Lesi sitshalo esimangalisayo sinamagama amangaki! Lesi isihlahla somkhiwane, nomkhiwane, nomkhiwane nje. Amakhiwane abizwa ngokuthi amakhiwane, amakhiwane, newayini lewayini, ngokulandelana. Futhi nokho, igama elivame kakhulu lesihlahla ngokwalo nezithelo zalo ezinhle kungamakhiwane. Uyazi ukuthi amakhiwane akhule ngempumelelo endlini? Ngaphezu kwalokho, uthela izithelo kabili ngonyaka! Izici zokukhula ngamakhiwane asendlini asichazile kule ndatshana.
Amakhiwane asendlini (i-Ficus carica).
Umlando wokutshalwa kwamakhiwane
Amakhiwane, isiLatini - i-Ficus carica, abantu - umkhiwane, umkhiwane, umkhiwane, imbila yewayini. I-ficus engaphansi kwesakhiwo. UCarican ficus uqanjwe ngegama lendawo ethathwa njengendawo yokuzalwa yamakhiwane - indawo enezintaba zaseCaria yasendulo, isifundazwe sase-Asia Minor. E-Asia Ephakathi, eCaucasus naseCrimea, zikhule emhlabathini ovulekile njengesitshalo sezithelo esibalulekile esithela izithelo - amajikijolo ewayini. Kusatshalaliswe kabanzi emazweni aseMedithera, enhlonhlo ye-Absheron e-Azerbaijan.
Amakhiwane angenye yezitshalo ezindala ezitshaliwe. Ngokusho kwebhayibheli, u-Adamu no-Eva, sebehlolile isithelo esenqatshelwe, bathola ubunqunu babo futhi bakhipha amaqabunga emifantu ngamaqabunga awo abanzi.
Ngokwesiko, amakhiwane aqala ukulinywa e-Arabia, lapho abolekwe khona yiFenike, iSyria neGibhithe. Ngekhulu lesi-9 B.C.E. e. Yalethwa eGrisi - Greece, futhi yafika eMelika kuphela ekupheleni kwekhulu le-XVI. Igama elithi "ficus" lafika olimini lwesiRussia ngekhulu le-XVIII futhi selivele lishintshiwe kancane - "umkhiwane", yingakho - "umkhiwane". Lesi sitshalo saphinde saba namanye amagama eRussia - isihlahla samakhiwane, amakhiwane, i-berry.
Izici zamakhiwane akhulayo ezimweni zasekamelweni
Ukufakelwa okungokomfanekiso
Amakhiwane yi-thermophilic, ayinciphisi emhlabathini futhi azivumelanisa kahle nomoya owomile wekamelo. Izitshalo ezincane zitshalwa minyaka yonke, kanti izingane ezineminyaka engama-4-5 - njengoba uhlelo lwempande lukhula. Ezihlahleni zabantu abadala, amabhokisi enkuni ahlala enzelwa.
Uma kuqhathaniswa nezithelo zamawolintshi, amakhiwane adinga umthamo omkhulu, kepha ngaphambi kokuqhakaza izithelo akumele atshalwe emabhodweni amakhulu: uzokhula kakhulu kanti nesikhathi sokuthela izithelo siyabambezeleka, futhi ukunakekelwa kwezitshalo ezinkulu kuzoba nzima kakhulu. Futhi lapho isitshalo siqala ukuthela izithelo, ukukhula kwaso kuzoncipha.
Ekufakweni ngakunye kwezitshalo ezisencane, umthamo ukhuphuka cishe nge-1 litre. Ngakho-ke, esihlahleni esinamakhiwane ezineminyaka engu-5 ubudala, kudingeka umthamo wamalitha angama-5-7. Ngokuzayo, ekufakweni ngakunye, umthamo wawo ukhuphuka ngamalitha ayi-2-2,5.
Amakhiwane atshalwa trans transmentment, yize ukubhujiswa okuncane kwenqwaba yomhlaba, ukususwa kwenhlabathi yakudala nokubuyiselwa okunye okusha kuvunyelwe. Lapho ufaka, ingxube yenhlabathi ilungiswa kusuka kumhlaba we-turf, humus, Peat nesihlabathi ngesilinganiso 2: 2: 1: 1; I-pH yale nhlanganisela ingama-5-7.
