Uma utamatisi esihlahleni ubola emibhedeni, kufanele enze njani umlimi? Okokuqala, zama ukusindisa okungenani ingxenye yesilimo. Okwesibili, kubalulekile ukuthi uqonde ukuthi kungani lokhu kwenzeka futhi uthathe nezindlela zokuthibela, unakekela isivuno sonyaka olandelayo.
Kungani utamatisi ubola esihlahleni
Ukugoqa utamatisi esihlahleni kungabangelwa izifo ezibangelwa amagciwane. Abanini bezingadi namakhethini ehlobo emibhedeni yabo bavame ukuhlangana nabo:
- ukulimala sekwephuzile,
- i-vertex nokubola okumnyama,
- I-Alternariosis,
- i-necrosis.
Izifo eziningi zokukhunta zingathwalwa ngumoya futhi, njengokufika kwesitha, zenze "indawo ethambile" ezingxenyeni eziluhlaza zesitshalo. Ngaphezu kwalokho, kwesinye isikhathi zitholakala emhlabathini futhi ukusuka lapho, ngohlelo lwezimpande, ziqale umsebenzi wazo wokubhubhisa. Umongo wawo kuzo zombili lezi zigameko uyefana: Ama-microorganisms we-pathogenic, abake endaweni enhle kubo, aphindaphindeka ngenkuthalo, ephazamisa inqubo yamaprotheni biosynthesis esitshalweni. Ngenxa yalokhu, amangqamuzana esibeletho esivele sakhiwe, kepha hhayi okhule ngokugcwele aqala ukubola.
Ezinye izifo zithinta ingxenye yengane kuphela - ithiphu yayo noma indawo lapho utamatisi igxunyekwe khona egatsheni, abanye bacekela phansi imifino ngokuphelele, kodwa umphumela ucishe ufane - akunakwenzeka ukusindisa lezi zithelo. Kodwa-ke, utamatisi uvuthwa kwamanye amagatsha, lesi sifo esingakawathinti - kumele alwelwe.
Ukulimala okufika lapho
I-Phytophthora isetshenziswa ngokushesha kumakhemikhali, ngakho-ke ama-fungicides kufanele aguqulwe
Wonke umlimi otshala utamatisi hhayi ezindaweni zokugcina izithombo, kodwa engadini uyazi ngalesi sifo. I-Blight iboniswa kanjena: engxenyeni engezansi yezithelo, amabala amnyama ansundu abonakala kahle. Zonke izinsuku ziyanda ngosayizi, futhi umbala usuka ku-brown uphenduka ube mnyama. Lokhu kusho ukuthi inqubo yokubola isithinte isibeletho ngaphakathi.
Umsebenzi wesifo ngqo ngokuya ngezimo zezulu. Uma ihlobo lishisa futhi lomile, ukushisa sekwephuzile ngeke kulimaze okutshalekile. Uma umswakama uphezulu, khona-ke kunetha, futhi okupholile - isifo se-fungal sisebenza kakhulu kunangaphambili.
Ukutheleleka kuvame ukwenzeka ngomhlabathi - ama-phytophthora spores ahlala kuwo isikhathi eside futhi, uma bekungekho ukwelashwa kokuqala kwemibhede enama-fungicides, ngokuqinisekile ayozenza azizwe.
I-Alternariosis
I-Alternariosis ivame ukuthinta ukutshala ezindaweni eziseningizimu
Lesi sifo siziveza njengezindawo ezinombala onsundu hhayi esicini sikatamatisi oluhlaza, njengasekulimaleni okulimaza kakhulu, kepha endaweni yesithungo. Izithelo zonke ngasikhathi sinye zibonakala zinobuchopho, kepha akukho lutho oluhle kuso - i-plaque evela ezinhlamvwini ibukeka ingajwayelekile kangako.
