Amantongomane (lat. I-Arachis) - igama elijwayelekile lezitshalo ezivela emndenini we-legume (Fabaceae).
Amantongomane - esinye sezitshalo ezimbalwa ezitshaliwe ezinazogeocarpy - ukuthuthukiswa kwezithelo emhlabeni.
Kuma-peanuts, njenge-pollinator ye-self-pollinator, i-cross-impova ayinalutho, ifinyelela ku-1-6% futhi kungenzeka kuphela ngenxa yokujiya nezinye izinambuzane ezincane.
Izimbali ziqala kusuka ngezansi.
Ekufanekisweni kwamantongomane, i-mycelium yamakhowe ikhula egobolondweni le-fetus, elidluliswa lapho lihlwanyelwa ubhontshisi noma izingxenye zobhontshisi. Kuyaphawuleka ukuthi kukhuthaza ukukhula kukabhontshisi.
Ubhontshisi ubude be-1-6 cm, ikamelo elilodwa, inani lembewu kubhontshisi yi-1-6 (imvamisa 1-3). Umbala wengubo yembewu ubomvu, onsundu, awumhlophe kakhulu noma amanye amathunzi. Ngemuva kokuvundiswa nokufakwa komanyolo, ingxenye engezansi yesibeletho ikhula bese iphenduka ihlumela lezithelo ze-gynophore, ekuqaleni elikhula liye phezulu, bese liguqula indlela yalo libheke enhlabathini, lifinyelele kulo futhi lijule engxenyeni enomswakama, yakha umbungu. Ama-gynophors angafinyeleli enhlabathini noma angangeni kuwo afa ngesibeletho. Njengomthetho, izimbali ezitholakala endaweni ephakeme ngaphezu kwama-20 cm azivezi izithelo. Amasu we-Agrotechnical (umanyolo, izivuseleli, njll.), Okungasheshisa izinga lokukhula kwe-gynofor, ukunciphisa inani likabhontshisi ongakhuli kahle futhi kukhuphule isivuno.
Igama elithi amantongomane cishe lisuselwa esiGrekini. I-αράχνη yisigcawu, esifana nephethini net yezithelo nge-cobweb.
Umsuka
Izwe lamantongomane yiNingizimu Melika (iArgentina neBolivia), lapho lafika khona eNdiya naseJapan, ePhilippines naseMadagascar. AmaPutukezi aletha amantongomane eChina, okwathi ngo-1560 asungula ikoloni lawo eCanton. Kwangena i-Afrika ngekhulu le-XVI. emikhunjini yezigqila yaseMelika. Kukholelwa ukuthi okokuqala ngqa ubhontshisi walethwa eGuinea uvela eBrazil. ISenegal, eNigeria, eCongo kubhekwa njengezikhungo zofuzo ezisesibili zamandebele. Abantu bendawo bafunda ukuthi bakhipha kanjani i-oyili edliwayo ezinhlanyelweni zamapani, futhi indawo eyayihlwanyelwe yaqala ukwanda ngokushesha.
Izwe lokuqala lokulima amantongomane njengesilimo sokuthumela ngaphandle yiSenegal. Ngo-1840, izikhwama eziyishumi (722 kg) zamantongomane zathunyelwa kusuka esifundeni saseRuefisk zayiswa eRouen (France) ukuze zithuthwe zibe bhotela. Kusukela ngaleso sikhathi, kusunguliwe ukuthengiswa okujwayelekile kwamapani emazweni aNtshonalanga Afrika.
Bevela eNdiya naseChina, amantongomane eza eSpain, eFrance, e-Italy, lapho athola khona igama elithi "Chinese nati". E-USA, amantongomane asakazeka kuphela maphakathi nekhulu le-XIX. emva kweMpi Yombango phakathi kweNyakatho Ningizimu. Ngaleso sikhathi, ukotini wayethinteka kakhulu yi-weevil yekotini, futhi abalimi baqala ukufaka ukotini esikhundleni sokulima uthanga.
Amanetha alethwa eRussia ngonyaka we-1792 evela eTurkey. Imizamo yokuqala yokuqhakambisa kwenziwa ngo-1825 e-Odessa Botanical Garden. Amantongomane njengamanje atshalwa ezindaweni ezincane ezindaweni ezinkulukazi zase-Central Asia naseCaucasus, eningizimu ye-Ukraine naseNyakatho neCaucasus.
