Kunzima ukuthola isitshalo esivandeni esingafuneki kangako ngemibandela yokuthuthuka kwaso kunezihlahla ezihlotshisiwe ezinamehlo amahle. Ngisho nomuntu oqale wathela imbewu yokutshala entendeni yesandla sakhe angakhula i-viola.
Igama lalesi sitshalo kunguhumushi olushahlelwe igama lesiLatini lohlobo lwe-Violet (Viola). Izimbali ezinamakha zithandwe amakhulu eminyaka emazweni amaningi, ikakhulukazi amaFulentshi. Umbusi uNapoleon akakaze abuyele ekhaya kuJosephine wakhe ngaphandle kwesigejane sakhe esithandekayo sama-violets. Futhi uGoethe omkhulu wayehlala ehamba nesikhwama sembewu ye-viola futhi ayihlwanyele eWeimar yonke.
Cishe abangama-500 baziwa ngohlobo lweViola lomndeni wamaViolet, futhi ngokusho kweminye imithombo, izinhlobo ezingaphezu kwama-700 zitholakala kulo lonke iNyakatho Nenkabazwe ezimweni sezulu ezishisayo. Okudume kakhulu kubo engadini yezimbali zezimbali yiziqaqa:
- iphunga
- enophondo
- udadewethu
- ILabrador
- inja
- i-pubescent
- IsiKorea
- tricolor
- I-Wittroka
- mkhulu
- Williams nabanye.
Isitshalo sikhanya kakhulu kusiko, kepha imithetho ethile yobuchwepheshe bezolimo kumlimi onqume ukusitshala embhedeni wakhe wezimbali, udinga ukwazi.
Kukhula i-viola engadini
Kunezindlela eziningana zokutshala imbali enhle engadini yakho. Okuvame kakhulu ukuhlwanyelwa kwezimbewu, ezenziwa zombili emhlabathini ovulekile kanye nezithombo. Ama-viet anhlobonhlobo asatshalaliswa kusetshenziswa indlela yezitshalo kusetshenziswa izihlahla ezisikiwe kanye nokugawulwa.
Indawo ezotshalwa kuyo ikhethwe ilanga, enenhlabathi evundile negcwele humusy, efakwe kahle nge-potassium ne phosphorus.
Ukuhlwanyela imbewu emhlabathini ovulekile
Ukusakazwa kwembewu ye-viola kusetshenziswa kaningi, njengethuba elilula nelingabizi kakhulu lokukhulisa imbali. Uma uhlwanyela imbewu yezithombo, khona-ke ukuqhakaza kwezimbali kungalindelwa esikhathini samanje. Ezithelweni ezihlwanyelwe emhlabathini ovulekile, uthola izitshalo eziqhakaza entwasahlobo yonyaka olandelayo.
Ukutshala i-Viola enhlabathini evulekile kwenziwa ngoMeyi-Juni, lapho usongo lwamaqhwa wokubuya kwentwasahlobo selusenyamalele. Ukuhlwanyelwa kwenziwa ngaphandle, emigqeni nasezinhlwanyelweni kutyalwe enhlabathini akukho ngaphezu kuka-1 cm. Amahlumela avela emva kwezinsuku eziyi-10-15. Uma isimo sezulu sesomile, baniselwa kancane ukuze bangagezwa ukucindezela kwamanzi. Inhlabathi phakathi kwemigqa iyadedelwa ukhula luyasuswa.
Lapho izithombo zikhula, zincipha, zishiya ibanga elingama-7-10 cm phakathi kwezimbali eziseduzane.Izinhlaka zokuphonsa izigaxa zingenzeka ngemuva kwamasonto angama-3-4 emibhedeni, lapho i-viola izobusika khona. Isikhathi sokuqala ngemuva kokuntywila, ipulazi linombala.
Ukuhlwanyela imbewu yezithombo
Isikhathi sokutshala i-viola ezitshalweni kuya ngokuthi bahlela nini ukuqhakaza. Uma kuhlwanyelwa ukuphela kukaJanuwari noma ngoFebhuwari, khona-ke izihlahla zizothokozisa ama- buds ngasekupheleni kukaMeyi. Ukuhlwanyela ngoMashi kuzonikeza izimbali ekupheleni kwehlobo.
Izithombo ezingashonile zigcwele inhlabathi ethengiwe, ethelwa ngesisombululo esikhanyayo se-pink se-potanganum permanganate ngosuku olwandulela isivuno. Imbewu encane ye-viola ibekwa emiseleni engajulile, ifafazwe kancane nomhlaba. Fafaza amanzi ebhodleleni lokufafaza, umboze isivuno ngaphezulu ngesongelo sepulasitiki bese ubeka efasiteleni lewindows eliseningizimu ntshonalanga.