Izimo zezulu ezithandekayo zalesi sifo zingumswakama ophezulu (azungeze ama-70%), izinga lokushisa lisuka ku-25 kuya ku-30mayelanaC. Lesi sifo asilimazi nje kuphela izithelo, kodwa namaqabunga wamatamatisi - zimbozwa izindawo ezimnyama bese ziyawa.
I-bacterial necrosis
Lesi sifo sibizwa nangokuthi "utamatisi ongenalutho"
Ngenxa yalokhu kugula, utamatisi ubola ngokuphelele. Isibonakaliso sokuqala se-bacterial necrosis yezithelo ezingavuthiwe ukwakhiwa kwenethiwekhi emhlophe phezu kwabo. Uma fetus inesikhathi sokunciphisa, ukuqala kwesifo kungahlulelwa ngamasongo amabili ansundu endaweni yesithungo. Ngeshwa, akukho zithelo eziluhlaza noma ezibomvu esezivuthwe ngokuphelele - uketshezi oluvuthayo luzoqala ukuvela ngaphakathi kwalolo nabanye, utamatisi uzoqala ukubuna kusuka kumagatsha, lapho nje isandla somuntu sibathinta.
Ukulimala kuzoqapheleka esiqwini sesitshalo - kuzovela umphunga kuso, kuzoqala ukuqhekeka. Kodwa amaqabunga kungenzeka angashintshi umbala wawo isikhathi eside, noma kunjalo, abukeka sengathi ayashintshana. Lokhu kwesinye isikhathi kudida abalimi - bakhathazeka ngokuthi izitshalo azinawo amanzi anele futhi ziqala “ukuzithengisa” kakhulu, futhi lokhu kwandisa isimo.
I-Necrotic Striping (I-Streak)
Lesi sifo siyingozi ngamatamatisi abamba ukushisa.
Lesi sifo luhlobo lwe-necrosis. Zombili izitshalo ezivulekile nezinhlabathi ezigcina ukushisa nazo zithinteka ngokulinganayo. Isiqu kanye ne-petioles zisiza ukuqaphela lesi sifo - imivimbo yamathoni abomvu ansundu ivela kubo. Izithelo ezitshalweni ezinjalo zihlanganiswa namabala amnyama nokuqhekeka, ukungabi nesikhathi sokuvuthwa ekugcineni. Ukubola kwayo yonke ingane esibelethweni kuqala ngokunembile ngenxa yalokhu kuqhekeka - inqwaba yesikhunta se-pathogenic iwela kubo.
Ibala elimnyama
Ngalesi sifo, amaqabunga ayathinteka kuqala, bese kuba nezithelo
Lesi sifo sithinta izitshalo zombili eziluhlaza kanye nalezo ezikhula emibhedeni. Kufanele kukhathazeke lapho amabala amancane aluhlaza, angaqapheleki amnyama aqala ukubonakala emaqabungeni esitshalo, aqala ukwanda ngosayizi kancane. Bese kuvela ithuba lezithelo, amabala nawo akha phezu kwazo: okokuqala, kucwebezela futhi kucijeke, bese - kufana ngokufana nomonakalo oshiywe yisibazi.
Ukubuka amabala amnyama kudluliselwa kusuka ezitshalweni ezinezifo kuye kwezempilo okunempilo kusetshenziswa imisinga yomoya. Le nqubo isebenza ngokukhethekile esimweni sezulu esifudumele semvula - amagciwane ayingozi angena emaqabunga nezithelo ngamaconsi amanzi.
I-Vertex bola
Lesi sifo sifana kakhulu nokulimala sekwephuzile
Abalimi abaningi babheka lesi sifo njengesihambi esikhulu kakhulu, kodwa futhi sithinta imifino emibhedeni uma izici ezimbalwa ezingezinhle ngesitshalo zihlangana: ukushisa, ukunisela okungajwayelekile futhi ukungalungiswa kahle, umhlabathi one-acidic lapho kunamandla khona i-nitrogen kanye ne-calcium encane kakhulu. Indlela yokukhula kwalesi sifo yilena: labo abadinga ukuthambisa, kepha bengawatholi amaqabunga abo, baqala ukuthatha umswakama ezithelo, ngenxa yalokho, babola.
Kwenzeka ukuthi abalimi baphazamise ukubola okukhona ngokulimala sekwephuzile, kepha kunesici esiqinisekile - isifo sokuqala sithinta kuphela izithelo, ukulimala sekwephuzile kuthinta zombili izithelo, iziqu namaqabunga. Utamatisi ongasitholanga isikhathi sokuvuthwa futhi unesifo nge-vertex bola umbozwe ngamabala amnyama phezu kobuso bonke bezithelo.
Isici esiyingqayizivele sesifo ukuthi, njengomthetho, izihlahla ezincane ezisegabeni lokuqala lezithelo zihlangabezana nakho, noma kunjalo, lesi sitshalo asife ngokuphelele. Kuliqiniso, izithelo ezithelelekile azikufanele ukudla, kepha esihlahleni esifanayo (uma lesi sitshalo sinikezwe ukunakekelwa okuhle), okusha, kuphile ngokuphelele futhi kuphephile kubantu kungavuthwa.
Ukubola okumnyama
Ezimpawu zokuqala zesifo, izithelo ezithintekile kumele zisuswe.
Lesi sifo sithinta yonke ingane.. Okokuqala, kuvela iziqaqa ezimnyama, zifanekisela i-pycnidia - amakoloni wesikhunta esincane esincane esiyingozi. Ngemuva kwalokho utamatisi uqala ukuqina, imibimbi, futhi uma ngalesi sikhathi izulu lina, lizobola.
Ezinye izimbangela zokubola kwamatamatisi
Imvamisa imbangela yezinkinga ukungondleki okungafanele noma ukuntuleka kwayo: ngokwesibonelo, ukushoda kwe-Vitamin noma amavithamini amaningi. Lapho ukugqoka okuphezulu kunesandla esikhulu kakhulu, ukushisa kwezimpande nokubola kungenzeka - amaqabunga ayabuna nezithelo ziwohloka ngaphambi kokuba zivuthwe.
Ukuchelela okungajwayelekile kuyingozi kakhulu ezitshalweni: uma kunamanzi anele amaqabunga, khona-ke izithelo, kungenjalo, zingenalutho - amabala amnyama avela kumathiphu awo, akhula kancane, bese umucu uba lukhuni.
Esinye isizathu sokubola kwamatamatisi kungenzeka ukuthi umnikazi athole izithombo zezinhlobo ezinde, kepha akazange akhathazeke ngokubopha iziqu - okungukuthi, izithelo zilele emhlabathini omanzi, ziwohloka.
Okufanele ukwenze ukwelapha isivuno esizayo
Uma utamatisi oluhlaza obumba ezihlahleni uqala ukubola, umfutho wokuqala wensimu ukusindisa labo isifo ebesingenaso isikhathi sokubathinta. Indlela ebaluleke kunazo zonke ukuqoqa isivuno esisele futhi usithathe ngaphansi kophahla, endaweni eyomile, evikelekile elangeni. Lapho, utamatisi uyojika ubomvu kancane kancane futhi uzokulungele ukusetshenziswa. Ngeshwa, ngeke zisebenze njengesiqholo, simnandi njengezithelo ezivuthwe ngokuphelele engadini.
Ungagcina ingxenye yesilimo esihlahleni, uma isitshalo sigula ngokulimala sekwephuzile, futhi akukho zimpawu zaso ngqo ezithelweni. Ukwelashwa kwesiguli esiluhlaza nge-Bordeaux fluid kuzosiza, inqobo nje uma ngabe kuphelele - awunakuphuthelwa ukugxila okukodwa kokutheleleka.
Ukuze ukwelashwa kulethe imiphumela, udinga ukucubungula i-lesion ngayinye
Ukwelashwa kwezihlahla, akusetshenziswa kuphela amalungiselelo amakhemikhali, kepha namakhambi abantu. Cabanga ngezinketho zokonga ukufika emhlabeni ezifweni ezahlukahlukene.
Ngokumelana nokulimaza sekwephuzile
Umsebenzi wenziwa ngemuva kokutholakala kwezimpawu zokuqala zalesi sifo. Ukubheja kunconyelwe ukugeza okupholisa kusetshenziswa:
- Uketshezi lweBordeaux (amaphesenti angu-1);
- umuthi i-Oksikhom (10 l wamanzi - amaphilisi ama-2);
- i-oxychloride yethusi (40 g yempahla yenani elifanayo lamanzi).
Ukufafaza ngamalungiselelo amabili wokugcina kwenziwa uma okungenani izinsuku ezingama-20 zisale ngaphambi kokuvunwa, isimo sincane ku-Bordeaux ketshezi - izinsuku ezintathu zanele. Kungcono ukufafaza ekugcineni kosuku lapho ukushisa kwehla. Ochwepheshe banikeza lesi sincomo: uma kufanele ubhekane nokwelashwa okulimaza kakhulu sekwephuzile, udinga ukuthatha izidakamizwa ezahlukahlukene njalo ngonyaka - i-microflora ye-pathogenic ngeke isetshenziswe kubo, okusho ukuthi umphumela wokwelashwa uzoba mkhulu.
Futhi izeluleko ezimbalwa ezimbalwa zalabo abazama ukuvikela imibhede yabo ekulimaleni sekwephuzile yonke inkathi yengadi. Thatha izinyathelo ezisebenzayo. Ukwelashwa kwezihlahla (emavikini amabili emva kokutshala) ngeTrichodermin kuzonikeza umphumela omuhle. I-Bordeaux ketshezi nayo izonikeza umphumela ozinzile: ukwelashwa kokuqala kwenziwa ngohlaka olufanayo, futhi ngemuva kwamanye amasonto ama-2 - owesibili. Abaphikisi be- "chemistry" bangawasebenzisa amakhambi abantu, yize kungemanga kangako. Okusebenza kahle kunazo zonke yi-infusion yegalikhi, elungiselelwe kusuka ku-1.5 tbsp. ugarlic, 1.5 g we-potanganum permanganate namalitha ayi-10 amanzi. Isikhathi sokufafaza singenacala.
Abalimi abanolwazi babheka ukuchelela kusebenza ngempumelelo, lapho kufakwa khona amaconsi ayi-10 iodine no-30 g we-calcium chloride nge-10 litre. Ukusetshenziswa okuphakathi kwesitshalo ngasinye kungamalitha ayi-0,5.
Lapho ihlumela lokuqala liqala ukwakha emasimini, amakhambi aqinisa ukungatheleleki kwezitshalo (i-Epin-eyengeziwe), kanye nokudla okwengeziwe ngokufaka umanyolo we-phosphorus-potassium kuzoba wusizo.
Ividiyo: amakhambi wokulimala sekwephuzile
Ngokumelana ne-Alternariosis
Lesi sifo, kanye nokulimala sekwephuzile, siphathwa nge-Bordeaux fluid. Futhi ukuvikela lesi sifo ukuthi singasakazeki emibhedeni yemifino nhlobo, ochwepheshe batusa ukusebenzisa izinhlobo ezintsha zamatamatisi ngokuzivikela okungapheli kwe-alternariosis: Lana, New Transnistria, Countryman.
Futhi amanye amathiphu ambalwa: lesi sifo sidlula imibhede lapho kuguqulwa khona isivuno, ukhula luyakhipha masinyane futhi lungazenzi lukhule isivuno.