Umkhiwane, noma umuthi womuthi ku-vivo.
Izidingo ze-Fig zezimo ezikhulayo
Amakhiwane ayisitshalo esikhanyayo nesihlanzayo, ngakho-ke, ngesikhathi sokukhula kungcono ukuyigcina isesigumbini esikhanyayo futhi siyinkcenkceshele kakhulu. Ngokuntuleka komswakama, ukusonteka kwamaqabunga kuyabonakala, bese ukwehla kwawo okuyingxenye; lapho umhlaba ukoma womile, amaqabunga angabhoboka ngokuphelele, futhi yize ngokunisela okunzima bakhula futhi, akuthandi ukuvumela lokhu.
Amakhiwane angaphakathi athela izithelo izikhathi ezi-2 ngonyaka: okokuqala izithelo zivuthwa ngoMashi futhi zivuthwe ngoJuni, okwesibili - ekuqaleni kuka-Agasti nasekupheleni kuka-Okthoba, ngokulandelana. Ehlobo, kungcono ukuthatha lesi sitshalo siyise kwi-loggia noma engadini.
Amakhiwane ebusika
Ekuqaleni kukaNovemba, amakhiwane alahla amaqabunga bese eya esifundeni esishisayo. Ngalesi sikhathi, ibekwe endaweni epholile (emiphongolweni, engaphansi) noma ifakwe ku-sill ewindini eliseduze nengilazi futhi ibiyelwe egumbini lomoya ofudumele ngokugoqwa kwepulasitiki.
Kuyinkcenkceshelwa kakhulu, ukuvikela inhlabathi ukuthi ingomi ngokuphelele. Izinga lokushisa lamanzi lokunisela akufanele libe ngaphezulu kuka +16 ... +18 ° C, ukuze ungayi ekukhuleni kwezinso. Uma ekwindla amakhiwane emi ngamaqabunga aluhlaza, khona-ke isikhathi sokuphumula kufanele sifakwe ngokuthile: isiko eliqondile lidinga ukuphumula, noma ngabe alincane. Ukudala isikhathi esimanzi, sinciphise ukuchelela bese uvumela inhlabathi ukuba yomile kancane - khona-ke amaqabunga azoqala ukuphenduka aphuzi futhi abe ngumququ.
Uma ebusika lesi sitshalo besisendlini, siqala ukukhula ngo-December-ekuqaleni kukaJanuwari, uma kusendlini engaphansi noma kusela - ngoFebhuwari.
Ukwakheka komqhele
Uma kudingekile (uma umkhiwane ukhula ubheke phezulu kuphela, ngaphandle kokunikeza amahlumela aseceleni), umqhele wesitshalo wenziwa ngokufaka isikhonkwane phezulu kwesiqu esimaphakathi. Amahlumela aphambili nawo ayabhalwa esikhathini esizayo, futhi amade afushaniswa. Ngakho-ke, izimo zokukhula kwamahlumela aseceleni zakhiwa.
Kudlula amakhiwane angaphakathi
Ukuze kuthuthukiswe kahle futhi kube nezithelo, amakhiwane aduthiswa ngomanyolo we-organic kanye namaminerali, kepha hhayi ekuphumuleni.
Lapho ukuqhakaza kuqala ukuqhakaza ngemuva kokuphumula kobusika, lesi sitshalo siniselwa ngamanzi ukumiselwa, bese kuthi emva kwezinsuku eziyi-10-15 basuthiswe ngomanyolo we-nitrogen-phosphorus. Ungasebenzisa ikhambi elilandelayo lokunisela amakhiwane: chaza u-3 g we-superphosphate ephindwe kabili ku-1 l wamanzi bese ubilisa imizuzu engama-20, bese ufaka amanzi abilisiwe kwivolumu yasekuqaleni bese ufaka u-4 g we-urea.
Ngenkathi yokukhula, amakhiwane avame (izikhathi ezi-2 ngenyanga) ondliwe ngomanyolo we-organic (ukumiliselwa kwe-slurry, i-ash ash, ukufakwa kwamakhambi). Ukuze amaqabunga abe nombala oluhlaza ogqamile, izikhathi ezi-2 ngonyaka (entwasahlobo nasehlobo) isitshalo siniselwa ngesisombululo se-iron sulfate (2 g nge-litre elilodwa lamanzi) noma wonke umqhele ufafazwe ngawo. Entwasahlobo nasehlobo, ihluthiswa ngama-microelements.
