Indlela yesithombo yokutshala imifino nezinye izilimo zasensimini ihlotshaniswa nezimo zethu zezulu. Esikhathini esiningi sezifunda zeRussian Federation, isikhathi samahhala seqhwa sinamazinga okushisa aphakathi nosuku we- + 10 ... + 15 ° C izinsuku ezingama-110-140 ngonyaka, okungaphansi kakhulu kwalokho okudingwa izitshalo eziningi zemifino enesikhathi eside sokukhula (kusuka ezinsukwini eziyi-130 kuye kwezingama-200 noma ngaphezulu). Ukuhlwanyela nokutshala izitshalo emhlabathini ovulekile kungenzeka kusuka ngoMashi-Ephreli - isikhathi sokufika okuphezulu kakhulu kwemisebe yelanga. Kepha isikhathi seqhwa ngaphandle kweqhwa siqala ezifundeni kusuka ngoMeyi 25 kuya kuJuni Juni. Izimo zesimo sezulu zenziwa ezilinganisela ukukhula okujwayelekile kwezitshalo. Ezimweni ezinjalo, isikhathi sokugcina ukushisa kwezinsuku ezingama-30-60 siyisikhathi esihle sokugcina izitshalo ezithanda ukushisa ezingenayo ihlobo elifushane ukuze zakhe futhi zivuthise isivuno emhlabathini ovulekile.
Ukuqina kwezithomboKungani kudingeka lukhuni izithombo?
Izithombo emafulethini ethu nasezindlini zokugcina izithombo zingatshalwa ngaphansi kwezimo ezidalwe ngokwenziwa ngamazinga okushisa aphakeme + 18 ... + 30 ° С, kanye nokushintshwa kwezimo zokushisa nomswakama lapho kubatshala endaweni evulekile kuthinta kabi isimo sezithombo. Ngaphezu kwalokho, noma yikuphi ukungenelela endaweni yemvelo yezitshalo, kubandakanya ukufakelwa, kuholela ezifweni. Lapho itshalwe kabusha, uhlelo lwezimpande luyahlupheka. Isikhathi siyadingeka ukuze kubuyiswe inqubo evamile yokuhlinzeka ngamanzi kwizitho zesisindo esingaphezulu komhlaba sezitshalo. Ngalesi sikhathi sokutakula, imvelo kumele ibe nomthelela omnene kwizithombo ezincane. Isistimu yezimpande engasebenzi, ukungalingani phakathi kokuqina kokukhanya kanye nezimo lokushisa kuholela ekumeni ezinqubweni ze-metabolic nokukhula ezitshalweni. Ukunciphisa isikhathi sokujwayela imvelo entsha, okuzoba nomthelela ekubuyiselweni ngokushesha kwezithombo, kubalulekile ukujwayela noma ukulungisa izithombo zezimo ezintsha. Lokhu kungumongo oyinhloko wokuqinisa izithombo.
Indlela yokuqhuba lukhuni izithombo?
Ngezithombo, ungakhula cishe zonke izilimo zemifino, isikhathi sokuthuthuka eside kunesikhathi esifudumele sesifunda, futhi uma ufuna ukuthola isivuno sangaphambilini semifino yasensimini evulekile. Izilimo ezinjengalezi zifaka utamatisi, upelepele obumunyu futhi obabayo, isitshalo seqanda, ukhukhamba, isikwashi sikadoti, ithanga, ikhabe, ikhabe, zonke izinhlobo zeklabishi nezinye izilimo.
Ukuze uthole izithombo ezinempilo, ezikhuliswe ngokujwayelekile, ukuqina kufanele kwenziwe sonke isikhathi sokukhula kwayo nentuthuko ngaphakathi (endaweni ebamba ukushisa, kubanda, ekhaya kufasitela, njll.) Kuze kufike ukutshala endaweni evulekile. Izithombo ziyafundiswa kancane kancane ukuhlala endaweni evulekile.
Izithombo ziqala ukuzenza lukhuni ezinsukwini ezingama-2-4 ngemuva kokuvela.
Ukuqina kokushisa
Ukuqina kokuqala kwezithombo kwenziwa ezinsukwini ezingama-2-4 emva kokuhluma. Ezinsukwini ezingama-4-7, izinga lokushisa komoya egumbini liyancishiswa lisuka + 17 ... + 25 ° С liye ku + 8 ... + 16 ° С phakathi nosuku futhi lisuka ku + 10 ... + 15 ° С kuya ku + 7 ... + 12 ° С ebusuku kuye ngesiko. (Ithebula. 1 kanye nethebula. 2), eliphikisana nokunwetshwa kwezithombo.
Ukwehla okuqhubekayo noma ezinsukwini ezishisayo ukwanda okuthe xaxa kwezinga lokushisa kuzonciphisa ukukhula kwezithombo nezifo zazo. Kusukela emavikini amabili eminyaka ubudala, umbuso wokushisa wezithombo kuze kufike ekuqaleni kokuqina kwezithombo ugcinwa uhla olunikeziwe, kancane kancane uqinisa izimo zemvelo.
