Akujwayelekile

Thula ihlathi elidala likaphayini. Amapayini amangalisayo athweswa umqhele cishe ezulwini njalo nangomqhele we-evergreen. Ngesinye isikhathi kuphula ukuthula njengoku umsindo okukude kwe-surf, bese kuthi, bese kuba bukhali futhi kube ngumbala. Iziqu zezihlahla ezindala zikaphayini ezigaywa ngegolide elicwengekileyo zimncanyana kakhulu. Ikhaphethi emerald-velvety emboza ihlathi, ifakwa imibala iziqhingi ze-thyme ezinamakha we-squat nemicibisholo ye-lacy of bracken.

Kunamaphayini ahlukahlukene: ngezinaliti ezintekenteke ezinobisi kanye nesiqu esimpunga, uphayini weWeymouth ovela eNyakatho Melika, uphayini omuhle ovela eMedithera (ungatholakala lapha eCrimea naseCaucasus), kaphayini omnyama ovela e-Australia, Banks pine, Rumelian nomngane wethu wakudala - uphayinapha ojwayelekile .

Ngakho-ke lolu hlobo lwe-pine botany. Noma kunjalo, yini ejwayelekile kuye? Yize kunjalo, ayinamahloni okusuka lapho iya khona: ishisa ezingubeni, ihambahamba ezweni lonke ngendlela yezigxobo telegraph, ilele ngaphansi kwamakhulu wamakhilomitha ezinkulungwane zemigqa yensimbi, futhi isebenza njengesekelo ezimayini zamalahle nasezimayini ezihlanzekile.

I-Chemisty Chemistry ithole izinqolobane zezinto zokusetshenziswa ezibalulekile ngokhuni olujwayelekile lukaphayini. Ukusuka cellulose waqala ukuthola usilika wokufakelwa, ipulasitiki, isikhumba sokufakelwa, cellophane, iphepha ehlukahlukene, futhi konke lokhu - imikhiqizo ehlukahlukene. Nsuku zonke, ama-ridinous pine ridges amasha efika, ngokwesibonelo, eMari Pulp nasePhepha Mill, lapho aguqulwa aba izinhlobo ezingama-35 zokufakwa kukagesi nephepha lobuchwepheshe nezinye izinto eziningi zezimboni nezasendlini.

I-Chemistry idonsa kulesi sihlahla "esivamile" umkhiqizo ocishe uqedwe - i-arinatic resin (turpentine). Kusuka esihlahleni esisodwa, kuze kufike kumakhilogremu angama-2-4 e-resin aqoqwa ngonyaka, kuthi kuthathwe i-turpentine ne-rosin kuwo ngesikhathi sokuthweleza, ama-varnish ahlukahlukene, upende nemithi kulungiswa kusuka ku-turpentine. Ngaphandle kwe-rosin, njengoba wazi, insipho ayifaki insipho, nephepha alibambi uyinki, futhi umbhuli akadlali i-violin, futhi umlimi akakhulisi mbewu. Phakathi kwamazwi kaKozma Prutkov esihlangana nawo: "ne-turpentine (ie resin, resin etholakala kumaConifers) ilusizo ngokuthile". "Noma yini" - namuhla cishe izimboni ezingama-70: irabha, ikhebula, upende kanye ne-varnish nabanye. Futhi zingaki izimboni abazihlanganisa?

Kunzima, mhlawumbe, noma kungenakwenzeka ukuthola izinhlayiya zikaphayini ezingenamsebenzi. Kukhona ama-tannins kanye ne-gummi ku-cortex, i-vanillin ku-cambium, uwoyela obalulekile wokucwiliswa utholakala ezinhlanyelweni, impova isetshenziswa esikhundleni se-lycopodium (i-powder yamaphilisi othuli emithini kanye nezikhunta ezakhiwe ku-foundry). Ngisho nomoya wehlathi likaphayini upholisa abantu abagulayo nababuthakathaka, akusizi ngalutho ukuthi bakha ngokuzithandela izindlu zangasese futhi baphumule izindlu emahlathini aphakeme.

