Izitshalo ezinoshevu ezisizungezile

Phakathi kwamakhulu ezinkulungwane zezitshalo ezaziwa eMhlabeni, cishe izinhlobo eziyizinkulungwane eziyishumi zithathwa njengezinobuthi kubantu. Noma ekhoneni lemvelo elijwayelekile, ungathola izitshalo ezingaba yingozi. Vele akufanele ubesabe, kepha kufanele umazi futhi umhloniphe. Noma yimuphi umuntu kufanele akwazi ukwahlukanisa izitshalo ezinobuthi ezijwayelekile kusuka ezijwayelekile ukuze utshani obungaziwa noma izithelo ezikhanyayo zingabangeli inhlekelele engenakulungiseka.

Izitshalo ezinobuthi okuthiwa izitshalo eziqukethe izinto ezibeka ingozi emzimbeni womuntu nasezilwaneni ezifuywayo.

Ukutadisha kwezitshalo ezinobuthi kubalulekile hhayi kuphela kusukela endaweni yokubuka ukuvimbela kanye nokwelapha ubuthi noma ukuvimbela ukulimaza umzimba womuntu, kodwa futhi nokuqonda ukuvela kwezinto zasendle kanye nokucacisa ukuthi kungenzeka ukusetshenziswa kwezokwelapha kwezinto ezisebenzayo eziqukethe izitshalo ezinjalo.

I-Spotted hemlock (iConium maculatum). © I-Hornbeam Ubuciko

Izitshalo ezinobuthi zinemiphumela ehlukile kubantu. Lokhu kungafaka ubuthi uma udakwe noma kushisa isikhumba lapho sihlangana namahlamvu. Ubuthi bungadala ubuthakathaka, isiyezi, izinhlungu ezingxenyeni ezihlukene zomzimba, ukulimala okubukwayo nokuzwa, futhi ezimweni ezinzima kakhulu - ukukhubazeka nokufa imbala. Kukhona futhi umehluko esikhathini lapho kuvela khona izimpawu zobuthi - kwezinye izikhathi kuba yimizuzu, kwezinye umphumela wezitshalo ezinoshevu emzimbeni ubonakala ngemuva kwezinsuku ezimbalwa.

Izitshalo ezinobuthi:

Izitshalo ezinobuthi akuyona neze izivakashi ezivela emazweni akwamanye amazwe, eziningi zazo zikhula enkabeni yeRussia, azilingani futhi azinaki kangako. Kushiya hemlock ebonakalayo (Conium maculatum) ifana kakhulu ne-parsley, inezindawo ezibomvu esiqwini, ikhula ezindaweni ezinamanzi futhi ibhekwa njengesitshalo sokhula. Futhi lapha cicuta (imbilishi enobuthi) ihlala ezindaweni ezimanzi ngasogwini lwamachibi nemifula, imvamisa emanzini. Ama-cycuts asuse amaqabunga anama-lobility amancane ama-lanceolate nezambulela zezimbali ezincane ezimhlophe.

Ubuthi abane (Cicuta virosa). © Andrea Moro

Ubuthi (Cicuta virosa) noma i-cicuta - kwesinye sezitshalo eziyingozi kakhulu, zonke izingxenye zazo, ikakhulukazi i-rhizome, ziqukethe i-cycutotoxin namanye ama-alkaloids anamandla. I-alkaloid enobuthi ku-hemlock yinyama yamahhashi, ekhiqiza umphumela ofanayo ne-curare ushevu. Izimpawu zokufaka ubuthi kulezi zitshalo ukungaboshwa, isimo esingazi lutho, ukukhubazeka okugcina ngokuboshwa kokuphefumula.

Usizi lungahle luphele nokusetshenziswa kwasekhaya yew berry (I-Taxus baccata) njengesitshalo sokwelapha. Ngisho nezilwane zikaphayini zingafaka ubuthi izinaliti ezincane ze-yew eziqukethe i-alkaloid yamatekisi. Le alkaloid ithinta isistimu yezinzwa ephakathi.

Kusukela ngawo-1990s, ama-alkaloid esihlahla se-yew asetshenziselwa ukwenziwa kwama-antitumor agents emithini esemthethweni.

Izinaliti zeww berry (i-Taxus baccata). © naturgucker

Isitshalo samafutha kasoso (Ricinus) zivame ukukhula njengonyaka wokuhlobisa. Imbewu yayo enkulu ifana nomkhaza esimweni. Akuwona nje kuphela umthombo wamafutha we-castor, kodwa futhi aqukethe i-enzyme enoshevu - i-ricin, ebangela ukukhubazeka kohlelo lwezinzwa.

