenzisana nama-acid omhlabathi nezinye izinto futhi kunciphise umphumela ongemuhle ezitshalweni. Kulokhu, ufulawa ne-dolomite ne-chalk zithambile futhi ziphephe kakhulu kuma-deoxidants. Kuphephile ukuzisebenzisela i-deoxidation entwasahlobo, kungcono lapho uvala umswakama.

I-Lime iyanconywa ukuthi isetshenziswe enhlabathini enobumba olunzima. Ufulawa weDolomite kanye neshishi kusebenza kakhulu kunhlabathi enesihlabathi elula ne-sand loamy. Ufulawa weDolomite ucebisa inhlabathi nge-magnesium, potassium, calcium, nezinye izinto zokulandela umkhondo. Ukomiswa komphumela wayo ku-deoxidation yenhlabathi kusebenza kangcono kunefulawa le-dolomite.

Khumbula! Ukwehlukaniswa kwenhlabathi nge-limestone ngeke kuhlanganiswe nesicelo somanyolo. Ziyakwazi ezifuywayo ngesikhathi: deoxidation ekwindla, Umanyolo entwasahlobo. Ngaphandle kwalokho, i-superphosphate, i-urea, i-ammonium sulfate, i-ammonium nitrate nezinye izinto zingena ezingxenyeni ezithinta kabi ukutholakala kwezakhi zomzimba ezitshalweni.

Ukwehlukaniswa kwenhlabathi ngesicelo somlotha

Ukwehlukaniswa kwenhlabathi ngokuxutshwa

Ezintweni zomlotha, i-peat kanye nezinkuni (izinkuni) umlotha zisetshenziselwa ukukhipha inhlabathi.

I-Wood ash iyi-deoxidizer emangalisayo yemvelo. Inani lesicelo se-deoxidation enkulu ingu-0.6 kg / sq. m isikwele. Uma isetshenziswa njenge-deoxidizer eyengeziwe ngonyaka olandelayo ngemuva kwe-main, eyenziwa ngesilinganiso se-deoxidation esingaphelele, umlotha uchitha i-0,1,2 kg / sq. m. Umlotha wezinkuni kufanele ufakwe ekwindla hhayi uhlanganiswe nomanyolo. Ukuba yi-alkali enamandla eqinile, ingena ekushintsheni kwamakhemikhali ngezakhi zomhlabathi, iwahumushe ngendlela engenakufinyeleleka ezitshalweni. Ngakho-ke, kungenzeka ukuthi uhlukanise inhlabathi ngomlotha, kepha isivuno asikwazi ukutholwa ngesinye isizathu.

Umlotha we-Peat ubampofu kakhulu ezingxenyeni ezisebenzayo ezingena ekuphendukeni kwamakhemikhali ngama-asidi womhlabathi. Ngakho-ke, imithamo yokufaka isicelo se-peat ash iyakhuphuka izikhathi ezingama-3-4 ngesicelo esikhulu kanye nezikhathi eziyi-1.5-2.0 nge-engeziwe. Imithetho yokufaka isicelo iyefana neyokukhawulelwa.

Ukusetshenziswa komanyolo oluhlaza okokususwa kwenhlabathi

Ukuze wenze umhlabathi ungasebenzi kahle, abanye abalimi basebenzisa izilimo zomquba eziluhlaza. Ukuhlwanyelwa ekwindla, isitshalo esisodwa kanye nezimpande zisetshenziswa nezimpande zazo ezingena ngokujulile sicindezela inhlabathi, siphakamise izakhi ezingxenyeni ezingaphezulu kusuka ekujuleni. Bakha umanyolo omkhulu oluhlaza okotshani, bafaka umquba esikhundleni, onempahla engasebenzi kahle. Kuma-siderates, izakhiwo zama-ejenti we-deoxidizing yilezi:

lupine;
i-alfalfa;
phacelia;
oats;
rye
izindle;
vetch.

Ngokuvamile, wonke ama-siderates, okwandisa okuqukethwe kwe-organic enhlabathini, abamba iqhaza kulungiswa kwe-acidity yenhlabathi. Imininingwane engaphezulu yokuthi ungawusebenzisa kanjani umquba oluhlaza ungatholwa esihlokweni esithi “Yimuphi umquba oluhlaza ozowuhlwanyela ngaphambi kobusika.” Ukulungiselela okungcono kakhulu kokugcina inhlabathi ingathathi hlangothi kokuqukethwe kwe-asidi ukusetshenziswa njalo komquba oluhlaza. Umhlabathi uzoba uthambile, uvundile, ungaphenduki ngokungathathi hlangothi ngaphandle kokusebenzisa ama-deoxidants.

Ukwehla kwenhlabathi ngomquba oluhlaza

Ukusetshenziswa kwamalungiselelo aqediweko wokuhlanza inhlabathi

Muva nje, ama-ejenti anzima we-deoxidizing agents avele kumashalofu wesitolo. Zilula kakhulu, njengoba zinciphisa ngokumangazayo inani lomsebenzi womzimba.Ngaphezu kwalokho, aqukethe, ngaphezu kwezinto ezi-deoxidizing, futhi nezakhi eziwusizo ezifakwayo ekwandiseni ukuzala kwenhlabathi ene-deoxidised: