Njengamanje, ukwakha isivuno esikhulu futhi kulondoloze ukuzala kwenhlabathi, abahlali behlobo yonke indawo basebenzisa umanyolo wamaminerali, oqukethe izinto ezisuswe enhlabathini ngesitshalo. Udinga ukwazi ukuthi ama-tuks anikezela kuphela ukwanda kwesikhashana kwesivuno sesilimo, ngenkathi kunciphisa inani le-humus enhlabathini, okungukuthi, ukuzala kwemvelo kwenhlabathi.
Eminyakeni yamuva nje, kuye kwaba nenani elandayo labanini bomhlaba abaye batshintsha ukulima kwemvelo. Isisekelo semvelo kukulesi simo ukusetshenziswa kwemikhiqizo yemvelo kuphela empilweni yansuku zonke, ukutholwa kwakho akunakwenzeka ngaphandle kokubuyela kuMama uMhlaba izinto ezithathe isivuno. Esikhundleni esifanele "senhlala-kahle yamakhemikhali" ngumanyolo wemvelo - imfucuza yezilwane ezidla ukudla kwezitshalo. Umanyolo onjalo we-organic ngumquba.
Umquba kumanyolo obolile © amadashiUyini umehluko phakathi kukamanyolo we-organic and mineral?
Umanyolo wamaminerali akhiqizwa ezitshalweni zamakhemikhali futhi, lapho ungeniswa emhlabathini, uyinto yangaphandle yezitshalo okumele iguqulwe ibe yifomu yokusebenzisa.
- Ukuze kutholakale ezitshalweni, izakhi zikasawoti wezakhi kufanele ziguqulwe zibe yifomu le-chelate.
- Umanyolo wamaminerali uqukethe uhla oluncane kuphela lwezinto zamakhemikhali ezidingekayo ezitshalweni.
- I-Tuki ineqhaza enhlabathini, icabanga ngemingcele yayo kanye nezidingo zezitshalo.
- Umanyolo wezimbiwa awunamthelela ekwakhekeni kwe-humus, ngaleyo ndlela unciphise ukuzala kwenhlabathi yemvelo.
Izakhi zomanyolo we-organic zitholakala kalula ezitshalweni, ngoba zingumkhiqizo wemisebenzi yezilwane, futhi esimweni semvelo sendalo ziyinto yaso yemvelo. Ukuphela komkhawulo kwezolimo: ngemikhuba yezolimo engafanele, ama-nitrites aqongelela ezithelweni nasemifino. Imfucumfucu yendalo ngenkathi ifakwa amafomu humus, enquma izinga lokuzala kwenhlabathi.
Izinhlobo zomquba nezimpawu zawo
Izinhlobo ezilandelayo zomquba zitholakala ezilwaneni:
- inkomo (mullein);
- ihhashi;
- ingulube;
- inyoni (inkukhu);
- unogwaja
- izimvu, njll.
Uhlobo ngalunye lomquba lunezimpawu zalo nokwakheka kwalo, luyahlukahluka ngesikhathi sokuchayeka emhlabathini.
Ukusebenza kahle umquba wenkomo: Isebenza ngempumelelo iminyaka emi-2 kuya kwemihlaba enesihlabathi esikhanyayo nenesihlabathi esimanzi seminyaka emi-4 kuya kwezi-6 ezinhlabathini ezinobumba ezisindayo.
Izinyoni ezilahlayo ukubola ngokuhamba kwesikhathi konyaka. Lona umanyolo osheshayo we-organic. Kuyinto elula ukuyisebenzisa ekugqokeni okuphezulu. Kodwa-ke, ukuqoqwa kwezithoni zezinyoni kuphezulu kakhulu kangangokuba ukusetshenziswa kwayo ngendlela yokugqoka ephezulu kungenzeka kuphela lapho kuxutshwe amahlandla ayi-10-12.
Umquba wamahhashi - Okuhle kakhulu. Isakhiwo se-Porous nokwakheka kwamakhemikhali okucebile, izinga lokushisa eliphakeme lokuwohloka, kusebenza kakhulu lapho kusetshenziswa emhlabathini ovulekile kanye namahholo okugcina izithombo. Mayelana nokwenziwa kwemishini yezolimo, inani lomquba wamahhashi emapulazini lehle kakhulu. Sekuncane ukufinyeleleka kune-mullein.