Ngezinsuku ezishisayo elishisa kakhulu, igumbi lingeniswa umoya ngaphandle kokusalungiswa. Vula amafasitela noma ama-transoms ukusuka kumaminithi we-5-15 ngosuku kuya emahoreni angama-2-4. Ngesikhathi sokukhula kwe-greenhouse, kuyadingeka ukuthi uhlale ungabheki amazinga okushisa komoya kuphela, kepha nomhlabathi. Uhlelo lwezimpande olugxishiwe, uma selusemhlabathini ovulekile, ngeke lubekezelele amazinga okushisa ngokweqile futhi lungagula, luholele ekufeni kwesitshalo.
Ithebula 1
| Igama lesiko | Ukushisa komoya ° C | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Izinsuku ezingama-4-7 kusuka ekuhlwayeni kwezithombo | Kusuka ngosuku 8 kusuka ekuqineni kwezithombo kuye ekuqiniseni izithombo | ||||
| ukweqile | ilanga | ||||
| Ntambama | Ebusuku | ntambama | ntambama | ebusuku | |
| Utamatisi | 13-15 | 7-9 | 17-20 | 21-25 | 7-9 |
| Ipelepele elimnandi nelimunyu | 14-17 | 8-10 | 18-20 | 25-27 | 11-13 |
| Isitshalo seqanda | 14-17 | 8-10 | 18-20 | 25-27 | 11-13 |
| Iklabishi Elimhlophe Lokuqala | 8-10 | 7-9 | 13-15 | 15-17 | 7-9 |
| Iklabishi | 10-12 | 7-9 | 14-16 | 16-18 | 7-9 |
| Ukhukhamba | 18-22 | 15-17 | 18-20 | 22-25 | 15-17 |
| Ozimele, isikwashi | 20-22 | 15-17 | 18-20 | 20-25 | 16-17 |
Ithebula 2
| Igama lesiko | Ukushisa kwenhlabathi, ° С | |||
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Izinsuku eziyi-12 kuya kwezingu-15 zokuqhuma kwezithombo | Kusuka ngosuku 16 kusuka ekuqineni kwezithombo kuya ekuqiniseni izithombo | |||
| ntambama | ebusuku | ntambama | ebusuku | |
| Utamatisi | 18-22 | 15-16 | 18-20 | 12-14 |
| Ipelepele elimnandi nelimunyu | 20-24 | 17-18 | 20-22 | 15-16 |
| Isitshalo seqanda | 20-24 | 17-18 | 20-22 | 15-16 |
| Iklabishi Elimhlophe Lokuqala | 15-17 | 11-12 | 14-16 | 10-11 |
| Iklabishi | 17-19 | 13-14 | 15-17 | 12-13 |
| Ukhukhamba | 22-25 | 18-20 | 22-25 | 15-17 |
| Ozimele, isikwashi | 20-23 | 17-20 | 20-24 | 15-17 |
Imodi yelanga
Izithombo zazo zonke izithombo ezinsukwini zokuqala azikwazi ukuma ngqo elangeni futhi zingathola ukushiswa okukhulu kwamaqabunga amancane. Ngakho-ke, kusukela ngesikhathi sezithombo, izinsuku zokuqala ezingama-3-4, izithombo ziboshwa, zishiya elangeni imizuzu eyi-15 kuya ku-20 ngosuku kusuka ku-10 kuye ku-11 noma kusuka emahoreni ayi-14 kuye kwayi-15. Isikhathi sokukhanya kwelanga sikhanya kancane kancane futhi ngamasonto amabili eminyaka izithombo sezingashiywa zivulekile usuku lonke.
Ukudonsa izithombo.
Isidingo sezithombo ezengeziwe
Esikhathini sobusika-sentwasahlobo, izithombo ngokusobala azanele ekujuleni kokukhanya kwemvelo futhi izitshalo zidinga ukukhanya kosuku olude. Isikhathi sokuvezwa kwamatamatisi amahora angama-14-16 ngosuku. Kwama-isitshalo seqanda kanye nopelepele kufika esigabeni samaqabunga ayi-4 eqiniso, isikhathi sokukhanya sithatha amahora angama-14-16, bese kuthi amahora ayi-10-12. Okokubethelwa esiphambanweni, isikhathi se-irradiation sisuka emahoreni ayi-10-12. Izitshalo zethanga zingokwesitshalo sosuku olufushane futhi azidingi kukhanyiswa okwengeziwe. Lapho ukhula ku-greenhouse izithombo zezitshalo eziningana ezinezikhathi zokukhanya ezingefani, sebenzisa izinto zokumboza ezingadlulisi imisebe. Lapho kukhula izithombo zezitshalo eziningana ezisesimweni samakamelo ezinobude obuhlukile bemini, ngemuva kwamahora ayi-10-12 wesikhathi sokukhanya, iziqukathi ezinezitshalo zithathwa egumbini elimnyama nelipholile, ngakusasa zibuyiselwe endaweni yazo.