I-mini-greenhouse ihlala inomoya futhi ifudumele. Amahlumela avela ngemuva kwezinsuku eziyi-10-14. Ekuqaleni kuka-Ephreli, angena emabhodweni amakhulu, angcwatshwa amaqabunga e-cotyledon. Ekupheleni kwale nyanga, baqala ukushisa izithombo, baziveze kuvulandi noma kuvulandi emini, bese bezibuyisela egumbini ebusuku. Emhlabathini ovulekile, izithombo zitshalwa eminyakeni eyishumi yokuqala noma yesibili kaMeyi, zigcina ibanga phakathi kwazo ngamasentimitha ayi-15 kuya ku-20. Ekuqaleni kukaJuni, i-viola isivele iqhakaza.
Iseluleko sabalimi abanolwazi ngokutshala i-viola kahle: uma, lapho utshala izithombo embhedeni, ingxenye yezitshalo ibekwa emthunzini, kanti enye esele endaweni ekhanyayo, lapho-ke izimbali zizokwelulwa.
Labo elangeni bavula amacembe abo ngaphambili, abathola ukukhanya okuncane - kuqhakaza kamuva bese kuphele amandla wonke umuntu.
Ukusakazwa kwe-Viola ngokusika kanye nokuhlelwa kwezimpawu
Izinhlobo ezibaluleke ngokukhethekile zisakazwa ngokutshala. Izilimo zigawulwa kusuka ngoMeyi kuya kuJulayi kusuka ezitshalweni ezinempilo ezakhiwe kahle. Kulokhu, kusetshenziswa amahlumela apical anama-internode angama-2-3. Batshalwelwe embhedeni onesithunzi eduze komunye nomunye ukuze bathinte. I-groove ithulule kahle ngamanzi futhi ukusika kujulile ngo-0.5 cm. Futha kusuka phezulu bese umboza ngefilimu. Ngemuva kwamaviki ama-3-4, usungahlola ukuthi ziyini izimpande ze-viola. Imvamisa, uhlelo oluhle lwezimpande lukhula ezitshalweni ngalesi sikhathi.
Ukuze kusakazeke ngokuhlelwa, lesi sitshalo sinombala ukuze sikhule. Ekwindla yokuqala, amahlumela agobela phansi afafaze nenhlabathi evundile. Ngentwasahlobo, izithombo zisikiwe, futhi zidluliselwa engadini.
Ukutshala i-viola ebusika ukuthola indawo ehlala njalo kwenziwa ekuqaleni kukaSepthemba ngendlela yokudlulisela. Amabhasi anezimpande ambozwe ngamaqabunga awomile awavikele ekuwavikeleni ekuqandeni. Ebusika, bayaqikelela ukuthi ngesikhathi semibheda emibhedeni enezimpawu zobusika, amanzi awagxili.
Ukukhula nokunakekela imbali ye-viola ebhodweni
NgoMeyi, izithombo esezikhulile zidluliselwa ezitsheni zezimbali, ezibekwe kuvulandi, ethafini noma zimiswe ebhodweni. UViolet uthanda umswakama, kepha kuba manzi ngenxa yokuqina kwamanzi. Ngenxa yalokho, ungqimba lwamanzi, ngokwesibonelo, lobumba olwandisiwe noma ngohlu lwamatshe, luyimpoqo ezansi kwembiza. Inhlabathi ye-viola ilungele noma yikuphi ukuthenga nokuvundile. Kodwa-ke, iziqukathi zingagcwaliswa ngomhlabathi ojwayelekile wegadi oxutshwe ne-humus, kuthi ukhululeke, engeza isihlabathi somfula omncane.
Izitshalo zithambisa umswakama njalo, zigwema ukweqisa. Ngobusuku bokuqhubeka kokungabikho komtshali, ukuchelela epanini nakho kungenzeka. Ama-viols masonto onke anikezwa noma yimuphi umanyolo wendawo yonke wezimbali. Ngalesi kunakekelwa, bavula ama-buds iningi ehlobo.
Ungayinakekela kanjani i-viola engadini
Izindlela eziphambili zokunakekelwa kwe-viola embhedeni ukukhulula inhlabathi okufika ngesikhathi, ikakhulukazi ngemuva kwemvula kubalulekile ukhula nokuqothula ukuqothuka kwenhlabathi, okuvimba ukungena komoya ezimpandeni. Ngasikhathi sinye lokhula, ukhula luyasuswa endaweni yokudla kwezihlahla ze-viola.
Ukunisela nokondla
Lesi sitshalo si-hygrophilous impela, kepha simanzana nomswakama ngokweqile ehlobo uma kune mvula uma kuvela ezweni elingaphansi eligcwele izikhukhula. Kodwa-ke, i-viola akufanele ihlupheke ngenxa yokuntuleka komswakama, ngaphandle kwalokho izimbali ziba zincane, ukukhula kwezihlahla kuncipha, ukuqhakaza kungamisa ngokuphelele. Ekushiseni ngokweqile, imiqumbe yezimbali ayakhi.
Ukugqoka kokuqala okuphezulu ngesikhathi sokutshala kwe-viola kwenziwa ngobusuku bokuhluma - isipuni se-nitrophoska singezelelwa ebhakedeni lamanzi. Okwesibili lapho zondliwa ngesikhathi sezimbali nomanyolo we-Agricola-7, zixovula isipuni esingu-1 kumalitha ayi-10. Isixazululo yizitshalo eziniselwe ngamanzi ngaphansi kwempande.