Umzekeliso weBotanical: Amantongomane akhethiweyo. A - isitshalo esinezimpande, izimbali nezithelo ezingaphansi komhlaba (ubhontshisi); 1 - imbali engxenyeni ye-longitudinal; 2 - izithelo ezivuthiwe (ubhontshisi); I-3 - okufanayo esigabeni se-longitudinal; 4 - imbewu; I-5 - igciwane, ukubuka okuvela ngaphandle; I-6 - umbungu ngemuva kokususwa kwe-cotyledon.Izici zezimila
ENdiya, amantongomane atshalwa endaweni eyodwa iminyaka engama-3-4. Ezimweni ezomile (esifundazweni saseTamil Nadu), amantongomane endaweni yokushintshana kwezilimo enye nenye amabele, ummbila, ukotini, imbewu yesame, nasemasimini aniselwe irayisi, amazambane nemifino. Izithelo ezithelwayo ngemuva kokukhula kwamantongomane zifinyelele kuma-30%, ukotini ngemuva kokukhuphuka kwamantongomane kufike ku-45% uma kuqhathaniswa nokuhlwanyele emva kokudumba. ENdiya, kulinyelwa izinhlobo nezinhlobonhlobo eziningi zamantongomane ezihlahlana nezinwabu.
E-Afrika, amantongomane akhula kahle kakhulu phakathi kuka-8 no-14 ° C. ., lapho umhlabathi kanye nezimo zezulu zivumelana kakhulu nezimpawu zalo zemvelo. Kuleli bhande, kuhlukaniswe izigaba ezi-4:
1) Indawo yeSahel. Ukusuka ku-150 kuye ku-400 mm wezulu wehla lapha, izinga lokushisa laphakathi nenyanga lingama-20,9- 34 ° C. Izindawo zenhlabathi zivame ukuba nesihlabathi, ngaphandle kwezinhlayiya zobumba. Ungqimba lwesihlabathi lufika kumamitha ambalwa. Kukhona futhi enothuli (equkethe ubumba oluyi-3-4%), umbala obomvu wenhlabathi, nge-pH ka-6-7. Le nhlabathi ilungele kakhulu amantongomane.
Ukulungiselela inhlabathi yokutshala amantongomane esifundeni saseSahel kuqala maphakathi no-Mashi kuyaqhubeka kuze kube maphakathi noJuni. Amantongomane atshalwa maphakathi no-June, futhi avunwa maphakathi no-Septhemba futhi aqhubeke kuze kube maphakathi noJanuwari, lapho lina imvula. Esifundeni saseSahel, kutshalwa amantongomane acijile;
2) Indawo yaseSudan. Itholakala phakathi kwe-7-8 ° C. sh., ububanzi bayo bungamakhilomitha angama-700. Ihlala engxenyeni ebalulekile yensimu yaseSenegal, Gambia, Guinea, neMali. Izinga lokushisa eliphakathi nenyanga ngu-21.3-35.4 ° C. Inhlabathi i-ferrallite (ebomvu-nsundu), i-pH 5.6-6.0, ubukhulu be-humus Horon 15-25 cm ngokuqukethwe kwe-humus okufika ku-1%. Esifundeni saseSudan, izinhlobo zaphakathi nesizini zitshalwa ezindaweni ezincane;
3) Izwe laseGuinea. Kufaka phakathi ingxenye yensimu yaseSenegal, izifunda eziseningizimu yeGuinea, iNigeria namanye amazwe ambalwa. Lapha, kufinyelela ku-1,500 mm yezulu elehla minyaka yonke. Izinga lokushisa eliphakathi nonyaka lingama-25- 26 ° C. Inhlabathi ibomvu futhi i-ferrallite ephuzi, igcwele humus, pH ngaphansi kuka-5.0. Kulesi sifunda, amantongomane atshalwa yonke indawo kusuka ekuqaleni kokuvuthwa kuya ezinhlotsheni zokuvuthwa sekwephuzile;
4) Indawo Engaphansi komhlaba. Kufaka nezindawo ezisogwini lweSenegal neCape Verde. Ukugcwala kwamanzi yi-400-800 mm ngonyaka. Izinga lokushisa eliphakathi nenyanga lingama-21.3- 28.0 ° C. Inhlabathi esemqoka ingamaxhaphozi, i-saline mangrove. Amantongomane esifundeni atshalwa kuphela ezindaweni ezincane.