Izinambuzane nezifo zamakhiwane
Izinambuzane eziphambili i-moth moth, umhlambi wamaqabunga omkhiwane, ummbila. Kulezi zifo, amabala ansundu kanye nokubola grey yikhona okuvame kakhulu.
Amakhiwane, i-Fig, noma i-Fig Tree, noma i-Fig Tree ezejwayelekile.
Ukusakazwa kwendalo
Amakhiwane angahanjiswa ngembewu nokusikwa. Ngembewu, amakhiwane asakazwa kaningi lapho kufakwa izinhlobonhlobo ezintsha. Ngale ndlela yokuzala, okokuqala, isikhathi esiningi siyadingeka futhi ukubekezela okuningi kuyadingeka kwi-amateur, ngoba izithombo azakheli ama-inflorescence aze afike eminyakeni eyi-4-6; okwesibili, kunzima, ngaphandle kokuzama i-fetus evuthiwe, ukwahlulela ikhwalithi yayo. Kepha-ke, kuphela ngenqubo yembewu yokuzalanisa amakhiwane, kungenzeka ukufezekisa ukukhethwa kokulungele kakhulu isiko lamagumbi kanye nezinhlobo eziningi zezithelo.
Ukusakazwa Kwamakhiwane Ngembewu
Kungcono ukuthatha imbewu yamakhiwane etafuleni, ukuvuthwa kusenesikhathi, izinhlobo ezimbili zokuthela, lapho izithelo zakhiwa ngokuyinxenye.
Imbewu yamakhiwane incane kakhulu (ubukhulu ngu-0,3-0,5 mm ubukhulu kuphela), iphuzi ngokukhanyayo, kwesinye isikhathi iluhlaza onsundu, iyindilinga, ayijwayelekile ngesimo.
Imbewu yamakhiwane ihlwanyelwa ngasekupheleni kukaFebhuwari nasekupheleni kukaMashi emabhokisini enenhlabathi ekujuleni kuka-0,5-0.8 cm ngebanga phakathi kwama-grooves angama-5-8 cm. yenza lula ukukhetha izithombo. Ngemuva kokuhlwanyela, imifino imbozwe ngomhlaba futhi umhlaba uhlanganiswe kancane ngombusi wokhuni noma enye into.
Ngemuva kokuhlwanyela, inhlabathi iniselwa kakhulu ngamanzi avela enkombeni yokuthambisa engadini noma isifutho sokufafaza, bese amabhokisi ebekwa endaweni efudumele futhi ekhanyayo.
Kungcono ukufafaza umhlaba emabhokisini ngemuva kokuhlwanyela imbewu yamakhiwane nokunisela kokuqala ukuze kuvikeleke ekwakhekeni kobumba ngothuli lwamalahle (namalahle ahlanganisiwe) ngesendlalelo esingu-3-5 mm.
Amahlumela amakhiwane avela ezinsukwini eziyi-15 ukuya kwezingu-20 ngemuva kokuhlwanyela emazingeni okushisa aphansi ebangeni ukusuka ku- +18 kuya ku- + 20 ° С. Kwezinye izimo, lapho inhlabathi eyi-hypothermic, izithombo zingavela ngemuva kwesikhathi eside.
Ngemuva kokuba imbewu yamakhiwane iqhume futhi sekuvele izithombo ebusweni bomhlaba, izitshalo ezincane kufanele zibhalwe ngaphambili ukuvikela ukushiswa yilanga. Uma imbewu ilandelana ihlwanyelwe ngokuphelele, khona-ke izithombo kufanele ziklanywe masinyane, kungashiwa izithombo ezingaphezu kwesisodwa noma ezimbili ngethremu yomugqa.
