Utamatisi - lezi zitshalo zaziwa yiwo wonke umuntu - zikuzo zonke izingadi, futhi kwesinye isikhathi indawo ebalulekile ibekelwe zona. Utamatisi ukhula womabili evulekile nasezindlini zokugcina izithombo. Eminyakeni ethile, umlimi angathola isivuno esimnandi, esiphelele samatamatisi, nakwezinye izinkathi zonyaka, cishe zonke izithelo ezisegatsheni ziqala ukubola kungazelelwe, futhi kubonakala sengathi umlimi wenza konke kahle, kepha inkinga iyaqhubeka. Kungani lokhu kwenzeka nokuthi kufanele wenzeni ngakho, namhlanje sizozama ukukuthola.
Kungani utamatisi ubola egatsheni?
Ngabe ukutheleleka kwezithelo zamatamatisi kubola kanjani?
Kuyacaca ukuthi sibhekene nokubola, futhi ukubola akuyona ingozi kuphela yesizini yamanje: izinhlamvu zobusika zihlala kahle enhlabathini futhi zingazibonakalisa ngonyaka olandelayo, futhi ukubola kwezithelo kuzovela, mhlawumbe ngokuziphindisela.
Imvamisa, ukubola kwamatamatisi kubangelwa izifo ezifana nokulimala sekwephuzile, i-alternariosis, ukubola kwe-vertex kanye namagciwane amaningi ahlukahlukene. Ezimweni eziningi, lezi zifo zihlasela izithelo zikatamatisi, kepha kukhona okuhlukile lapho lesi sifo singathinta iqabunga, ngaleyo ndlela sikhiphe ukushaya okuphindwe kabili - kuvimbela i-photosynthesis, futhi kwesinye isikhathi lesi sifo sifinyelela esiqwini sesitshalo, bese singafa ngokuphelele endabeni yezinsuku.
Imvamisa, fungus itholakala ngokungahleliwe ezweni elinegciwane, ingadluliswa ngomoya, nangesikhathi sokusebenza okuluhlaza ngamabhishi, lapho ngaphandle kokulapha ithuluzi elisebenzayo ngotshwala, umlimi usuka esitshalweni esigulayo uya kwesinye esinempilo, ngalesosikhathi ethelela kuye.
Kuyacaca ukuthi izitshalo ezikhula emhlabathini ompofu, zithola ukuntuleka komswakama noma uhlobo oluthile lomsoco emhlabathini ziqala ukulimala ngokushesha kunanoma ngubani, okungukuthi ngokuzivikela kwazo okuphansi. Ikakhulu, izitshalo ezikhula emhlabathini, lapho kukhona khona ukuntuleka okukhulu kwezinto ezifana ne-calcium ne-potassium, lapho ukujikeleza kwezilimo kungagcinwa khona, noma imithetho eyisisekelo yobuchwepheshe bezolimo, ethintwa izithelo ezibolile.
I-Phytophthora - imbangela eyinhloko yokubola kwamatamatisi emhlabathini ovulekile
Isizathu esiyinhloko ukulimala sekwephuzile. Kuqala, ezincane, kwesinye isikhathi zize zingabonakali ngamehlo amachashazi amnyama ezithelweni zikatamatisi, futhi zingavela zombili emaqabungeni nasesiqwini, futhi ngaso leso sikhathi emacembe, isiqu namatamatisi.
Ezinsukwini ezimbalwa kamuva, phansi kwesithelo sezitamatisi, kuzokwazi ukubona kalula ngeso elinqunu indawo emnyama, imvamisa inombala onsundu, iyakhula nsuku zonke, ngokoqobo phambi kwamehlo ethu, ukumboza ingxenye enkulu nenkulu yezithelo.
Ezinsukwini ezimbalwa, leli banga lizoba mnyama lapho lokhu kwenzeka, kungcono ukulahla isithelo ngesizathu esilula sokuthi ukubola sekufinyelele ngaphakathi ngaphakathi futhi ukubola kwangaphakathi sekuvele sekuqalile.
I-Phytophthora iyimbangela enkulu yokubola izithelo zezitamatisi emhlabathini ovulekile.
Ngabe ukuhlukunyezwa sekwephuzile kwenzeka ngaphansi kwaziphi izimo?
I-Phytophthora isebenza kakhulu ngenkathi yezinkathi noma izingxenye zesikhathi sokukhula, lapho umswakama womoya nenhlabathi uphezulu kakhulu, ingana imvula okungenani izikhathi ezimbalwa ngeviki, futhi izinga lokushisa alikhuphuki ngaphezu kwama-degree Celsius angamashumi amabili.