ENtshonalanga Afrika, izinhlobo ezitshaliwe zingezinhlobo ezi-3 eziphambili - iVirginia, iValencia, iSpanishi.
Amantongomane emazweni aseNtshonalanga Afrika esikweni elixubile ahlwanyelwa kanye nosawoti, ummbila, iphenathi nokotini.
Ezilimeni ezihlanzekile, ukujikeleza kwezilimo okulandelayo kwenzeka:
I-1) amantongomane - i-sorghum - amantongomane - u-sorghum - amantongomane - i-fallow iminyaka emi-5;
2) i-sorghum - i-pennisetum iminyaka emi-2 - amantongomane iminyaka emi-2 - isilo seminyaka eyi-10;
I-3) i-vigna - i-sorghum iminyaka engu-2 - amantongomane - amaphenathi - amantongomane - isitshudeni seminyaka eyi-10-15;
4) umthungi - amantongomane - umhluzi - amantongomane - isilobe iminyaka emi-5.
Amantongomane © PollectorIbhala imicimbi
Inhlabathi yokutshala amantongomane iphathwa ngokujula kuka-10 cm; amantongomane atshaliwe, njengomthetho, ngaphandle komanyolo futhi athola isivuno sikabhontshisi we-1,1-1.3 t / ha, futhi ngokufakwa kwe-nitrogen, phosphorus, potassium (100-150 kg ngehektha elilodwa), isivuno sikhuphuka sifinyelela ku-2.3 t / ha.
Ukuhlwanyela / ukutshala
Usuku lokutshala luxhumene nesikhathi semvula (imvamisa ngoJuni - ekuqaleni kukaJulayi). Ububanzi bokubekwa kwembewu ngu-cm cm 5-7, enhlabathini enomswakama kuze kufike ku-3 cm, nasemhlabathini omanzi, imbewu ehlutshiwe ihlala ihlwanyelwa.
Izinga lokutshala imbewu lincike ezinhlobonhlobo futhi lingama-60-80 kg / ha. Izinhlobo zokuqala zokuvuthwa (iSpanishi neValencia) zitshala imbewu eyizinkulungwane eziyi-160-180 ngehektha elilodwa. Izinhlobo zokuvuthwa maduze (iVirginia) - imbewu eyizinkulungwane eziyi-110 lilinye. Indlela yokutshala ingama-40-50-60 × 10-12 cm. Ukunakekelwa kwezilimo kuqukethe ukhula kukhula nokukhulula umugqa.
Ukuvuna
Ukuhlanza ngesandla, izinyanga ezingama-3-4 ngemuva kokuhlwanyela ekuqaleni kanye nezinyanga ezingama-5-6 zokutshala izinhlobo sekwephuzile. Kunama-peanut lifts kwi-traction ehlukile (1-2-and 4-row). Ukomisa kuthatha amasonto ambalwa, kuthi emva kokoma, ubhontshisi uqhekeka ngesandla noma usebenzisa amadivaysi alula. Ubhontshisi ohlukanisiwe ekugcineni womile.
Ukusatshalaliswa
Eminyakeni yamuva nje, ukukhiqizwa kukabhontshisi wamantongomane emhlabeni kukhula njalo ngenxa yokwanda kwendawo ehlwanyelwayo, ukusetshenziswa kwezinhlobo ezinikeza isivuno esikhulu, umanyolo, amakhemikhali, ukunisela, kanye nokwenza ngcono imishini yokuvuna. Izitshalo zamantongomane emhlabeni zithatha amahektare ayizigidi eziyi-19. Amazwe aholayo ekukhiqizeni amantongomane: eNdiya (cishe amahektha ayisigidi esingu-7.2), China, Indonesia, neMyanmar. Indawo yesibili emhlabeni ukukhiqizwa kwamantongomane kungokwamazwe ase-Afrika (cishe amahektha ayizigidi eziyisithupha). Kwezomnotho eSenegal, Nigeria, Tanzania, Mozambique, Uganda, Niger nakwamanye amazwe ambalwa, amantongomane abaluleke kakhulu. Ezwenikazi laseMelika, izindawo ezinkulu kunazo zonke eziseBrazil, Argentina, Mexico, nase-USA.
