Kungani kudingeka wazi izinhlobo zenhlabathi kanye nokufaneleka kwazo kokutshala engadini?
Ukwazi ukuthi uhlobo luni lwesakhiwo sengadi kungokwaluphi uhlobo, kuyadingeka ukusilawula ngokushesha nangezindleko eziphansi futhi kusenze sikulungele ukulima izitshalo zasengadini. Ukufaneleka kwendawo yengadi kuncike kakhulu kuhlobo lomhlabathi, i-topography, izinga lamanzi aphansi komhlaba, ukuzala kwenhlabathi, njll.
© Tom T
Kusho ukuthini ukuzala kwenhlabathi?
Ukuzala kwenhlabathi - okuqukethwe izakhi zomhlabathi, izakhiwo zawo ezibonakalayo nezokuma komhlaba. Kuya kakhulu ngemisebenzi yabantu. Inhlabathi evundile inganelisa isidingo sokudla namanzi kuyo yonke impilo yesitshalo. Ukuthola eminye imininingwane ngamabhethri, bheka isigaba esithi "Ama-Fertilizer".
Ungathola kanjani ukuthi inhlabathi yesiqeshana sengadi siyiluphi uhlobo nokuthi ivunde kangakanani?
Iningi lomhlaba owabelwe izingadi ezihlanganisiwe awunalo inzalo ephezulu. Izinga lokuzala lomhlabathi linganqunywa kusetshenziswa ukuhlolwa okuningiliziwe kwesiza kanye nokuhlaziywa kwenhlabathi ye-agrochemical. Lokhu kwenza ukuthi kunqume ngokunembile uhlobo lomhlabathi, ukwakheka kwemishini, izici ze-agrochemical futhi kuvezwe iqoqo lezinyathelo zokwenza ngcono noma ukulima kwazo. Ukuhlaziywa kwenhlabathi kwenziwa yiziteshi zamakhemikhali ezolimo ngokwesiko lamaqembu ezolimo.
© naviii
Iziphi izici zemvelo zezitshalo zasengadini okufanele zibhekwe lapho kwakhiwa uzungu lwengadi?
Lapho kunqunywa izinga lokufaneleka kwesakhiwo sengadi, kubalulekile ukubheka isilinganiso sezitshalo emhlabathini, izinga lokushisa kanye nomswakama, ukujula nobubanzi bezimpande. Ubuningi bezimpande ze-apula kanye neparele bukhula engxenyeni yenhlabathi ukusuka ku-100-200 kuya ku-600 mm, ama-cherries nama-plums - kusuka ku-100 kuye ku-400 mm, emithini yama-berry - amancane ngisho. Ezinhlangothini, izimpande zibekwe ngemuva kokuqagela komqhele. Ngokuqondene nomswakama wenhlabathi, izilimo zamalimi zihlelwe ngokulandelana ukusuka kwesineke kakhulu sokubekezelela isomiso (ama-cherries, ama-gooseberries) kuya kwabathandayo abathanda umswakama (iplamu, raspberries, sitrobheli). Isikhundla esiphakathi nendawo sihlalwa yi-apula, eliphakathi kwe-blackcurrant, i-sea sihlahla sivame ukutholakala. Okudingeka kakhulu yi-apula nesihlahla sethanga (2-3 m ukusuka ebusweni benhlabathi); ama-berry angafuneki kangako (aze afike ku-1 m). Indawo eseduze kwamanzi aphansi komhlaba ithinta umbuso wamanzi womhlaba futhi kungaholela ekufeni kwezitshalo zezithelo.
© Grimboy
Uyini umhlabathi nenhlabathi futhi ubaluleke ngani?
Inhlabathi - ungqimba oluphezulu lomhlaba lapho inqwaba yezimpande zezithelo nezithelo ze-berry ilele khona. Siqukethe izingqimba zenhlabathi, izakhiwo ezibonakalayo nokwakheka kwamakhemikhali okuhlukahluka kokuzala futhi kuthinta uhlobo lwentuthuko nokusatshalaliswa kwezimpande zezitshalo.
Yimiphi inhlabathi evamile enkabeni yeRussia?
Izinhlobo zenhlabathi eziphambili zale strip zihlanganisa i-sod-podzolic, boggy kanye ne-marsh (zone sod-podzolic), i-bush-steppe grey (ihlathi le-steppe zone), i-chernozems.
Inhlabathi ihlukaniswa kanjani ukwakhiwa kwemishini?