Ngemuva kokuvela kweqabunga lesithathu ezitshalweni zamakhiwane (hhayi ukubala ama-cotyledons), izitshalo kumele zibhakwe. Imvamisa izithombo zintshontsha izinyanga eziyi-1-1,5 ngemuva kokuhlwanyela, noma ezimbizeni zangaphambi ezilungiselelwe izimbali (ezinobubanzi obuyi-10-12 cm ngaphezulu), noma emabhokisini amakhulu. Ngaphambi kokukhetha, izithombo ziniselwa kakhulu. Izithombo zamakhiwane zisuswa ukuvikela ukulimala kwezimpande ezincane, ngokucophelela, zisebenzisa ama-spatulas okhuni. Impande enkulu ifinyezwa yi-1 / 4-1 / 3, bese izithombo itshalwa ezitsheni eziphekiwe.
Ukusika kwamakhiwane.
Ukusakazwa kwamakhiwane ngokusika
Indlela yokusabalalisa amakhiwane ngokusika iyona engabizi kakhulu, esheshayo futhi ethembekile. Ama-cuttings asabalalisa izinhlobo eziguqulwa kakhulu ezimweni zamakamelo, ezivele zivivinywa ngama-amateurs, zinikeza isivuno esiphezulu sezithelo ezihlwabusayo nezikhulu.
Isitshalo se-uterine lapho ukunqunywa kususwa khona kufanele kuthele izithelo okungenani iminyaka emi-5, sikhule kahle, sinikeze imbewu enkulu yezithelo ezisezingeni elifanele nokunambitha, ithele izithelo ngobuningi futhi, ekugcineni, ibe nokukhula okuncane (okukufushane).
Izinto zokusika zithathwa njengoba amaqabunga eqala ukuqhakaza, kepha ungasusa ukusikwa komkhiwane ngasekupheleni kwentwasahlobo kanye nehlobo. Izicucu ezihlotshisiwe noma eziluhlaza eziyi-10-15 cm ubude kufanele zibe nama-3-4 efihlekile.
Ukusikwa okungaphansi okucashileko kwenziwa ngaphansi kwezinso nge-1-1,5 cm, kanti eliphakeme ngokwedlulele liphakeme ngo-1 cm. Ukuze kubulwe kahle isiqu, kushunqulwa imidwebo emide engxenyeni engezansi. Ngemuva kokusikwa, ukusikwa komkhiwane kugcinwa amahora angama-5-6 endaweni epholile, eyomile, ukuze ujusi we-milky okhishwe endaweni eyisikiwe womiswe, bese ubekwa amahora angu-10-12 kusixazululo se-heteroauxin (1 ithebhulethi nge-1 litre lamanzi) futhi kutshalwe emabhodweni.
Ubumba olunwebekile oluhle luthululelwa ezansi kwembiza ngesendlalelo esingu-1 cm, khona-ke ingxube yomhlaba eyakhiwe kahle enempilo (iqabunga le-humus - izingxenye ezi-2, i-turf - 1 ingxenye, isihlabathi - ingxenye eyi-1) ngesendlalelo esingamasentimitha ayi-6. Ngaphezulu kwengxube yomhlaba, isihlabathi somfula esimanzi esine-calcine sithululelwa ungqimba lwe-3-4 cm, umswakama kahle bese wenza izimbobo kuwo 3 cm ukujula kude nge-8 cm komunye nomunye.
Ingxenye engezansi yemisiko yamakhiwane ngamunye igxunyekwe emlotheni wezinkuni. Izimbumbulu zigotshwa. Kuzungeze ukusika, isihlabathi sicindezelwa kakhulu ngeminwe yakho, bese isihlabathi kanye nokusikwa kufafazwa ngamanzi. Izitshalo ezitshalwe emabhodweni zimbozwe ngembiza yengilazi, futhi emabhokisini ngocingo olukhethekile olusitshekelwe ngentambo epulasitiki ebonakalayo.
Isihlabathi emabhokisini nasemabhodweni kufanele kube njalo olumanzi. Izinga lokushisa elisendlini ligcinwa ku + 22 ... + 25 ° C. Njengomthetho, ngemuva kwamaviki ama-4-5, izithombo zisika izimpande, bese kuthi ngemuva kwenye inyanga zidluliselwe kusuka ebhokisini zibe ngamabhodwe ahlukaniswe ngobubanzi obungu-10 cm.