Ukushintshanisa izilimo kugwema izifo eziningi zezitshalo
Ngokumelene neVertex Rot
Ikhambi elisebenzayo lokulwa nalesi sifo yisisombululo se-calcium nitrate (okuhlushwa - 0.4%). Okwesizini, ukwelashwa oku-3-4 kuyenziwa, isikhawu esiphakathi kwezinsuku ezingama-5-7. Ukusetshenziswa kwesixazululo - 0.5 l nge-10 m2. Enye inketho kungenzeka futhi, ayisebenzi kahle - ukufafaza ngesisombululo se-calcium sulfate (8 g kagesi kudliwe ebhakedeni lamanzi).
Isixazululo se-calcium nitrate sizosiza ukuqeda ukubola kwe-vertex
Namuhla, abalimi, ngokusho kochwepheshe, inkinga yokuwohloka kwe-vertebral rot incane futhi incane kakhulu, ngenxa yezinhlobo ezintsha ezifuywayo ezihlangabezana nalesi sifo: Zvezdochka, isimangaliso saseMoravian, iLakomka. Izindlela zezolimo kanye nokuphuza okujwayelekile kunconywa (uma isimo sezulu sishisa, udinga ukuphuza utamatisi nsuku zonke, futhi kakhulu).
Ngokumelana ne-bacteriosis
Lesi sifo sivame ukungashiyi umlimi ithuba lokusindisa isitshalo, imvamisa kufanele zisuswe engadini. Ukusebenza esigabeni sokuqala sesifo kungaba:
- I-Kartotsid - 50 g ngamalitha ayi-10 amanzi,
- I-Oxechom - amaphilisi ama-2 enani elilinganayo lamanzi.
Ukufafaza izihlahla kufanele kwenziwe kungakapheli izinsuku ezingama-20 ngaphambi kokuqala kokuvunwa. Uma imigomo enjalo ingenelisi, ungathenga i-bio-fungicides esitolo esikhethekile, ingadliwa ngezinsuku ezimbalwa ngaphambi kokudla imifino (ngomuthi ngamunye othize, isikhathi sichazwa njalo emiyalweni enemininingwane).
Lapho ufafaza ngamakhemikhali, kufanelekile ukubheka isikhathi sezenzo zawo.
Izindlela zokuvimbela ezijwayelekile
Umgcini wegadi akaze aphile nangosuku olulodwa, ngakho-ke, kusukela ezinkathini ezinzima ngokuya ngokulawulwa kwezifo, izifundo kufanele zifundwe:
- ungaphuli imibhede yetamatisi eduze kwemibhede yamazambane - lezi izilimo zinezitha ezivamile;
- vimbela ukuqina kokutshala kanye nokubusa kokhula;
- utamatisi oqinile ovela ezitshalweni ezinegciwane ukuvimbela ukubulala amagciwane, ukucwilisa imizuzu embalwa emanzini emazingeni okushisa angama-60mayelanaC;
- imbewu yokutshala esikhathini esizayo kufanele iqoqwe kuphela kulezo zitshalo eziye zakhombisa ukuthi ziyamelana nezifo;
- ukucekela phansi izingxenye zezitshalo ezithelelekile nezithelo ezilinyazwe ukutheleleka ngaso leso sikhathi futhi akumele kusetshenziselwe umgquba;
- zokutshala okusha, sebenzisa umlotha oqukethe izinto ze-alkaline - kuzokwenza ukuthi umhlabathi uphephe kusuka ku-vertex bola nezinye izifo (umlotha ungathululelwa emigodini elungiselelwe izithombo).
Ukuze ukubola okuhlukahlukene kungonakalisi isivuno, udinga ukuhlola amasimu njalo uthathe izindlela zokutakula ezidingekayo uma ubona izimpawu zokuqala zalesi sifo. Ngaphambi kwesizini ngayinye entsha, kubalulekile ukuba ube nentshisekelo ngemikhiqizo emisha - izidakamizwa ezivikela utamatisi ezinhlekeleleni ezihlukahlukene zivela emashalofini ezitolo ezikhethekile njalo, ngakho-ke kuhlala kunethuba lokukhetha ezisebenzayo kakhulu futhi uzisebenzise ngqo ukulandela imiyalo.