Ngokwakheka komhlaba okwenziwa ngomhlabathi nokungaphansi komhlaba kuhlukaniswe ngesihlabathi esihlabathini, isihlabathi phezu kwe-loam, i-loam sandy esihlabathini, i-sandam loam ku-loam, loamy, ubumba, i-peat. Ziyahlukahluka ngezakhiwo zazo zamanzi-amandla ngokomzimba (amandla adonsela phansi, ubuningi bendawo, ukusungulwa kwenhlabathi, umswakama obonakalayo, umthamo ophansi womswakama, ukutholakala komswakama ongaphansi komthamo womswakama ophansi, ukuqina kokuhlunga, ukuphakama kokukhula).
Iziphi iziphikiso eziyinhloko zezinhlobo zomhlaba ezahlukahlukene?
Ukungathandeki kwenhlabathi enesihlabathi nesihlabathi kuyindawo yokugcina ephansi yomswakama okhiqizayo, uma le nhlabathi yakheka phezu kwezihlabathi ezijulile (ezingaphezu kuka-1500 mm). Izinhlabathi ezisindayo ezinobumba kanye nobumba zinokuphakama kwamanzi, okuholela ekugezeni okungaphezulu kwendawo emithambekeni, nasezindaweni eziphansi - ukufakwa amanzi nokufudumeza okubuthakathaka.
Kuyini ukufanela kwenhlabathi yezingadi?
Ukufaneleka kwe-sod-podzolic, bogog kanye nenhlabathi enobunzima bezingadi kuyahluka. Ngenkathi i-soddy, soddy-weakly podzolic, soddy-medium-podzolic, soddy peaty-gleyous, peat-gley lowland bogs kanye ne-peat-gley swamm inhlabathi eshintshashintshayo ilungele izitshalo zasengadini, bese inhlabathi enamandla ye-podzolic, podzolic, sod-steppe-boggy eyenhlabathi enenhlabathi embi kakhulu, futhi ngaphandle kwezinyathelo ezikhethekile zokulima nokubuyiselwa komhlaba (ama-drainage), azifanele izingadi.
© Ragesoss
Uyini umhlaba wenhlabathi?
Ezingadini ezihlanganyelwe, izindawo zemigodi edonswayo kanye nezimayini ze-peat ziya ngokuya zabelwa. Isembozo senhlabathi ezindaweni ezimanzi - Peat. Inhlabathi ye-Peat inezinto ezithile ezingathandeki, ngakho-ke akunakwenzeka ukuthi ikhule izitshalo ezitshaliwe kuzo ngaphandle koshintsho olukhulu.
Yiziphi izici zenhlabathi ye-peat yezinsimbi eziphakeme?
Ngokucabanga ngemvelaphi yamabhuthi kanye nobukhulu bengqimba ye-peat, inhlabathi ezi-peat zamapulangwe aphansi namazinga aphansi ziyahlukaniswa. Amabhuthi wokugibela atholakala ezindaweni eziphakeme ezinemvula elinganiselwe futhi ancibilike amanzi, ngenxa yalokho athola umswakama ngokweqile. Engqungqutheleni ye-peat azikho izimo zokuthathwa kwe-calcium, potassium, phosphorus, ukubola okuphelele okwengeziwe kwezinsalela zezitshalo. Lokhu kuholela ekwakhekeni kwamakhompiyutha athile ayingozi ezitshalweni nasekuqinisekiseni okunamandla kwe-peat mass. Izakhamzimba ku-peat ziba izinhlobo ezingafinyeleleki ezitshalweni. Izinto zomhlaba ezinomthelela ekwandiseni nasekugcinweni kokuzala azikho. Izimila zimbi kakhulu.
Yini ephawuleka ngenhlabathi yemvelo yemvelo ebhangayo?
Izibhuku zeLowerland zitholakala emigodini ebanzi enomthambeka obuthakathaka. Amanzi kuzo anqwabelana ngenxa yamanzi asemhlabeni agcwele usawoti we-calcium, i-magnesium nensimbi. I-acidity yengqimba ye-peat ayinamandla noma isondele kokungathathi hlangothi. Izitshalo zilungile. Ngobukhulu besendlalelo se-peat, izinhlobo ezintathu zemihlaba ye-peat ziyahlukaniswa: I - nge-peat peat ephansi (ngaphansi kwama-200 mm), II - nge-Peat-amandla aphakathi nendawo (200-400), i-III - enobukhulu obukhulu (ngaphezu kwama-400 mm).
Ungayisebenzisa kanjani inhlabathi ye-peat?