Sebenzisa
Amantongomane, noma amantongomane (i-Arachis hypogaea L), atshalwa ngokuyinhloko ukukhiqiza uwoyela odlekayo ezinhlanyelweni zakhe. Imbewu yamantongomane iqukethe isilinganiso samafutha ayi-53%. Amantongomane angokwesibili kuphela ku-soy kokuqukethwe ngamaprotheni. Ngokwesilinganiso, kusuka ku-1 ithoni yembewu yamapani ebekelwa phansi, kutholakala ama-226-317 kg kawoyela. Ivela eqenjini lamafutha owomile (inombolo ye-iodine engu-90-103), isetshenziswa ikakhulu ezimbonini ze-canningery kanye ne-confectionery. Imbewu yamantongomane aphansi isebenza njengesengezo ekwenzeni ushokoledi. Kudliwa imbewu ebunjiwe, futhi ifomu elihlukanisiwe, elingezwe emikhiqizweni eminingi ye-confectionery. Izinhlobo zokudla zebanga lokudla akufanele zibe nokunambitheka kobhontshisi. Amakhekhe wekhekhe nethanga (hay) asetshenziselwa ukudla kwezilwane. Iziqongo ziqukethe amaprotheni afinyelela ku-11% futhi azithobeki kokudla okuphezulu kuya ku-alfalfa naku-clover. Amathemba wokusetshenziswa kanyekanye kweziqongo nezithelo abonakala ekutshalweni kwamantongomane e-United States njengesitshalo samadlelo ezinkomo nezingulube.
Amantongomane © Darwin BellIsifo sethanga
Isifo Sengozi Esingalawuleki Esibangelwa Ukushayeka Kwamaminerali
I-iron Amantongomane azwela kakhulu ukuntuleka kwensimbi emhlabathini. Ngokuntuleka kwensimbi, i-chlorosis enamandla ivela emaqabungeni amancane ezitshalo. Okokuqala, i-chlorosis esemaphethelweni amaqabunga avela, athi ukusakazeka kancane kancane endaweni ye-intervein, kuyilapho izicubu eziseduze nemithambo zigcina umbala oluhlaza. Ngokuntuleka okukhulu kwensimbi, amaqabunga athola umbala ophuzi noma okhilimu. I-Necrosis ivela kancane kancane, okokuqala ngesimo samabala ahlukile, lapho-ke, lapho ehlangana, izindawo ezinobubanzi be-necrotic. Ngokuntuleka okukhulu kwensimbi, izitshalo ziyafa, futhi ukuhlwanyelwa kuncipha kakhulu.
Ukushoda kwe-iron ezindaweni eziphezulu zokulinywa kwamantongomane kungumphumela wokuqukethwe okuphezulu kwamakhabhoni enhlabathini, kuvimbe ukufakwa kensimbi futhi kubangele ukuphazamiseka kwe-metabolic ezitshalweni. Ukushoda kwe-iron kuyaphawuleka enhlabathini ehlangene kakhulu, ngokuthenga okungekuhle, ngokuphuza okuningana, okushisa okucindezelayo, okweqile kwe-nitrogen nitrate, noma ngamanani aphezulu womanyolo we-phosphate.
Izindlela zokulawula. Ukwahlulela ngendlela efanelekile, kucatshangelwa izidingo zamasiko; ukutshalwa kwezinhlobo okubekezelela kakhulu ukuba khona kwe-calcium enhlabathini, isibonelo, i-Orpheus neRositsa; ukwethulwa kwezidakamizwa Kugopleks 40 kg / ha.
I-Peanut Powdery Mildew
Lesi sifo sidlangile kuzo zonke izindawo zamantongomane akhula, kepha ukulimala kwaso kuyahlukahluka ngonyaka.
Izimpawu Izimpawu zokuqala zalesi sifo zivela ngesimo sezindawo ezizwelayo ezinhlangothini zombili zamaqabunga, zimbozwe ngopende onamakha, okukhona ukutholakala kakhulu engxenyeni engenhla yamaqabunga. Kancane kancane, ukubonwa kwalo kuyakhula futhi kumboze lonke iqabunga, eliba liphuzi, bese liphume kamuva liphume. Ukubuka amabala okufanayo kukhula ngeziqu kanye namahlumela afa ngaphandle kokuvela ngaphezu kwenhlabathi.
