Izifo eziphambili ze-conifers yomhlobiso

Eminyakeni yamuva nje, amaConifera asabalele kakhulu ekubumbeni kwamapaki amadolobha, izikwele, imigwaqo, nezindlu zasehlobo. Ngokunokwenzeka, isabelo esibalulekile ekuthandweni kwezitshalo ezinqumayo kuma-conifers kungokwokuheha kwawo unyaka wonke, ukuvuna amaqabunga awileyo kanye nombono okhohlisayo ngokungatholakali kwezifo kumaConifers. Leli yiphutha eliyinhloko labalimi abenqume ukumiselela noma ukubuyisa kakhulu umhlaba ngezilimo ezihlanganayo.

Izitshalo ezingama-Coniferous engadini. © JR P

Cishe ekhefini lasehlobo zonke izinhlobo zeConifers zingakhula, ikakhulukazi phakathi nendawo kanye neRussia. Kepha namuhla, abaseningizimu banqume nokugcwalisa izindawo zokuzijabulisa zasemadolobheni nezindawo ezihlangene nalezi zinhlelo ezithandekayo.

Okokuqala udinga ukuzijwayeza kukhathalogi yamaConifers bese ukhetha izinhlobo ezingazivumelanisa kalula nemvelo futhi zingangena ezingxenyeni ezintsha zazo. AmaConifera asendaweni engajwayelekile athela kakhulu, alahlekelwe ukungagcineki kwawo futhi angenwa kalula yizifo ezithathelwanayo (ukubola, amazolo, ukhunta kanye namagciwane). Ngakho-ke, eminyakeni yokuqala (iminyaka engu-5-7), badinga ukunakekelwa okuphelele futhi okuphelele kakhulu.

Uma izimo ezinhle zenzelwe amaConifers ezweni, kepha asenokubukeka okugula (azikhuli, amagatsha ahlukanisiwe awomile noma isihlahla sonke, njll.), Kufanele unqume ngokushesha uhlobo lomonakalo olungase luhlukaniswe ngamaqembu ama-2:

izimbangela zesifo ezingatheleleki.
izifo ezithathelwanayo.

Izitshalo ezingama-Coniferous engadini. © MrArtlover1

Izifo ezingathathelanayo zama-conifers

Izifo ezingalawuleki zingabangelwa yilokhu okulandelayo:

izinto zokutshala ezisezingeni eliphansi,
ukulimala kwemishini kwesithombo,
uhlelo lwezimpande olungafakwanga
ukuntuleka kwezakhi ezithile zomzimba
ukushiswa yilanga entwasahlobo, lapho izimpande zingakasebenzi emhlabathini obandayo,
isithwathwa sentwasahlobo esidala ukuqhekeka nokufa kwegxolo,
umswakama owedlulele (ngisho nokuqina kwamanzi) kohlelo lwezimpande nabanye.

Lolu hlobo "lwesifo" aludluliselwa kwezinye izithombo futhi lungalungiswa lapho kunakekelwa izitshalo. Ngemuva kwayo yonke inqubo, kusiza ukuphatha izithombo ezinjalo nezitshalo zabantu abadala ngamalungiselelo emvelo. Lokhu kuzothuthukisa ukumelana kwezitshalo kuzona ezingezinhle zezemvelo kanye namaphutha ekunakekelweni. Kokulungiswa, i-rootin, i-super humisol, i-zircon, ukugonywa, isizalo kanye nezinye izidakamizwa zesimanje ezisebenzayo eziphephile empilweni yomuntu nezilwane zinganconywa.