Izinhlabathi ezi-Peat zezinkukhu ezikhuphukayo nezingaphansi kwesimo sazo semvelo azifanele izitshalo ezikhulayo ezikhulayo. Kodwa-ke, zikufihlile ukuzala ngenxa yokuba khona kwezinto eziphilayo ngesimo se-peat. Izici ezingezinhle ze-peat ziqedwa ngokudonsa, ukumisa, ukugoqa, ukufaka umquba. Kuyenzeka ukukhipha, okungukuthi, wehlise izinga lamanzi angaphansi komhlaba futhi ususe amanzi ngokweqile kusuka kungxenyeni yezimpande zenhlabathi ngendlela esifike ngesikhathi ngokwakha inethiwekhi yokugeleza evulekile. Ukulungiswa komhlaba kabusha kuthuthukisa amanzi, igesi kanye nezimo ezishisayo zenhlabathi futhi kudala izimo zokusebenzisa kahle umquba. Iziza zasengadini kufanele zitholakale ngokuhambisana nokwakheka kwenethiwekhi yokudonsa amanzi. Ngaphezu kwalokho, kuyadingeka ukwakha imisele ephambili eceleni komgwaqo ophakathi, kanye nemisele ngokujula okungama-200-250 mm kanye nobubanzi obuyi-300-400 mm eceleni komngcele wesakhiwo sengadi nge-drain evamile kunethiwekhi enkulu yokudonsa. Akungeneki kwisikhukhula sentwasahlobo yensiza yeziza eziningi. Ngeminyaka eyishumi kaMeyi, imisele kufanele ingabi namanzi.
Uma kungenzeki ukwehlisa izinga lamanzi angaphansi komhlaba, khona-ke izilimo zezithelo zingatshalwa eziseleni eziyimifushane, ezimpande zazo zitholakala ezingxenyeni ezingaphezulu zenhlabathi. Ngaphezu kwalokho, izihlahla zezithelo kumele zitshaleke ezindundwini zobumba ezingama-300-500 mm ukuphakama. Ububanzi bendunduma kufanele bunyuswe minyaka yonke njengoba isihlahla sikhula. Ngaso leso sikhathi, kungcono ukwenqaba imigodi yokutshala, sizilinganise ekujuleni okungakanani (kuze kufike ku-300-400 mm) lokumba okungaphezulu kwenhlabathi.
Ukwehla okukhulu kwezinga lamanzi angaphansi komhlaba ezinhlabathini ezinqenqemeni, ezigcwele amasanti aminyene, eminyakeni eyomile kungaholela ekunciphiseni umswakama ongxenyeni okwakhiwe izimpande, ikakhulukazi ezindaweni zezinhlobo I no-II, lapho ubukhulu be-peat buphansi. Kulokhu, udinga ukuhlinzeka ngomthombo wokunisela.
Ungayinciphisa kanjani i-acid ye-peat nenhlabathi?
Kwinhlabathi enobuthi yamabhuthi aphezulu, ukubola kwe-peat kuvinjelwe yi-acidity ephezulu (pH 2.8-3.5). Ngasikhathi sinye, izitshalo zezithelo nezithelo zomhluzi azikwazi ukuthuthukisa ngempumelelo futhi zivune izilimo. Impendulo efanelekile ephakathi yezitshalo ezinjalo ngu-5.0-6.0. Izinhlabathi ezi-Peat zemashi ephansi ngokwe-acidity zivame ukuhambisana nenani elifanele.
Ukuphela kwendlela yokuqeda i-acidity eyeqile yanoma imuphi umhlabathi iyancipha. Ishintsha kakhulu izinqubo zemvelo ku-peat ohlangothini olufanele ukukhula kwezitshalo zasengadini. Ukwenza kusebenze komsebenzi we-microbial kusheshise ukubola kwe-peat, kuthuthukisa izakhiwo zayo ze-agrophysical and agrochemical. I-peat brown brown fibrous peat iphenduka isisindo esimnyama, esicishe sibe mnyama. Izinhlobo zezakhi zomzimba ezingafinyeleleki kalula zidlulela kuzihlanganisela ezigaya kalula izitshalo. Umanyolo owethulwe we-phosphorus-potassium ufakwe kungqimba yenhlabathi enezimpande, awagezwa kuwo entwasahlobo nasekwindla, ngenkathi uhlala utholakala ezitshalweni.
© James Snape
Ngabe zikhona ezinye izindlela ezithuthukisa inhlabathi yo-peat?
Izinhlabathi ze-Peat zingathuthukiswa nge-sanding. Ukuze wenze lokhu, inani elikhulu lesihlabathi kufanele lisatshalaliswe ngokulinganayo phezu kwesiqalo se-peat, bese bamba isiza ukuxuba i-peat nesihlabathi. Le ndlela ithuthukisa kakhulu izakhiwo zomhlabathi we-peat.