Umquba wengulube isetshenziswa abalimi ngezinga elincane. Inokuqukethwe okuphezulu kwe-nitrogen (ipungent ammonia iphunga), inani elikhulu le-helminths. Okusha akukwazi ukusetshenziswa. Imvamisa exutshaniswe nehhashi, engeza ufulawa we-dolomite, umquba unyaka owodwa wokubulala amagciwane ngokwemvelo (kusuka ku-helminth), bese ufakwa emhlabathini kuphela. Umquba wengulube ulungile ngoba unezinga lokushisa eliphakeme lokuwohloka. Ngokuhambisana nehhashi unyaka wokuvutshelwa thola umquba wekhwalithi ephezulu.
Uma kunesidingo, umquba wezinye izilwane nezinyoni usetshenziselwa ukwenza ngcono ukusebenza kwenhlabathi futhi wandise ukuzala kwenhlabathi.
Amaconsi enkukhu. © Shane Barlow 
Umquba wamahhashi. © Melodie M. Davis 
Umquba wezinkomo. © Richard LewisIzici eziwusizo zomquba
Isisekelo somquba ukungcwatshwa kwezilwane ezahlukahlukene ezihlanganiswa nodoti (utshani, utshani, sawdust nezinye izinsalela zezitshalo). Ngokwezinga lokuwohloka, umquba ungahlukaniswa ngezigaba ezi-3:
- imibhede emisha yokulala nokulala;
- ukugoqa;
- umquba o-semi-rotated;
- umquba obolile, noma i-humus.
Umquba omusha ngaphandle kombhede, hhayi ohlanjululwe ngamanzi - ifomu eliwugqinsi, hhayi uketshezi, ukuvumelana kokhilimu omuncu owenziwe ekhaya (ungasikwa ngommese onjengothela).
Umquba omdaka omusha ugcina kalula ukwakheka okunamathiselwe, kuxutshaniswe notshani noma ezinye izinto (sawdust, shavings ezincane).
I-slurry igxiliwe kancane kunomquba omusha. Ngokuyisisekelo, lokhu kungumanyolo wogesi we-nitrogen-potassium, osetshenziselwa ukondla zonke izingadi nezithelo zomifino kanye nemifino. Ukuze kungashisi izitshalo, i-slurry iyabiwa ngesilinganiso esingu-1: 5-6. Yenza ngemuva kokunisela. Kusetshenziswa ukuthambisa lapho kufakwa umquba.
Ivuthwe uhhafu - yayilala endaweni evulekile isikhathi esithile (izinyanga ezingama-3-6), yomile futhi ibolile. Udoti ubolile, ukhubazeka kalula ezandleni. Isetshenziselwa njengomanyolo omkhulu wokumba, ikakhulukazi enhlabathini enezinhlaka ezi-humus.
I-humus yisisindo esivele sibunjiwe lapho izakhi ngazinye zodoti nezinye izinto ezifakiwe zingabonakali. Umanyolo ovame kakhulu owenziwa izakhamizi zasehlobo.
Okuqukethwe kwe-humus kwezakhamzimba ne-nitrogen, kuqhathaniswa nomquba omusha, kungaphansi kwezikhathi ezingama-2-3, okukuvumela ukuthi ukusebenzise ngqo ngenkathi yokukhula kwezitshalo ukondla.
Humus esekelwe kumanyolo. © Jill & AndyOkuqukethwe izithako main umquba
Ukwakheka komquba kufaka izakhi ezihlinzeka ngokudla ezitshalweni, kuthuthukiswe izakhiwo zamakhemikhali we-physico zenhlabathi, ukwakheka kwawo. Ukuba ngumthombo wento yezinto eziphilayo, umquba ngesikhathi sokuvutshelwa kwakha izinhlanganisela ze-humic ezikhulisa ukuzala kwenhlabathi.
Umquba kunoma yisiphi isimo (okusha, semi-matured, humus) ungumthombo we-macro- kanye nama-microelements afana ne-nitrogen, phosphorus, potassium, calcium, silicon, isibabule, chlorine, magnesium, i-boron, i-manganese, i-cobalt, ithusi, i-zinc, i-molybdenum. Ama-microorganisms omquba asebenzayo angumthombo omkhulu wamandla we-microflora yenhlabathi.