Isitshalo sikawoyela seCastor (iRicinus communis). © F. D. Richards

Ukuhogela nokubukeka kwezitshalo ezinobuthi kwesinye isikhathi kuyasikisela, futhi kwesinye isikhathi kufihla, ubungozi obusisongela ngokuxhumana nabo. I-pink periwinkle ne-colchicum epinki ingambulala umuntu. Kumabhulebhu I-Colchicum ekwindla (I-Colchicum ekwindale) i-colchicine iyanqwabelana, enomphumela ofanayo ne-arsenic. I-periwinkle ipinki, nomaUCatharanthus pink (UCatharanthus roseus), noma i-Pink periwinkle nayo inobuthi, kepha ama-alkaloids anamandla asetshenziswa kwezokwelapha zesimanje njenge-ejenti ye-antitumor.

UCatharanthus pink, noma uPinki Periwinkle (uCatharanthus roseus). © Carl Lewis

In impisi (Daphne mezereum), esazama ukudlulisa amandla esiqwini sesitshalo, iqukethe i-daphnin glycoside ne-resin meserine, okuthi ngesikhathi sokuqala ibangele umuzwa wokuvutha ongabekezeleleki umphimbo, ukufutheka okukhulu emlonyeni, isiyezi nokuvuvukala kolimi. Lapho uthandeka entwasahlobo izimbali ze-lilac zesigaxa, ungazikhumuli noma ugedle iqebe ngamazinyo akho, lokhu kuyingozi enkulu.

I-Daphne ezejwayelekile (Daphne mezereum). © kras3

Amajikijolo aluhlaza obomvu Umnduze wesigodi (Convallaria) nazo ziyingozi. Ama-Glycosides Umnduze wesigodi, digitalis, uthenge zithinte isigqi sokubetha kwenhliziyo, uhlelo lwezinzwa nesisu. Ngisho namanzi ku-vase lapho lezi zimbali zime khona kuyingozi.

Iminduze yesigodi (iConvallaria). © Irina Durnova

Ekupheleni kwehlobo ehlathini le-coniffort ungahlangana iso elimnyama (EParis) - isigaxa esimnyama nesibhakabhaka phakathi kwamaqabunga amakhulu. Qiniseka ukuthi ngenkathi uhamba ehlathini, izingane zakho aziliqali iso elihlwabusayo uma ziluhlaza okwesibhakabhaka.

Qaphela izitshalo ezinezithelo eziqhakazile nezineblue, ngaphandle kokuthi wazi kahle ukuthi zinguhlobo luni lwezitshalo!

Iso elihlwabusayo linamaqabunga amane, noma iso legwababa lijwayelekile (i-Paris quadrifolia). © Ruud de Block

Ine-alkaloids hyoscyamine, i-scopolamine kanye nejusi le-atropine elihlanganisiwe, elibangela ama-hallucinations, i-delirium, i-palpitations yenhliziyo nesiyezi. Inani elincane lalezi zinto ezikhathini zasendulo lalisetshenziselwa ukuqeda izinhlungu ngesikhathi sokuhlinzwa.

Ibhele elimnyama (I-Hyoscyamus niger), njengamazambane, ungowomndeni omncane. Ikhula emaphethelweni wamasimu kanye nasemahlathini aphansi. Ukuphakama kwalesi sitshalo esinobuthi kungamamitha ayi-1, indawo ye-burgundy ivela izimbali eziphuzi. Ngemuva kokuqhakaza, kuqhamuka amakhompiyutha amhlophe anjengomgodi onembewu enezinhlanganisela kwi-bleached. Abantu abahlafuna lezi zinhlamvu ukuze banciphise izinyo, bazizwe zomile emilonyeni yabo, banokungakwazi ukukhuluma kahle futhi bakhiphe izilwanyane, ukuvuka kwengqondo kungaphenduka ubuhlanya. Izimpawu ezifanayo zivela kumajikijolo abomvu. umnyama omnyama futhi i-bittersweet nightshade.

IBlack Belena (iHyoscyamus niger). © Rolf Muller

Ezindabeni zokulahlwa komhlaba nezindunduma ezikhula indunduma enuka kamnandi, kungcono ukungayiphunga, futhi kuyingozi kakhulu ukuthinta izimbali zayo. Izithelo "dope - amakhambi" aqukethe i-alkaloid databaseur, equkethe ne-bleached.