Izifo ezithathelwanayo zeConifers

Izifo ezithathelwanayo yizifo ezingadluliselwa ngokwemvelo noma ngokufakwayo kwezinye izitshalo. Izifo ezifana nalezi zifaka umhlabathi ezithwalwa ngumkhuhlane kanye nezifo ezibangelwa amagciwane (fusarium kanye nokubola kwezimpande, i-alternariosis, isikhunta, ukomiswa kwamagatsha, ukugqwala, umdlavuza, nezinye). Lezi zifo ezingenhla ziyimpawu yezithelo nezinye izitshalo ezihamba ngobubanzi futhi zingathinta ama-conifers. Kepha amaConifers anezifo ezitholakala kuphela kulolu hlobo lwezimila. Le shute (nsundu, iqhwa, ekhona). Umenzeli obangela lesi sifo ezinye izinhlobo zesikhunta ezingama-ascomycetes ezihlasela izinkuni ze-coniferous futhi zibangele ukufa kwesitshalo.

I-Common (ingane) pine shute. Ibizwa yi-fungus Lophodermium seditiosum. © I.Sáček

I-Schütte brown, iqhwa, ikhona

ISchütte isiteleka kusuka kuma-junipers we-coniffort, uphayini, ifir, spruce, umsedari, ikyprethi, thuja.

Ukuthuthukiswa kwezifo

I-Mycelium of brown shute fungus ikhula ngaphansi kweqhwa emazingeni okushisa + 0,5 * C nangaphezulu. Ngemuva kokuthi iqhwa liqhibilike ezihlahleni ze-coniferous, kuvela umuntu onsundu ohlaselwe yisifo sezinaliti. Ezinhlungwini ezigulayo, ukuhlasela kwe-cobwebby emnyama-grey kubonakala kahle - i-mycelium ekhula ngokweqile. Uma ubhekisisa (ngengilazi ekhulisa), amachashazi amnyama abonakala ngokucacile - imizimba ethela izithelo yefungus fungus. Izithako ezincane ezithinteke kakhulu izitshalo ezincane ezinokungazinzi komzimba ngemuva kokufakelwa. Kwi-juniper, i-shute ivela ngezinaliti ezindala ngokuhamba kwesikhathi - ekuqaleni kwehlobo. Izinaliti zithola umbala ophuzi noma onsundu. Ekupheleni kwehlobo, amachashazi amnyama ayabonakala kumathiphu wezinaliti - Izithelo zomzimba ezinezithelo zokukhunta. Ukhunta ukhula kahle ezimweni ezinomswakama ezitshalweni ezibuthakathaka. I-Mycelium igcwalisa izinkuni ngokushesha, inqume ukuthi kungenzeka ukuthi kutholakale izakhi zokudla okunezinaliti. Izinaliti ziphenduka ziphuzi, zomile, futhi zicishe zingawi. Izikhwama ezinamabala avuthiwe zisakazeka ngokushesha emoyeni futhi zithinte izinaliti ezinempilo. Ukuwa kweqhwa kudala izimo ezidingekayo zobusika. Ngokuncibilika kweqhwa elihamba kancane entwasahlobo, lesi sifo sithola ithuba lokusabalala kwalesi sifo ngokushesha.

I-shute yangempela neqhwa ithinta izinhlobo ezahlukene zikaphayini. Ukhunta olubi lukhula emazingeni okushisa angaba ngu-0 * C ngaphansi kweqhwa. Ngesikhathi sentwasahlobo nasekuqaleni kwehlobo, isikhunta sikhula kakhulu, sithinta izinkuni. Izikhwama ezithwala Spore zivuthwa ekwindla. Izinaliti ezithintekile ziphenduka ziphuzi, ziphenduke zibe nsundu. Izihlahla, ikakhulukazi ezincane, ziyafa.

Juniper Shute Ubizwa yi-fungus Lophodermium juniperinum. © isikhunta

Conifers kusuka shute

Imiphumela emihle inikeza izindlela zokuvikela eziphelele.