Amakhiwane atshalwe yizithombo ngokuvamile aqala ukuthela iminyaka emi-2. Kwesinye isikhathi amahlumela akhula kusuka empandeni - angahlukaniswa futhi atshalwe ezimbizeni ezihlukile, lapho kufakwa khona isikhwama sepulasitiki sobala. Imvamisa ngemuva kwamasonto angama-3-4 inqubo iba nezimpande. Ngemuva kwalokho ifilimu ivulwa isikhashana, ijwayela lesi sitshalo emoyeni ongaphandle. Kancane kancane, le nkathi yesikhathi iyanda.
Ukusika amakhiwane kungabuye kugxilwe emanzini, kepha le ndlela ayifane isetshenziswe lapho kungekho nhlabathi elungiselelwe noma isihlabathi ngoFebhuwari-Mashi. Izimbambo zifakwa embizeni yamanzi, futhi iziphetho zazo kufanele zifakwe emanzini cishe ngo-3 cm. Emva kwazo zonke izinsuku ezingama-2-3, amanzi ayaguqulwa. Uma lokhu kwenziwa kaningi, ukusikwa kuyabola. Ngemuva kwamaviki ama-3-4, lapho kunezimpande ezinhle, ukusika kutshalwe emabhodweni anomthamo ongu-0,5-0.7 l futhi embozwe ngezikhwama zepulasitiki ngaphezulu.
Uma kungenzeki ukuthi kuthengwe ukusikwa kusuka kumakhiwane e-fruiting, lapho-ke angatshalwa kusuka ezinhlanyelweni. Imbewu yamakhiwane isikhathi eside kakhulu (ngisho nangemva kweminyaka engu-2) igcina ukukhula kwayo. Imbewu ihlwanyelwa ezimbizeni kude ne-1.5-2 cm ukusuka komunye nomunye kuya ekujuleni kuka-2-3 cm. Ingxube yenhlabathi ihlanganiswa nge-humus nesihlabathi ezingxenyeni ezilinganayo.
Ngemuva kokuhlwanyela imbewu yamakhiwane, umhlaba umanzi kahle futhi amabhodwe ambozwe ngengilazi noma ngokusonga okusobala kwepulasitiki. Umhlaba kumele ugcinwe umswakama njalo. Ukushisa komoya egumbini kufanele kube + 25 ... + 27 ° С. Amahlumela avela ngemuva kwamaviki angama-2-3. Izithombo zanyanga zitshalwa emabhodweni ahlukene onesilinganiso esingu-9-10 cm.
Izithombo ziqala ukuthela izithelo ngonyaka we-4-5, yize kunezimo zokukhiqiza izithelo ngaphambili. Kungcono ukuthungatha amakhiwane ngaphambi kokuba kuqalise ukuhlaza.
Izithelo zomkhiwane eziyingxenyeIzici eziwusizo zamakhiwane
Izithelo ezomile nezomisiwe ziba njenge-concentrate, hhayi ama-carbohydrate kuphela. Ezinye izinhlobo zamakhiwane omisiwe aqukethe i-6 g yamaprotheni, 1.5 g wamafutha (amelelwa ngama-asidi angenasisekelo) nama-70 g kashukela. Inani lamandla angama-340 kcal nge-100 g yomkhiqizo. Ngendlela eyomile neyomile, amakhiwane, okokuqala, angumkhiqizo wokudla onempilo kakhulu.
Amakhiwane awusizo ikakhulu ezifweni zohlelo lwethambo nenhliziyo. Izithelo ziqukethe i-enzyme ficin, enomphumela onenzuzo ekwelapheni i-vascular thrombosis. Izithelo zamakhiwane omisiwe kudala zisetshenziswa njenge-diaphoretic ne-antipyretic yamakhaza. Amakhiwane asetshenziswa njenge-laxative emnene (ngesimo sesiraphu). I-decoction yezithelo obisini emithini yesintu isetshenziselwa ukukhwehlela owomile, ukuqopha ukukhwehlela, ukuvuvukala kwezintambo zezwi.
Ukunambitheka okungajwayelekile kwezithelo zalesi sitshalo ozozikhumbula isikhathi eside. Futhi uma ukwazi ukuyikhulisa ekhaya, okungekho nzima ikakhulukazi, uzokujabulela iphunga nokunambitheka kwamakhiwane isikhathi eside. Ilinde izeluleko zakho kanye namazwana!