Kuze kube muva nje, izinaliti zikaphayini, amagatsha awo kanye namagxolo bekubhekwa njengamdaka ekwakhiweni kwehlathi. Kwavela ukuthi lokhu kudoti kucishe kubaluleke kakhulu kunokhuni uqobo. Isihlahla sikaphayini esisodwa sinikeza cishe amakhilogremu ayi-10 ezinaliti, lapho ungathola khona isilinganiso sonyaka se-carotene ne-vithamini C kumuntu oyedwa, ingasaphathwa eyamafutha kaphayini ekhishwe ezinhlamvwini zobovu nepayini. Akugcinanga lapho, imboni yamahlathi yalonyaka ilahlekelwe ngamakhilogremu ayizigidi ezine ka-vithamini C kanye namakhilogremu ezinkulungwane ezingama-150 e-carotene kulokhu kudoti. Manje izinaliti ziqhutshwa zibe unamathisela we-chlorophyll-carotene, opholisa amanxeba ngokuphelele, oshisayo, izilonda, izicubu zomzimba futhi uthatha ukuziqhenya ngendawo phakathi kwemikhiqizo eminingi yezokwelapha: izixhumi ezengeziwe zokugezela zokugeza, izihlahlana zamaphayini omisiwe, i-turpentine nezinye izidakamizwa.

Iphine alisebenzisi umuntu kuphela. Cishe unyaka wonke, i-capercaillie idla ngezinaliti zikaphayini. Kwama-moose, ukudla okungcono kakhulu kwasebusika amahlumela zikaphayini kanye namagxolo awo. Ama-squirrels, ama-chipmunks, izidlozi zezinyoni zidla imbewu yephayini, ekhishwe ngobuhlakani kwizigaxa.

Kuphumelela kakhulu kulokhu. Bafaka uhlobo "lomshini" endaweni ethile esihlahleni, bafaka isigaxa kuyo basheshe basikhiphe baze bakhiphe yonke imbewu eyodwa. Indawo yokusebenza yemigwaqo enqamula emithanjeni kulula ukuyithola yizigaxa eziningi ezilungiselelwe ezimboze ngokuphelele umhlaba ozungezile.

Kuyamangaza, kepha izinhlanzi kade zabalwa phakathi kwabaxhuma izipho zikaphayini. Fry ngokuzithandela futhi ngenzuzo enkulu ngokwabo badla impova, futhi entwasahlobo, ngesikhathi sokuqhakaza izimbali, kuningi impova yokuthi ihlanganisa ichibi ngefilimu emincane. Ilungiselelo elithokozisayo yinhlamvu yempova yephayini: inamashekhe amabili omoya, iwavumela ukuba andize ngokukhululeka emoyeni futhi kulula ukundiza ngamakhulu amakhilomitha.

Noma ukulandisa okuyisiqalo kwezinzuzo ezitholwa yisihlahla sikaphayini kubaluleke kakhulu kangangokuba akusizi ngalutho ukukhuluma ngokuningiliziwe ngakho konke okwaziwayo: mayelana nezimpande zikaphayini ezilungisa isihlabathi, ukuvikela amabhange emifula ekubhujisweni, kanye nasichibi ekushunqwini, mayelana nokuphuma kwalo okuhlala njalo, okudingeka kakhulu izingadi zedolobha namapaki. Kepha mayelana "nezinye izinyembezi zikaGelena omuhle", mhlawumbe, kufanele zitshelwe.

Uma bekufanele uvakashele i-Armory eMoscow Kremlin, ubungeke ukwazi ukusiza kepha unake inani elikhulu lemikhiqizo evela ematsheni ama-amber egolide awolintshi, esikhathini esidlule owabizwa nge- burshtyn. Kunezinhlobonhlobo zobuhlalu, kanye ne-casket embozwe ngentambo enobuhlakani, nama-brooches ajabulisayo, nezinye izinto eziningi ezinhle ezithandekayo. Zonke zenziwe nge-amber.

Imihlahlandlela yesikhungo se-Catherine Palace Museum edolobheni lasePushkin eduze naseLeningrad sikhuluma ngegumbi elidumile lama-amber, elenziwa izingcweti zaseRussia lapha kusuka kulokhu okumangalisayo. Ngeshwa, ngeminyaka yeMpi Yezwe II okuqukethwe kwayo kwathunjwa ngabathengisi baseJalimane futhi ukuphela kwalezi ngcebo akukaziwa. Iqoqo elihle kakhulu lamatshe elanga liqoqwe ezimayini ezidumile zaseKaliningrad, lapho lifakwe khona ngezimboni ezinkulu zezimboni.

Iliphi itshe selanga (ngaleyo ndlela i-amber yaqanjwa ngayo okokuqala kwi-Odyssey yasendulo)? Kwavezwa imibono eminingi engqubuzanayo. Ama-Voices azwakala endulo ukuthi lesi kwakuyisipho esikhethekile sikaNkulunkulu, izazi zenkolo zakudala zayihlonipha njengeyamaminerali, futhi usosayensi omkhulu waseRussia uMikhail Vasilievich Lomonosov wakwazi ukuveza umbono ofanele: wabiza i-amber ngokuthi yi-resin petrified. Manje isayensi ikufakazisile ukuthi izingcezwana zegolide ze-amber ziyimfihlo ecwebile yamaConifers, abasunguli bakaphayini bethu. Iminyaka ecishe ibe yizigidi eziyishumi igcinwe olwandle edamini lwasolwandle, kancane kancane iba ngamatshe futhi iphenduke izingulule eziyigugu.