Zonke izinhlobo zomquba yi-alkaline, i-alkalinity ifinyelela amayunithi we-pH = 8-9. Emgomeni wezinkomo ingu-8.1, kumquba wamahhashi - 7.8, kumquba wezingulube - amayunithi angama-7.9. Ngokwemvelo, ukusetshenziswa kwabo kuthambisa inhlabathi, kunciphisa i-acidity. Okuqukethwe izithako main kuvezwa izinkomba ezilinganiselwe etafuleni 1.
Ithebula 1. Ukwakheka kwamakhemikhali kwezinhlobo eziphambili zomquba kanye nokulahlwa
| Umquba, udoti | Okuqukethwe, g / kg komquba | |||
| nitrogen | phosphorus | potaziyamu | calcium | |
| Inkomo (Mullein) | 3,5 | 3,0 | 1,4 | 2,9 |
| Ihhashi | 4,7 | 3,8 | 2,0 | 3,5 |
| Ingulube | 8,1 | 7,9 | 4,5 | 7,7 |
| I-Avian (inkukhu) | 16,0 | 13,0 | 8,0 | 24,0 |
Ukusetshenziswa komquba.
Ngokungafani nomanyolo wamaminerali, okuqukethwe komsoco kumanyolo we-organic kuphansi kakhulu, kepha okuphathekayo kuthuthukisa amandla omhlaba enhlabathi, kukhululwe, kukhulise umthamo wokufaka, ukucebisa nge-microflora enenzuzo, futhi kunikeze izitshalo izakhi ezidingekayo ngendlela efinyeleleka kalula.
Ithebula 2. Izinga lokwehliswa komquba
| Umquba, udoti | Faka isandla enhlabathini, kg / sq. m isikwele |
| Inkomo (Mullein) | 7-10 kg / m² |
| Ihhashi | 3-5 kg / m² |
| Ingulube | I-4-6 kg / m² Abanye abalimi batusa ukufika ku-10-15 kg / m² ngokumba ekwindla |
| I-Avian (inkukhu) | 1-3 kg / m² yokumba ekwindla. Kwisisombululo esiphezulu sokugqoka 1: 10 amalitha amanzi. |
Imithetho yokusebenzisa umquba omusha
Njengoba umquba omusha ungumanyolo ogxile kakhulu, ungeniswa emhlabathini ekwindla nasebusika ensimini engenazithelo nezitshalo zemifino. Vala kuze kufike ekujuleni kwama-25-30, ngaphansi kaningi - kuze kufike kuma-40 cm.
Uhlelo lwentwasahlobo lunikezwa kuphela izilimo eziphakathi nendawo. Ezilimo zokuqala, umquba wethulwa kuphela ukumba ekwindla (Ithebula 3).
Ithebula 3. Imvamisa nesilinganiso sokusetshenziswa komquba omusha wenkomo
| Isiko | Inani lesicelo, kg / m² | Imvamisa yohlelo |
| I-anyanisi, iklabishi, ugalikhi | I-4-6 kg / m² | Kusuka ekwindla noma entwasahlobo ukumba |
| Ukhukhamba, zucchini, squash, amathanga, amakhabe | I-6-8 kg / m² | Kusuka ekwindla noma entwasahlobo ukumba |
| Utamatisi sekwephuzile, okuphakathi nendawo sekwephuzile kweklabishi elimhlophe | 4-5 kg / m², iklabishi kuze kufike ku-6 kg / m² | Kusuka ekwindla noma entwasahlobo ukumba |
| I-dill, isilimo esidliwayo esinamagatsha anamanzi | 5-6 kg / m² | Kusuka ekwindla noma entwasahlobo ukumba |
| Izaqathi, amazambane, beet | 4 kg / m² | Kusuka ekwindla noma entwasahlobo ukumba |
| I-Berry (i-currant, okusajingijolo, ugqumugqumu) | Ungqimba kufika ku-5 cm | Kusekwindla kuphela ngonyaka |
| Izithelo zamapome nezithelo zamatshe | Kufika ku-3 kg ngesihlahla ngasinye | I-Autumn ngesikhawu seminyaka engu-2-3 |
| Ama-Strawberry | 10 kg / m² ekuhlukanisweni kwesikhala | I-Autumn, isikhathi esingu-1 ngeminyaka emi-3 |
| Amagilebhisi | Isixazululo: 1 ingxenye mullein ezingxenyeni ezingama-20 zamanzi | Ekwindla, kanye njalo eminyakeni engama-2-4 |
Ebusika, umquba omusha uhlakazekile eqhweni. Ngemuva kokuthi iqhwa liphele, liwele emhlabathini bese ligaywa entwasahlobo. Ukujula kokushumeka kuyafana nasekwindla.