Izinhlobo zeConiferous ezingamelana nomonakalo we-shute zitshalwa emotweni yasehlobo nakwezinye izindawo.
Izithombo ezincane kufanele zibe nokuhlukaniswa okukhulu emithini yabantu abadala kanye nasezihlathini ze-coniffort.
Emakhotheni asehlobo, izinaliti ezigulayo ezigugayo ziyasuswa, amagatsha agulayo nawomisiwe anqunywe. Imfucuza iyashiswa.
Ehlobo, ngezinjongo zokuphrinta nezokwelapha, amaConifers aphatha u-1-2% nge-Bordeaux ketshezi noma amanye amalungiselelo aqukethe ithusi, ewahlobanisa nokwelashwa ngamalungiselelo we-fungicidal (Skor, HOM, Abiga-Peak, Purebloom, umhluzi we-calcareous nabanye). Njengesilinganiso sokuvimbela, ukwelashwa kwentwasahlobo kuyenziwa, futhi izitshalo ezinesifo ziphathwa ngemuva kwezinsuku eziyi-10 kuya kwezi-10- 10 nezidakamizwa ezisezingeni elifanele ngokwezincomo. Ungenza ukwelashwa kwe-conifers ngezixube zethangi, ngemuva kokubheka amalungiselelo wokuhambisana. Ukulungiselela akusebenzi kuphela izitshalo, kepha nomhlabathi. Imiphumela emihle itholakala ngokwelapha inhlabathi nezingxenye zasemoyeni nge-biofungicides, phytosporin, izwiir, planriz.

I-Fusarium kanye nokubola kwezimpande zeConifers

I-ejenti ye-causative ye-fusarium (tracheomycosis) kanye nokubola kwezimpande isikhunta semvelo se-pathogenic. Ngokuvamile, i-spruce, i-fir, i-pine, i-larch iyathinteka. Ngaphandle, lesi sifo ezihlahleni nasezihlahleni zabantu abadala sibonakaliswa ngokubomvu kwezinaliti nasekuchitheni kwaso. Isici yisifo sengxenye ephakathi yomqhele kuwo wonke ama-conifers. Okuhlukile kukaphayini, lapho izinaliti ezitshalweni ngazinye ziphuzi ziphuzi. Ekutshaleni abasha, izimpande ziqala ukubola. Izithombo ziba nsundu, kuthi emva kokuphela kwezimpande, isitshalo siwele ohlangothini olulodwa.

UFusarium udlile. © Nick Brazee

Imvamisa, ukutshala kweConiferous etholakala ezindaweni ezinamanzi amaningi komhlaba kuyathinteka. Lapho utshala enhlabathini enkulu, ngaphandle kokulungiselela okwengeziwe umgodi wokufika. Kuzona zombili lezi zimo, kudonsa kahle amanzi kanye nokugcwala kwengxube yenhlabathi ngezinto zokuthambisa (humus, peat nabanye) kuyadingeka.

Izindlela zokuvikela

Okokuqala, sisusa amanzi angaphansi komhlaba noma anqwabelene ngemuva kokuncibilika kweqhwa nezimvula ezinkulu, ukuze umoya-mpilo ugeleze ezimpandeni. Siphatha uhlelo lomhlabathi nezimpande zezitshalo. Sichitha isistimu yezimpande ngesixazululo sokubulawa kwamakhadi noma i-foundationazole. Lapho sicubungula izitshalo emakotini ehlobo, ikakhulukazi uma umndeni unezingane ezincane, kungcono ukusebenzisa imikhiqizo yemvelo (biofungicides) - phytosporin, igamair, alirin, planriz. Ukusuka kubo ungalungisa ukuxubana kwethangi futhi ngesikhathi esifanayo ukucubungula umqhele nenhlabathi ngaphansi kwezitshalo. Imikhiqizo ye-Biological iyasebenza ekuhlelweni okuhlelekile kuyo yonke inkathi efudumele.

Ukugqwala kwesigaxa

Isikhunta sithinta ikakhulukazi i-larch nephayini. Entwasahlobo, kuvela amabala ophuzi-owolintshi ezinalwaneni. Kamuva, i-mycelium yakha izikhwama ezinama-spore. Izinaliti zimbozwe amabala ansundu. Isici somonakalo wokugqwala ukuthi izigaba ezithile zokukhula kwesikhunta zenzeka ezitshalweni ezi-herbaceous ezahlukahlukene futhi, uma ziphumelele, zithinta izilimo ezi-coniferous (umoya, isimo sezulu esishisayo). Ukugqwala kwe-Bubble kungathinta isiqu kanye namagatsha angapheli weWeymouth pine kanye ne-Scots pine. Izindawo ezinombala osawolintshi zivela ekuqhekekeni kwe-cortex - i-mycelium enezithwali ze-spore.