Kucatshangwa ukuthi i-pathogen hibernates ngesimo se-mycelium ezinsaleleni zamabutho asendle.
Izimo zokuthuthukiswa kwalesi sifo. Lesi sifo sikhula ngamazinga amaningi okushisa (0- 35С) kanye nomswakama (0-100%). Ngokunokwenzeka, ukukhula kwayo kuncike kwinhlanganisela ethile yezinto eziyisisekelo zezemvelo.
Izindlela zokulawula. Ukulima ngesizinda esiphezulu sezolimo. Ukwelapha ngama-fungicides ngokuvamile awusetshenziswa, kepha ngomonakalo omkhulu osiko, kusetshenziswa amakhemikhali othintana noma izidakamizwa ze-systemic.
I-Phyllosticosis, noma i-Fifthness of Peanut Leave
I-Phyllosticosis ijwayelekile esikhathini sonke sezinyanga eziyisithupha, kepha ubukhulu bayo abunakwa.
Izimpawu. Okokuqala, kuncane kakhulu, amabala amabala ansundu emaqabungeni, akhula afike kububanzi obungu-5-6 mm. Isikhungo sabo siyaqaqamba kancane, ifomu le-pycnids elimnyama kuso, futhi umngcele waleyo ndawo uhlala unombala onsomi. Nge-lesion enzima, izicubu phakathi kwezindawo ziphenduka ziphuzi futhi kancane kancane zibe necrotic. Lesi sifo siqala ukukhuphukela ekugcineni kwenkathi yokukhula.
Pathogen. UFungus Phyllosticta arachidis M. Ghochr.
Umjikelezo wokuthuthukiswa kwe-pathogen. I-pathogen iyaphikelela ezinsaleleni zezitshalo ezithintekile enhlabathini.
Izimo zokuthuthukiswa kwalesi sifo. Ukuthuthukiswa okunamandla kwalesi sifo kubonwa esimweni sezulu esimanzi, ngoba umswakama we-Drip-liquid ukhuthaza ukukhishwa nokusabalala kwe-pathogen, kanye nokutheleleka kwabo kwezitshalo.
Izindlela zokulawula. Ukuthobela ukujikeleza kwezilimo zeminyaka engu-2-2 ngokuhlukaniswa kwendawo kusuka kuhambo lwezitshalo lwangonyaka odlule. Ngokutheleleka kanzima, kusetshenziswa ama-fungicides olubanzi. Ukubhujiswa kwezinsalela zezitshalo ekugcineni kwenkathi yokukhula ngokulima okufanele.
I-Alternariosis, noma ibala elimnyama lamaqabunga athanga
Lesi sifo sizibonakalisa eminyakeni ethile futhi ukulimala kwaso akunakwa.
Izimpawu. Emaphethelweni amaqabunga amadala, amabala amnyama oyindilinga akhula ngo-10 mm ubukhulu. Ngomonakalo omkhulu, amabala ahlangana, kanye nemiphetho yamaqabunga ayi-necrotic. Esimweni sezulu esimanzi, kuvela inqwaba yamakhowe amnyama kumakhowe. Umenzeli we-causative angakhula nasezithelweni ngesikhathi sokuvuthwa kwawo kanye nangaphambi kokuvunwa, axazulule kuphela emaqabungeni kabhontshisi.
Pathogen. Ukubonwa kwamaqabunga amnyama kubangelwa ukhunta I-Alternaria(UFr.) Keissl.
Umjikelezo wentuthuko. I-pathogen ilondolozwa kudoti wesitshalo nasemhlabathini.
Izimo zokuthuthukiswa kwalesi sifo. Ukhunta yisidambisi esibuthakathaka esithinta izicubu zokuguga kwezitshalo. Ukuthuthukiswa okunamandla kwalesi sifo kusungulwa ngesimo sezulu esifudumele nesinomswakama, ekugcineni kwezimila zezitshalo.
Izindlela zokulawula. Isiko lokukhulisa ngobuchwepheshe obukhulu bezolimo ukuze kwandiswe ukumelana kwalo ne-pathogen. Ukuvuna ngesikhathi.