Izinga lesicelo seqhwa liphindwe izikhathi eziyi-1.5. Lokhu kungenxa yokuthi ebusika ezinye zezakhamzimba ziyalahleka (i-nitrogen). Imvamisa imquba ishiywe inqwaba ngaphambi kokufaka isicelo izinyanga eziyi-2-3. Ngalesi sikhathi, kusuka emazingeni okushisa aphezulu "omquba ovuthayo," ingxenye yembewu yokhula iyafa. Uma umquba ovela esibayeni ngokushesha ungene emkhakheni, khona-ke kungcono ukuwushiya ngaphansi komusi, uchithe ukhula ehlobo.
Khumbula ukuthi noma iziphi izilimo, ikakhulukazi imifino, egcotshwe izinto eziphilayo, kunciphisa kakhulu ukugcinwa kwekhwalithi. Imifino futhi ikakhulukazi izitshalo zezimpande zivame ukuthinteka ngokubola kwezimpande, izehlakalo zokulimala sekwephuzile kanye ne-Powdery kukhuphuka. Ukuze ungazidli ngokweqile izitshalo, sebenzisa imininingwane esethebula 3.
Ithebula 3. Umthamo wesisindo somquba, kg / 10 l ibhakede
| Umquba omusha | Ibhakede le-10 litre |
| Inkomo ngaphandle kokulahlwa | 9 kg |
| ICow Litter | 5 kg |
| Ihhashi | 8 kg |
| Ukububula | 12kg |
| Humus | 7 kg |
Sebenzisa i-mullein entsha yokugqoka
IMullein ingondla imifino nezilimo zezimbali ngesikhathi sasehlobo. Okokugqoka okuphezulu, kusetshenziswa izixazululo eziphansi ezijutshiwe zamanzi ezinamanzi.
Ukulungiswa kwesixazululo: noma isiphi isitsha (ngokulula umgqomo ongahluziwe) sigcwaliswa 1/3 ngomquba, singezwe ngenhla ngamanzi, bese sivaliwe. Govuza kanye ngosuku. Ukuvutshelwa kuthatha amasonto ayi-1-2. Lokhu ngotshwala mama.
Ukondla amajikijolo nezihlahla zezithelo, kulungiswa isixazululo esisebenzayo: 1 ibhakede lotshwala kamama elivela ethangini lihlanjululwe amahlandla ama-3-4 ngamanzi. Ukondla kwenziwa esigabeni samaqabunga amancane. Isixazululo esisebenzayo sisebenza ngemuva kokunisela ngaphansi kwempande ngesilinganiso se-10 l yesisombululo esisebenzayo nge-1 m². Qiniseka ukuthi mulch.
Ezilimeni zemifino, isixazululo esisebenzayo salungiswa ngokusekelwe kwilitha 1 likadayi kamama wamalitha ayi-8-10 amanzi. Ukugqoka okuphezulu kwenziwa ngesikhathi sokuchelela noma ngemuva kokunisela ngaphansi kwe-mulching, izikhathi ezi-1-2 ngesikhathi sokukhula, kuhlangana nomanyolo wamaminerali (uma kunesidingo).
Ukulungiswa kokugqoka okuphezulu kwe-liquid kusuka kumquba. © Gavin WebberUkusetshenziswa komquba onobumba obunjiwe
Umquba obolile we-Semi awugxiliwe kakhulu futhi ungasetshenziswa ngqo njengomanyolo noma njenge-mulch.
Okokugqoka okungaphezulu, kuthathwa isixazululo ekuhlushwa: ingxenye eyodwa yomanyolo ezingxenyeni eziyishumi zamanzi. Govuza futhi ubambe iqhaza engadini nasezibhinini zezitshalo.