Enye yezinganekwane zasePoland zithi izingcezu ze-amber yizinyembezi zepaneli elihle u-Helena, owayekhala kakhulu ngokwahlukana nokwehlukana nesithandwa sakhe, ebaphonsa kumaza abandayo e-Baltic.

Baxoxa nenganekwane enjalo. Inkosazana yasolwandle, ishiya isigodlo esimnandi ayilethelwa yona, yaya endlini yomdobi wayo othandekayo ompofu. Unkulunkulu wolwandle ngokufutheka wathumela isivunguvungu esigodlweni wasicekela phansi. Ukuwohloka kwesakhiwo esihle sase-Amber Palace bese kuphonswa olwandle ngeminyaka eyizinkulungwane, ukubabeka esiqeshini sesihlabathi esisogwini.

Amadiphozi amakhulu kunawo wonke emhlabeni - cishe amaphesenti angama-80 ayo yonke imithombo yawo - agxile ogwini lweBaltic Sea, eduze naseKaliningrad. Ayexhashazwa ezikhathini zasendulo. Abathandi be-diva yelanga evela kulo lonke elaseYurophu, kufaka phakathi abathengisi baseFenike, beza ngokuzithandela lapha bezokuhweba ngama-amber. Izidwengu ze-amber ezisetshenziswe cishe zatholakala ekumbeni kwamathuna ama-nomadernity ama-Stone Age esiqhingini sase-Olkhon, ogwini lweLake Baikal. Lokhu akufakazeli ukusetshenziswa kwe-amber yobucwebecwebe kuphela, kepha futhi nakwezisondweni zasendulo zezizwe zaseMpumalanga yeSiberia kanye nezifundazwe zaseBaltic; i-amber yemvelo ayikatholakali eSiberia.

I-Amber nayo ithandwa kakhulu kulezi zinsuku. Manje akahambi ubucwebe nje. Kukhona imboni yonke - i-amber. Amakhulu ezinkulungwane zamathani ama-amber avinjulwa minyaka yonke ngamabhizinisi amakhulu, awasebenza kahle eRepublic of Baltic, izitshalo eziningana esifundeni saseKaliningrad zikhiqiza ngokukhethekile. Ukukhishwa kusetshenziselwa ukucubungula ku-succinic acid kanye namafutha e-amber, abalulekile ezimbonini eziningi zezokwelapha, nasemikhiqizweni yezobuciko.

Iphine itholakala enyakatho ekude nasogwadule, endaweni ethile phakathi kwesihlabathi esikhululekile sase-Aleshkovsky seDnieper ephansi, futhi hhayi isizungu kuphela, kodwa kuze kube ngamakhulu ezinkulungwane zezihlahla, emaphepheni e-Altai noma emasimini amahlathi ase-East Kazakhstan, singasasho amahlathi aseCentral Russia, isifunda saseVolga, e-Ukraine.

© Simon Koopmann

E-Irpen, eduzane naseKiev, isihlahla esineminyaka engama-200 ubudala, lapha esibizwa ngeDovzhenko kaphayini, simi sodwa egqumeni elinesihlabathi eduze kweNdlu Yababhali. Ukufika e-House of ubunifu, u-Alexander Petrovich njalo uzinze egunjini elinesizotha, kusukela efasiteleni lapho kubonakale khona uphayini wakhe othandekayo. Izikhathi ezingaphezu kwesisodwa wabiza uphayini umsizi wakhe - umsizi, wawupenda, wama isikhathi eside emcabangweni phansi kombhede wakhe.

Isihlahla sikaphayini esihle kakhulu sathandwa nguNikolai Vasilievich Gogol. Wayengumuntu wakhona kumuntu okwenziwe umdabuko womhlaba wakhe wokuzalwa, ophanayo, ocebile, futhi omuhle kakhulu. Isihlahla sikaphayini esiseduze neminyaka engamakhulu amathathu sigcinwe eNtabeni iMikhailova eduze kwedolobhana laseProkhorovka e-Ukraine. Lapha, ngaphansi komthunzi wakhe opholile, umlobi omkhulu weza kaningi kunesinye. Abantu babiza lo muthi kaGogol ngesihlahla.

Upayini ojwayelekile, futhi isiphetho sakhe sinomona!

Izixhumanisi zezinto zokwakha:

• S. I. Ivchenko - Bhuka ngezihlahla