I-Fusarium Peanut Wilt
Izimpawu. Ezitshalweni ezincane, lesi sifo sizibonakalisa ngesimo sezimpande noma ukubola kwe-basal, okubangela ukukhula kokuvinjwa, ukubekezela kanye nokufa okusheshayo kwezitshalo. Ngemuva kwenkathi yokwesekelwa, lesi sifo sikhula ngamandla avuselelekayo ngesikhathi sokuqhakaza nokubekwa kwezithelo zokuqala. Izitshalo ziphenduka ziphuzi, zithande, futhi zivame ukuba necrotic ngaphambi kokuvuna. Izimpande zezitshalo ezithintekayo ziba mnyama futhi zibole, futhi phansi kwesiqu kukhula amaphakethe we-mycelium akhanyayo. Izithelo azakhiwa, futhi uma zakhiwa, khona-ke zincinci futhi zakhiwe ngaphansi. Imbewu inemibala ekhanyayo, enobuthakathaka, futhi esimweni sezulu esimanzi esimbozwe yi-mycelium ekhanyayo, igxilisiwe eduze kombungu. Umbungu wembewu ethintekile umnyama kakhulu, uyi-necrotic futhi unamandla aphansi wokuhluma.
Olunye uhlobo lomonakalo luyenzeka futhi, oluzibonakalisa ekugcineni kwenkathi yokukhula (ngaphambi kokuvuna) ngesimo sokubona amaqabunga kabhontshisi, ngosayizi abahlukahlukene, oba yizilonda ezincane noma ezijulile, okubenza bakhubeke. Embewini, amabala nezilonda zezimo ezahlukahlukene kuyakhiwa.
Umjikelezo wentuthuko. Amagciwane angenhla yizinhlobo zomdabu ezigcinwa emhlabathini. Lapho zihlangana nezimpande zesitshalo esingenakonakala, zakha ukugxila kwalesi sifo. Zingasakazeka ngembewu, okuyizimo ze-mycelium, ezigxile ejokeni lembewu.
Izimo zokuthuthukiswa kwalesi sifo. Uhlobo lokuqala lokutheleleka kwe-fusarium - i-tracheomycosis lukhula ngokuqinile ngezikhathi zokushisa okuphezulu, umswakama ophansi wesihlobo kanye nokushayeka kwezulu okuncane. Uhlobo lwesibili, oluzibonakalisa njengokubola ubhontshisi nembewu, lubonwa ngesikhathi sezulu esinde, esimanzi futhi esipholile ngesikhathi sokuvuna.
Izindlela zokulawula. Ukuhambisana nokujikeleza kwezitshalo okuneminyaka engu-3-4. Ukuthola imbewu ezindaweni ezinempilo. Ubuchwepheshe bezolimo obuphezulu bokukhula kwamantongomane, kufaka phakathi izinsuku zokuqala, ukujula okuphelele nobuningi bokutshala. Ukuhlanza ngesikhathi
I-Grey Peanut Rot
Izimpawu. Izimpawu zesifo ziyavela kusukela ekuqaleni kokuqhakaza kwesitshalo zize zivunwe. Emaphethelweni noma emaphethelweni amaqabunga, kuqhakaza, kunqunyelwe amafomu amabala ansundu, ansundu, lapho pethioles yamaqabunga adlulela kweziqu. Ingxenye ephezulu yayo iyabuna futhi ife. Izitshalo ezithintekile azakhi izithelo noma ama-ovari ahlala emancane futhi engenalutho.Ngesilonda sekwephuzile, i-pathogen ihlala emapheshana kabhontshisi, yakha inhlanganisela eluhlaza grey yefungus. Ubhontshisi uhlala umncane, ukhubazekile, futhi imbewu ibucayi.
Pathogen. Mushroom SccklerotiniaarachidisIHanzawa.
Umjikelezo wentuthuko. I-pathogen ilondolozwa kudoti wesitshalo, enhlabathini nasezinhlanyelweni. Ukutheleleka kwenziwa ngamanxeba.
Izimo zokuthuthukiswa kwalesi sifo. Ukuthuthuka kwalesi sifo kutholwa isimo sezulu esifudumele nesinomswakama ngasekupheleni kwehlobo.
Izindlela zokulawula. Ukukhula kwe-ara-sitoni ngemuva kwezolimo. Ukuphela kokunisela izinyanga ezi-1-1,5 ngaphambi kokuvunwa, ukuvuna okufika ngesikhathi.