Izihlahla ziyaniselwa kububanzi obungaphandle bomqhele ukuze kukhululwe inhlabathi noma imisele yemigewu eyekwe emigqeni engu-1-2 ezungeze umqhele.
Ngaphansi kwezihlahla yenza ukugqoka okuphezulu kubuyeke ku-15-20 cm kusuka ehlathini.
Ngokuthola izitshalo zemifino emiseleni yama-aisle (uma ebanzi) noma emiseleni enqunywe emibhedeni.
Ngaphansi kwezimpande zezitshalo, isixazululo se-mullein esivuthiwe asikwazi ukuthulula.
Ukugqoka okuphezulu kumbozwe ngenhlabathi, uma kunesidingo, kuniselwa futhi kufakwe emanzini.
Isisindo esvuthiwe se-Semi ngumanyolo omuhle weklabishi, ithanga, isipinashi. Ngalesi simanyolo, lezi zilimo zizoba ngabanduleli abahle kakhulu bezilimo zezimpande, upelepele omnandi, utamatisi kanye nesitshalo seqanda.
Ukusetshenziswa komquba obolile
Ukwakheka kweHusus
Umquba owengeziwe noma i-humus ungumthombo oyinhloko we-humus enhlabathini. I-humus ingumbhalo ophelele ongenabala wombala onsundu omnyama, onephunga lasentwasahlobo lomugqa womhlabathi onempilo. Kwakhiwa ngokufakwa umquba ngaphansi kwethonya lamagciwane. Ngenxa yalokho, kwakheka ama-humus, ama-humic acid kanye nezinhlanganisela ezilula zamaminerali. I-humus ilula ngokwakhiwa. 1 m³ iqukethe ama-humus angama-700-800 we-humus. Ebhakede elijwayelekile le-10 litre, inani laso lingama-6-7 kg. I-humus evuthiwe ayiphunga.
Lapho kukhulu okuqukethwe yi-humus enhlabathini, okuvundile kakhudlwana kunobuhlakani. Ngakho-ke, kuma-chernozems, okuqukethwe kwe-humus kungama-80-90%, futhi ku-sod-podzolic inani layo lehla laya ku-60-70%.
Umquba wokubekisa umquba kumanyolo wokuvuthwa ngokweqileIzici zeHumus
I-Humus inezici ezilandelayo zezolimo
- kuthuthukisa ukuqina kwenhlabathi;
- kukhulisa amandla okugcina umswakama;
- kuthuthukisa i-photosynthesis, ngaleyo ndlela kwandise izivuno zezitshalo;
- kusebenze ukukhula nokukhula kwezitshalo;
- kwandisa ukumelana nezifo nezinambuzane;
- kugcwala inhlabathi engaphansi nge-microflora enenzuzo;
- kunciphisa ukunqwabelana kwezinsimbi ezisindayo emikhiqizweni;
- kuthuthukisa ukuhlobisa kwezitshalo zezimbali, njll.
Ungapheka kanjani ama-humus asezingeni eliphakeme?
- Faka isikhala emthunzini wokugcina izinto
- funga ngezinto ezithuthukisiwe ukuze udonga lwangaphambili luvuleke;
- izingxenye zibekwa ezingqekweni, ku-10-15 cm; izingxenye - utshani, ukusika utshani, amaqabunga, umquba omusha, uvuthwe ngengxenye;
- ungqimba ngamunye uthululwa ngamanzi noma nge-slurry ehlanganisiwe, isixazululo se-mullein;
- ikhava ephezulu nefilimu noma okunye okungavumeli amanzi ukuthi adlule (emvuleni);
- ukungena komoya ngokuhamba ngezindawo zokukhosela kufilimu;
- ifosholo ngezikhathi ezithile futhi esimweni sezulu esomile siyanisela; umswakama ngesikhathi sokuvutshelwa ku-50-60%, izinga lokushisa ngaphansi kuka + 25 ... + 30 * C;
- Ukusheshisa ukuvutshelwa, kunconywa ukuthi uchithe izingqimba zezinto ngamalungiselelo (i-Baikal EM-1, Ekomik Yield, i-Radiance-3 nabanye).
Uma zonke izidingo ziyahlangabezana, i-humus evuthiwe ingatholakala kungakapheli izinyanga eziyi-1-2.