Ezinye izitshalo ezivela emndenini we-nightshade nazo ziyingozi: i-belladonna, i-mandrake yomlingo, ugwayi ovela eSouth America naseCeru coca.

I-Datura ejwayelekile, noma i-Datura smelly (Datura stramonium). © NYSIPM

Kuyingozi kubantu futhi ubambe ongezansi, ngeziqu zayo ezinobuthi awukwazi ukwenza amapayipi noma i-splatter. IHogweed ishiya uwoyela obalulekile uvutha elangeni. Basebenza futhi esikhunjeni somuntu futhi Isihlahla somlotha seCaucasian futhi umuthi omncane womlotha.

Ama-buttercups anobuthi futhi amaningi, akhiqiza ama-glycosides ayingozi kanye namafutha abalulekile athukuthelisa ikhala, i-larynx kanye namehlo. Futhi ujusi we-buttercup uholela ebuhlungwini obukhali esiswini. Phakathi kwama-buttercups kunamakhambi amaningi anobuthi: adonis, hellebore, ukubanjwa, lumbago, Ama-voronets spiky nezinye izitshalo.

Ukulimaza emuva kubuhlungu (ama-Pulsatilla nigricans). © Adam Gor

Kepha izitshalo ezinobuthi azikwazi ukuletha kuphela ukulimala, eziningi zazo zilusizo. Emithini yesintu eRussia, kwasetshenziswa izinhlobo ezingama-160 zezitshalo ezinobuthi.

I-Opium poppy, noma amaphilisi okulala (i-Papaver somniferum). © tanja niggendijker

Kunzima ukucabanga ukuthi umNdiya omnandi amantongomane kashizi ikhasi liqukethe ikhadi elinoshevu, lapho kuvela khona amathumba esikhunjeni somuntu. ENdiya, le nto isetshenziselwa ukuvikela izinto zokwakha ezintuthwaneni.

Izithelo ezishisayo imango iyasiza futhi imnandi ukunambitha, kepha iphunga lezimbali zalo lingadala ukungezwani kumuntu. I-peature engafakwanga, amagatsha nesiqu somuthi wemango kuqukethe inhlaka enobuthi, eshiya iziqholo nokuvuvukala esikhunjeni.

Ungazifaka ubuthi kanti ukulala papaver. Amabhokisi angavuthiwe ne-poppy ovary anobuthi uju olunamafutha olunamafutha.

Celandine futhi iqukethe ijusi le-milky, elingadala ukushiswa esikhunjeni. Inkinga enkulu iletha ujusi we-celandine lapho ungena esiswini. Ama-alkaloid eCelandine njengamanje afundelwa ukusetshenziswa kwezokwelapha njengokuvimbela ukukhula kwamathumba amabi.

I-celandine enkulu (i-Chelidonium majus). © fifeflora

Kufanele kuqondwe ukuthi izitshalo eziningi ezinobuthi azibeki ebungozini enkulu uma kwenzeka zithintana nabo ngengozi. Okuningi kuncike kumthamo wokusetshenziswa kwabo. Njengomthetho, izitshalo ezinobuthi zingafakwa ubuthi uma uzisebenzisela ukuzelapha, ngaphandle kokubonisana nodokotela, ngokuya ngeseluleko "sabantu abanolwazi."

Yini amandla amangalisayo
Umhlaba utshale ematsheni nasezimbali!
Akukho fayibha enjalo emhlabeni
Engeke aziqhenye ngalo
Awusitholi isisekelo,
Lapho bekungeke kube khona okungalungile.
Konke kusiza, ngendlela, hhayi ngesikhathi -
Zonke izinzuzo ziphenduka ububi.
Isibonelo, lokhu okuphathelene nezimbali:
Enye ilungile kuzo, enye imbi.
Imibala yayo inephunga lokuphulukisa,
Futhi emaqabungeni nasezimpandeni - ubuthi obunamandla kunabo bonke.
Ngakho hlukanisa umphefumulo wethu kubili
Umoya womusa nokuthanda okubi.
Noma kunjalo, kulabo lapho ububi bunqoba khona,
Imbobo emnyama engenamkhawulo yokufa

"U-Romeo noJuliet," uWilliam Shakespeare.
Ukuhunyushwa nguBoris Pasternak.