Ukukhula Amantongomane Indoor
Ukukhula kwamantongomane ngaphakathi endlini kuyinto ethakazelisa kakhulu futhi ngasikhathi sinye nesipiliyoni esilula. Ungatshala amantongomane ahlutshiwe (vele, hhayi athosiwe!), Futhi sonke izithelo, ngemuva kokucindezela amaqabunga abuthaka ukuze aqhekeke kancane. Ngingakucebisa ukuthi usebenzise zombili ngasikhathi sinye - okungenani ngenhloso yokufuna ukwazi: kuzokwenzekani maduze? Imbewu itshalwe ngokushesha ebhodweni elikhulu lapho uzogcina khona isitshalo, ukuze ungazibandakanyi nokutshala okwalandela. Tshala imbewu embalwa ekujuleni kuka-2 cm enkabeni yebhodwe, egcwele ingxube yomhlaba ekhanyayo, uthele, umboze ngesikhwama sepulasitiki esinezimbobo ezenzelwe ukungena komoya nendawo endaweni efudumele ekhanyayo. Ukuze ukuhluma kuphumelele, izinga lokushisa kufanele libe phezulu ngokwanele, okungenani + 20 ° C. Hlola inhlabathi njalo ukuvikela ukuthi ingume, noma kunjalo, ngenkathi uvimba umswakama ngokweqile. Ngokufafaza njalo, ukuthambisa kungenziwa ngokunqunyelwa kwezinsuku eziyi-10-14. Ngemuva kwamaviki ama-2-3, amahlumela azovela afane ne-clover ngokubukeka. Kuyelulekwa ukuzikhipha ngobuso njengamanje, kusale izitshalo ezinamandla ezi-3-4.
Ukunakekelwa
Amantongomane adinga ukufudumala nokukhanya ukuze akhule ngempumelelo, ngakho-ke kungcono ukuwugcina efasiteleni elangeni. Njengoba isitshalo sikhula, umhlaba ebhodweni uzokoma ngokushesha, ngakho-ke ukunisela kuzodingeka kwandiswe ngokufanele. Ekuseni nakusihlwa kuyalulekwa ukufafaza amaqabunga ngamanzi ngokushisa kwasekamelweni. Kuyinto engathandeki ukomisa inhlabathi; amantongomane asabela kabuhlungu kubuhlungu bokuntuleka komswakama.
Ngezinsuku ezishisayo zasehlobo, lesi sitshalo singafakwa emhalangeni. Ukufaka umquba kungakhethwa, kuyinto engathandeki, kepha uma ufuna ukusheshisa ukukhula kwayo, bese uyondla ngomanyolo ojwayelekile kakhulu wezitshalo zasendlini.
Cishe izinsuku ezingama-45 kuqhamuke, amantongomane akho angaphakathi ayombozwa izimbali eziphuzi zegolide ezifana nezimbali zethanga ezimnandi ngesimo, futhi lapho ubhontshisi ubonakala endaweni yawo, ukuthambisa kungancishiswa. Le nkathi yokuphila kwezitshalo yiyona ethakazelisa kakhulu. Ama-peduncle ngezithelo azoqala ukuncika emhlabathini, futhi ekugcineni izithelo zishabalale enhlabathini, lapho ziyovuthwa ngokuphelele. Ezimweni zasekamelweni, ungathola isivuno esihle, ikakhulukazi uma utshala imbewu ngoMashi-Ephreli, lapho isitshalo siba nesikhathi esanele sokuqhakaza nezithelo. Uma kumzamo wokuqala ungaphumeleli, kufanelekile ukuzama futhi. Uma ufisa, ngesikhathi sezimbali, ungasiza isilwane sakho futhi ukhiqize impova yokufakelwa ngokudlulisa impova kusuka kwenye imbali kuya kwesinye ngebhulashi.
Izinto ezisetshenzisiwe:
- UGalina Goodwin. “Ntambama” umlimi. Amantongomane // Emhlabeni Wezitshalo Namba 6, 2004. - maq. 44-45.
- I-Atlas yezifo zezitshalo. Umthamo 4. Izifo zezitshalo zezimboni / i-Yordanka Stancheva - Sofia-Moscow :. IPENSOFT Publishing House, 2003. - 186 k., Kugula.