Ngemuva kokuba izimbali zibune, iziqu zinqunywa, zishiya ama-10-12 cm ukusuka ezingeni lomhlabathi, izihlahla ezinamanzi amaningi futhi zidliwe. Maduze nje, amahlumela amasha akhula, eziqongweni zazo okuvela izimbali futhi.
Ungayqoqa kanjani imbewu ye-viola
Isikhathi sokuqoqa imbewu sifika lapho phezulu kwebhokisi lembewu liphenduka libe mhlophe noma liphuzi, bese uqobo luphakama kwi-peduncle. Ukhunjulwa ngalesi sikhathi, avuthwa kahle ngesikhathi somiswa endaweni enomthunzi ngokujikeleza komoya okusebenzayo. Ukuhluma kwezinhlamvu ze-viola kugcinwa iminyaka engama-2-4. Ku-1 g yazo iqukethe cishe izingcezu ezingama-800.
Izifo ze-Viola nokulawulwa
Abalimi abaningi bathi i-viola imelana nezifo nezinambuzane. Kodwa-ke, lokhu kubhekisisa kungenzeka ukuthi kube njalo ezinhlotsheni zemvelo, kepha izitshalo ezihlukahluke kakhulu zisengozini enkulu yokunakekelwa.
Ama-viol amaningi engadini ahlushwa yizimo zomswakama eziphakeme onesifo somlenze omnyama kanye ne-powdery hlobo. Ukuze uvimbele ukufiphala kwesisekelo sesiqu, ochwepheshe batusa ukuthi bangawenzi uqweqwe lo mbala futhi bulale amagciwane enhlabathini ngokuthela isixazululo se-potanganum permanganate noma i-foundationazole. Ngokulwa ne-Powdery hlobo, baphathwa ngesixazululo somlotha we-soda nensipho yokuwasha.
Ukubona indawo ngamaqabunga ngokuvamile kusongela i-viola kaWittrock. Iphathwa nge-Bordeaux ewuketshezi noma ilungiselela insimbi yethusi. I-Viola tricolor nephunga kusuka ku-ascochitosis ifafazwa ngama-ejenti aqukethe zethusi. I-Phyllosticosis ivame ukwenzeka eViola Williams nasezitshalweni ezikhulayo. Isiza ukusindisa okutshala kusuka kuyo ngaphambi kokucutshungulwa ngaphambi kokuhlanganiswa kwezimbali kweBordeaux noma amalungiselelo "Abiga-Peak", "Hom".
Kuthinteke yi-pitium (ukubola kwezimpande zezithombo) noma ukubola okumpunga kwesitshalo se-viola, itropicolor, izitshalo ezincelisayo nezinamakha zibhubhisa kanye nesixha somhlaba lapho zikhule khona. Inhlabathi ngaphansi kwezihlahla ezinempilo ezisondelene iyathululwa ngezixazululo zeMaxim noma i-Alirin-B.
Labo abane-Fusariosis, i-blight sekwephuzile, noma igciwane le-Wittrock violet, elimnandi, u-Williams ne-tricolor abekho ngaphansi kokulashwa. Ama-Mushroom spores ahlala emhlabathini isikhathi eside futhi awasancomi ukutshala i-viola engadini lapho kwenzeke khona i-lesion. Ukuze ugweme ukutheleleka ngegciwane, lesi sitshalo asitshalwa eduze kwekhukhamba nemibhede yethanga.
Ama-Viola izinambuzane nezindlela zokuwasusa
Isinambuzane esidlulisayo esidabukisa kunazo zonke sicasula ama-violets eWittrock ne-tricolor. Ngesikhathi sokutshala i-viola kuyatholakala:
- i-spider mite kwisimo sezulu esomile kakhulu;
- isigaxa sobumba sentwasahlobo esidla eduze kwezindawo zokukhula nezimpande zezitshalo;
- Umama-we-pearl - ihlathi elikhulu noma iPaphia, izinambuzane zalo eziququda kuzo zonke izingxenye zembali;
- Checker-maturna - izibungu zakhe zidla amaqabunga;
- inyongo nematode ihlangana ezimpandeni, yakha ukuvuvukala ngokubekwa kweqanda - amageyimu.
Basebenzisa ama-insecticides e-systemic ngokumelene nezinambuzane, balahle izibungu ngama-acaricides, futhi bavikele ukuvela kwe-nematode ngesonto ngaphambi kokutshala, i-sodium nitrate ingeniswa emhlabathini - 150-200 g nge-1 sq. m
Ukutshala nokunakekela i-viola enkundleni evulekile akubangeli inkathazo enkulu kumhlwanyeli. Kepha ukuqhakaza okunobungane kwezihlahla ezijabulile, kuhambisana nephunga elimnandi, kuletha imizwa eminingi emihle kulo lonke ihlobo.