Ukutshala kwenziwa kangcono kumasayithi ohlobo lwe-III ngesendlalelo se-peat esingaphezu kwama-400 mm, inani lesihlabathi - 4 m3 (6 t) nge-100 m2, inani likamoya lincishiswa ngesigamu. Ezindaweni zezinhlobo zoku-I ne-II, ukunconywa kwe-sanding akunconywa, ngoba lapho kugaywa inhlabathi, ungqimba lwesihlabathi olungaphansi lubanjwa ngefosholo futhi luhlanganiswe ne-peat, okungukuthi, ukugcotshwa kwenhlabathi engaphezulu kwempuphu kuyenziwa (ngaphandle kwesihlabathi esingeziwe ngaphandle). Ngaphezu kwalokho, ezindaweni zohlobo I kuchazwa ukuthi ungeze i-peat eyengeziwe (i-4-6 m3 nge-100 m2). Eminyakeni elandelayo, njengoba Peat iwohloka kulezi zindawo, kungcono ukwethula comput-umquba kanye Peat-fecal composes ngemithamo ephezulu.
Uma inhlabathi enobumba esindayo ilele ngaphansi kwephoat, inani lesihlabathi kufanele lenyuswe noma ungqimba oluncane lwe-peat, ngoba lapho kugaywa le nhlabathi kuhileleka kulinywayo, okudingekayo lapho kuthuthukiswa lezo zingosi.
Kungenzeka yini ukubeka ingadi emapulini “avela” ezinhlangeni, emahlathini, ezinkombeni, njll?
Ngomsebenzi ophelele wezamasiko, lezi zindawo zingasetshenziswa futhi ezingadini nasezivandeni zasekhishini. Ukususa iziqu ngemuva kokusiphula, izihlahlana, amatshe, ukuphambukisa amanzi, ukukala umphezulu ngokubuyiselwa emuva kwezimbobo, ukunqamula izivalo, ukugcwalisa inhlabathi enosawoti, ukuhlela isiza, ukuhlela inethiwekhi noma imisele yokunisela - konke lokhu kumele kwenziwe lapho kuthuthukiswa izindawo ezishiywe ehlathini, kuqubuka izingcingo, ukubabaza. Kungcono ukwenza umsebenzi onamandla wento ejwayelekile usebenzisa izindlela kuze kube yilapho uhlu lonke luhlukaniswe izigaba ezihlukile. Ngasikhathi sinye, usizo oludingekayo kufanele lunikezwe ngamabhizinisi kanye nezikhungo, izinhlanganisela zazo ezinikezwe iziza zomhlaba wezingadi nezingadi zasekhishini.
© Phil Champion
Yimuphi umsebenzi owenziwayo ngaphambi kokutshala ingadi?
Ukuthuthukiswa kwesakhiwo somhlaba kuvame ukuqala ngenethiwekhi yokudonsa amanzi. Kepha kwesinye isikhathi kufanele unakekele ukuchelela. Lapho-ke udinga ukususa iziqu, amatshe, izihlahlana, ukukala umhlabathi, uma kunesidingo, faka umquba, isihlabathi, umanyolo we-organic kanye ne-mineral bese ugaya umhlabathi ube ngu-200 mm. Imithamo yelayisi, umanyolo, isihlabathi incike kuhlobo lomhlabathi, i-acidity yayo, ukwakheka kokulungiswa, izici zezolimo. Baphinde banakekele ukuvikela ingadi yesikhathi esizayo emimoyeni ekhona. Yonke inqwaba kufanele itshalwe ngezinhlobo zezihlahla (linden, maple, elm, birch, ash). Njengothango, ungasebenzisa i-acacia ephuzi, i-hazel, ukuhlekisa (i-jasmine), i-honeysuckle, i-dogrose, i-chokeberry (i-aronia). Imichilo engadini kufanele ibe ukwakheka kwe-openwork, ihlanjululwe. Ukuze wenze lokhu, izihlahla kufanele zibekwe ngemigqa emibili ngokusho kwesikimu 1.5-3 × 1-1.25 m, izihlahlana - emgqeni owodwa noma emibili ngokwesikimu 0,75-1.5 × 0.5-0.75 m.
© stellar678
Imichilo engadini ayitshalwa uma ingadi izungezwe yihlathi noma izakhiwo. Amaqembu abhekene nezigodi, imifula nezindawo eziphansi akufanele atshalwe ngamabhande engadi. Kamuva, esikhundleni sezihlahla eziwile, izinhlobo ezinempilo, eziqinile zezinhlobo ezifanayo ezikhula emigqeni evikela engadini zitshalwa, bese kuthi leyo ndlela ibe yimigqa emibili.
Ingadi ingavikelelwa ngocingo lokhuni olwenziwe ngo-slabs, hemp, slats, neziqu, kanye nezitshalo zokuhlobisa.
Izinto ezisetshenzisiwe:
- R.P. Kudryavets, V.I. Kotov, V.N. Kochargin I-ABC yensimu. Incwadi yezinkomba.