Izindlela zokuvikela

Ukwelapha izitshalo nge-fungicides topaz (iphunga) noma isitaki. Phindisela ukwelashwa izikhathi ezingama-2-3 ezinsukwini eziyi-15-20. Ukuhlanganiswa kwembiza kwale mithi ngokufakwa kwe kartotsida kusebenza kakhulu. Ngomxube wethangi, silungiselela isixazululo sikasikhunta ngasinye ngokwahlukana futhi, ngemuva kokubheka ukuthi sihambisana yini, sibahlanganisa ndawonye. Ukuqoqwa kwezixazululo nokucutshungulwa kwezitshalo kwenziwa ngokwemiyalelo.

I-Altenariosis, isikhunta, kanye nokuqina kwezifo kwamagatsha

I-Altenariosis ne-grey isikhunta ngokuvamile kuthinta izingxenye zezindiza zejuniper kanye ne-arborvitae. Lesi sifo sizibonakalisa ngesimo samabala ansundu noma ansundu. Amahlumela alahlekelwa umphumela wawo wokuhlobisa. Ukuhlolisisa kukhombisa ukuthi amabala ane-conidia fungal, esebenza njengomthombo wokutheleleka kwezitshalo. Izitshalo ziyagula ngokugobeka kogqinsi, okungekho emthethweni, nokukhanya okunganele. Ukomiswa kwezifo kwamagatsha kubangelwa isikhunta eziningana futhi ngokubukeka kufana nokunqotshwa ukugqwala. Ukutheleleka kuyaphikelela ekuqhekekeni kwamagxolo kanye nesitshalo sezinaliti ezingcolile, ukhula nokunye imfucumfucu ebolile.

Izindlela zokuvikela

Ukuthenwa kwenhlanzeko kwamagatsha agulayo nokuqina. Ukudangala komqhele kanye nezingxenye zezulu zezitshalo. Zonke izigaba kumele ziphathwe ngezinhlobo zasengadini, isisombululo se-sulfate yethusi noma ngopende kawoyela ukuvimbela ukutheleleka okwengeziwe kwezitshalo.
Kusukela ekuqaleni kwentwasahlobo nakuyo yonke inkathi efudumele, yenza ukufafaza okuhleliwe ngezinsuku ezingama-20-30 nge-Bordeaux liquid, amalungiselelo e-Abiga-peak, kungekudala, umbala omsulwa. Ungalungisa ingxube yethangi kusuka ngenhla nezinye izidakamizwa ezinconyiwe bese ufafaza izitshalo. Lapho usebenzisa ukuxubana kwamathangi, inani lezindlela zokwelapha lingancishiswa laya ku-3 ngesizini ngayinye. Njengokugula kwangaphambilini okuchaziwe, i-altenariosis kanye nesikhunta, ukomisa amagatsha kususwa kahle yimikhiqizo ebalwe ngenhla.

Lo mbhalo uchaza izifo eziyinhloko, ezivame kakhulu zezitshalo zokuhlobisa izitshalo ezivame ukutshala izindlu zemoto zasehlobo nasezindlini. Kumele ngisho ukuthi zonke izilonda ze-fungal zelapheke kahle ngemikhiqizo ye-biological. Ngakho-ke, ekhaya, funa izindlela zokuvikela izihlahla ekungenweni yizidakamizwa ezingalimazi impilo yomndeni nezilwane ezifuywayo. Le ndatshana inikezela ngemikhiqizo esetshenziswa kakhulu yamakhemikhali kanye neyebhayoloji. Akuyona imfundiso yezifo. Zonke izinsuku, imboni yamakhemikhali inikeza izidakamizwa ezintsha ezisebenza kangcono. Ungazikhethela ngokuzimela lezo ezilungele izinhlobo zakho zama-conifers, akhule ekhaya.