Ngaphezu kwalokhu okuhlongozwayo, kunezinye izindlela zokusebenzisa ngokushesha umquba ku-humus noma komquba, okubuye kwenziwe kumanyolo nokufaka umanyolo izitshalo zasengadini. Isibonelo, i-vermicomposting isebenzisa i-California worms, i-aerobic ne-anaerobic composting.
Ukusetshenziswa kwe-humus ezindaweni ezingaphansi komhlaba
Humus isetshenziselwa:
- ukwenza ngcono ukuzala kwenhlabathi;
- umanyolo nokufaka umanyolo ezitshalweni ngesikhathi sokukhula;
- ukulungiswa kwengxube yenhlabathi yezithombo ezikhulayo;
- ukulungiswa kwengxube yenhlabathi yezitshalo ezigeleza ngaphakathi, njll.
Ukwenza umquba emibhedeni. © jazzman2015Imithetho yokusebenzisa i-humus
E-humus, kunezinsalela ezincane ze-ammonia ezingalimazi uhlelo lwezimpande zezitshalo. Ngakho-ke, ama-humus angafakwa njengomanyolo omkhulu, noma asetshenziswe ekugqokeni okuphezulu ngenkathi efudumele.
Ngesikhathi sokulungiswa kwentwasahlobo yenhlabathi yokutshala / yokutshala izitshalo, ama-humus ngamanani anconyiwe asetshenziswa ungqimba lomhlabathi we-10-15 cm ukuze kugaywe. Ngokwesilinganiso, ama-humus ayi-10-15 kg asetshenziswa kumitha enye yendawo.
I-humus isetshenziselwa zonke izilimo njenge-mulch, okuthi, ukubola phakathi kwehlobo, kube ngumanyolo owengeziwe wezitshalo ezitshaliwe.
I-humus ifakiwe kwizingxube eziningi zenhlabathi zokutshala izithombo nezitshalo zezimbali. Kodwa uma izithombo ingxube yenhlabathi ingaqukatha ama-humus angama-50%, khona-ke isilinganiso esilinganiselwe somanyolo sisetshenziswa ngaphansi kwezitshalo zombhede wezimbali. I-humus ngokweqile ingadala "ukukhathala" kwe-ageratum, eschsolzia, ne-cosmea. Ukuze kulimaze izimbali, izitshalo zizokwandisa ubunzima bazo bezimbali.
Ezitshalweni zasendlini, isilinganiso se-humus sifinyelela ku-1/3 yevolumu ye-substrate elungiselelwe.
Ama-raspberry nezinye izihlahlana zingafakwa ngohlaka lwe-mulch olungama-5 cm ukusuka entwasahlobo kuya kuJulayi ngaphandle kokutshala enhlabathini.
Ezindlini zokugcina izithombo, i-humus isetshenziswa emibhedeni (ngaphezu kwe-substrate enkulu) ngonyaka wokuqala ngesilinganiso sama-40-60 kg / m². Eminyakeni elandelayo, ngaphambi kokuguqulwa kwenhlabathi, kusetshenziswa ama-15-25 kg / m² ngonyaka.
Ehlobo, i-humus ifakwa emanzini okugcotshwa okuyi-foliar kanye nokugqoka izimpande ngesilinganiso esingeqi engxenyeni e-1 yezingxenye zamanzi ezi-10- 10.
I-humus, njengomquba omusha, isetshenziselwa ukuhlomisa imibhede efudumele.
Uhlu olufushane lokusetshenziswa komanyolo kanye nezinhlobo zalo ezisetshenzisiwe ziveze kahle izinzuzo zezinto eziphilayo emhlabeni. Usebenzisa umanyolo we-organic, ungaxazulula izingqinamba eziningi zokutshala ingadi yasekhaya kanye nokulima, kubandakanya okuyiyona main - okwandisa ukuzala kwendalo kwendawo.
Bafundi abathandekayo! Yabelana ngezindlela zakho zokusebenzisa nokusebenzisa umanyolo, umquba, umquba wezitshalo zasensimini nezolimo. Yabelana ngomuzwa wakho wokulima okuncane ngokusetshenziswa okuningana komanyolo kanye namanye amakhemikhali angajwayelekile emhlabathini, ukwandisa ukuzala kwenhlabathi, ukhuphule umkhiqizo, ukhuphule ukungavikeleki kwezilimo ezifweni nasezinambuzaneni.