Ukugcina izithombo ngaphambi kokutshala emhlabathini ovulekile
Akunandaba nendawo okulinywe kuyo (ekhaya, i-greenhouse, i-greenhouse, ngaphansi kwesiphephelo sesikhashana kwifilimu noma i-spunbond), izithombo kufanele zikhiqizwe ngaphambi kokuqina. Amaviki angu-1-2 (akusekho okunye) ngaphambi kokutshalwa kwezithombo emhlabathini, izinga lokushisa lomoya liyancishiswa ebusuku lize libe ngu + 12 ... + 14 ° C for utamatisi, isitshalo seqanda, upelepele omnandi, ithanga, kanye nokumelana nokubanda okuningi (iklabishi, ulethisi) - + 6 ... + 8 ° C. Uma ukhulisa isikhathi sokukhula kokusebenza okuqinile kumaviki ama-3 noma ngaphezulu, futhi noma ngokwehla kwezinga lokushisa, isitshalo sivimbela ukukhula, okuthi kamuva kunciphise isivuno sesilimo, kwesinye isikhathi kuze kufike ku-30%.
Ukugcina izithombo ngaphambi kokutshala emhlabathini ovulekile.
Ukwehlisa izinga lokushisa ezinsukwini ezingama-3-5 ngaphambi kokuba kwehliswe kulethwe izinga lokushisa elikhona lesikhala esivulekile. Ukuze lokhu, izithombo zikhule ngaphakathi zithathwa ziyiswe kuvulandi olungaphansi oluvaliwe bese zishiywe lapho ubusuku nemini. Kungcono ukuvala iwindi lobusuku ukuze kungabikho ukupholisa ebusuku okubukhali. Uma izithombo zikhule endaweni ebamba ukushisa, noma ama-transoms akhuliswa endaweni ebamba ukushisa, ukuze izinga lokushisa lilingane ngokushisa komgwaqo.
Ngasikhathi sinye nokuqina kwezingxenye zasemoyeni, uhlelo lwezimpande zezithombo lufundiswa ukwehlisa futhi lube nzima kakhulu izimo. Ngokubambisana nokwehlisa izinga lokushisa komoya, banciphisa inani lokunisela. Izinga lokunisela alishintshiwe, kuphela izilinganiso eziphakathi kokunisela ziyanda. Isikhathi esomile somile sisiza ukomisa ukoma wenhlabathi. Inhlabathi ihlala umswakama endaweni yohlelo lwezimpande, kepha yomile engxenyeni ephezulu. Le ndlela ivimba ukukhula kwezithombo. Iba "stocky" xaxa, isistimu yezimpande ikhula ngamandla, izinsiza zamaqabunga zithuthukiswa, eklabishi amaqabunga ambozwe ngentambo e-waxy. Kubalulekile kakhulu ukungamanzisi inhlabathi ngalesi sikhathi. Ukuwa kwamahlumela kuzoqala, i-turgor yamaqabunga izoncipha ibe yisimo esibuhlungu. Ngokuvamile, ukusebenza kwezitshalo kuzokwehla.
Izinsuku ezingama-1-2 ngaphambi kokutshala, ukugqokisa ukugqoka kwenziwa, ukuhlinzeka izitshalo ngokudla okuyisisekelo. Abanye balimi baqhuba le nqubo ngemuva kwezinsuku eziyi-12 dive. Ungondla izitshalo ngesixazululo se-ammonium nitrate, superphosphate ne-potassium sulfate (10, 40 no-60 g nge-10 wamalitha amanzi, ngokulandelana) noma i-nitrophosic 60-70 g / 10 l yamanzi. Okondla, ungasebenzisa iKemir, i-crystallon noma amanye umanyolo wezimbiwa oqukethe i-nitrogen, phosphorus ne-potassium. Ukugqoka okuphezulu kuzonciphisa isikhathi sokusinda futhi kwandise inani lezitshalo ezithole izimpande ziye ku-100%.
Izinsuku zokugcina zezithombo kufanele zibe ngewashi endaweni evulekile ngaphansi kwe-canopy noma kuvulandi evulekile. Uma kunengozi yesithwathwa, izithombo zimbozwa nge-spanbond noma ezinye izicubu zokumboza ebusuku. Ifilimu le-Shelter lingakhululekile kakhulu ezitshalweni.
Izithombo ezinezikhathi ezinempilo nezondliwe kahle uma zidluliselwe ezimeni zensimu kuzoba lula kakhulu ukubekezelela isimo esicindezelayo futhi zizoqhubeka nokukhula kwazo ngenkuthalo. Ngokulungiselela okungathathi kahle kwekhwalithi yokufakelwa kwezitshalo, izithombo zivimbela ukukhula kwezinsuku ezingama-5 ukuya kwezingu-10 noma ngaphezulu.