Kukhona izehlakalo eziphikisanayo: uma isimo sezulu esina futhi esimanzi sishintsha ngokungazelele sishise futhi sishisa, lapho ukukhanya okufika sekwehliseni kubambezela kakhulu ukuze kungaqhubeki phambili, kanti nezindawo ezithintekile zezithelo zamatamatisi zingaze zibe nekhokho.
Ngokumelana nokulimaza sekwephuzile, kungcono ukusebenzisa ama-fungicides agunyaziwe futhi avunyelwe ukusetshenziswa kulesi sigaba sokuthuthukiswa kwezithelo zikatamatisi.
Ungakhohlwa ukuthi izinhlamvu zalesi sifo zigcinwa isikhathi eside engxenyeni yenhlabathi, ngakho phatha inhlabathi ngama-fungicides ngisho nangaphambi kokutshala izithombo esizeni.
Ukuvimbela i-Phytophthora
Ngaphambi kokuthi uqale ukulwa nokulimala sekwephuzile, ungazama ukukuvikela ukuthi kungaveli ezitshalweni zakho. Isibonelo, i-prophylaxis enhle kakhulu ukwelashwa nge-bio-fungicides yezitshalo ezitshalwe ngemuva kwezinsuku eziyi-12- 12 ziye endaweni engapheli.
Ngokwemvelo, asikhohlwa ngo-Bordeaux ketshezi, ungasebenzisa isixazululo sawo esingu-1% bese uqala ukusiphatha ngemuva kwezinsuku eziyi-10 emva kokufakelwa, bese - ezinsukwini ezingama-20 ngemuva kokufakelwa.
Abathandi bez amakhambi emvelo basebenzise ukumuncwa kwegalikhi, ngoba lokhu ebhakedeni lamanzi udinga ukufaka ingilazi ye-clove enomhlabathi kahle kagalikhi kanye nama-gramu ayi-0,5 e-potanganum permanganate. Lokhu kuhlanganiswa kufanele kuvunyelwe ukukunika usuku, bese kuba nzima, kufakwe amanzi kabili kanye nezitshalo kungaphathwa kanye ngeviki kuze kube yilapho ingozi yengqangi inyamalala.
Ngasikhathi sinye nalokhu kwelashwa, kuyathandeka ukondla izitshalo ezihlanjululwe emanzini nge-potassium sulfate kanye ne-superphosphate ehlanjululwe kahle emanzini ngesilinganiso esingu-5-6 g ngebhakede lamanzi. I-Superphosphate emanzini ayincibiliki kahle, ngakho-ke kufanele iqale ichithwe emanzini abilayo, bese uthelela ukwakheka emanzini.
Ukuze baqinise ngokuvamile ukungavikeleki kwezitshalo, ngezikhathi ezithile, okungenani kanye ngesonto, badinga ukwelashwa ngamalungiselelo ohlobo lwe-Epina.
Ungabhekana kanjani nokulimala sekwephuzile kwezithelo zikatamatisi?
Uma i-phytophthora isivele ikhona, kuyadingeka ukuqoqa izithelo ezinsundu bese uzibeka ukuze zivuthwe, uma zingathinteki, kunjalo, bese uzama ukusindisa abathintekile ngokwelapha ngo-1% we-Bordeaux uketshezi, uzama ukufinyelela kusiqubulo sokutheleleka.
Ukucutshungulwa kwenziwa kangcono kusihlwa, ngemuva kosuku olushisayo. I-Bordeaux ketshezi, ngendlela, engasetshenziswa ezinsukwini ezintathu ngaphambi kokuba izithelo zithathwe, amanye ama-fungicides angaba nezikhathi ezinde zokusebenza, udinga ukufunda ngalokhu kufakwa.
Cishe akukho okushiwoyo nge-bio-fungicides: ngokwesibonelo, inzuzo yabo ukuthi abanaso noma isikhathi esifushane sokulinda kusukela ekusebenzeni nasekusetshenzisweni.
Icubungula utamatisi ngokumelene nokulimala sekwephuzile.
I-Vertex bola - imbangela eyinhloko yokubola kwezithelo zetamatisi ku-greenhouse
Ku-greenhouse, i-vermin rot isishayo sangempela sezithelo zamatamatisi; kuholela nasekubotheni kwezithelo zamatamatisi iningi lalezitshalo.
Okokuqala, amabala ansundu angabonakali kalula lapho kuvela izithelo eziluhlaza utamatisi zisakhula ngokuphelele, zikhula nsuku zonke, zikhula ngobubanzi ngokuthuthukiswa kwesithelo uqobo. Uma ukhetha lesi sithelo futhi usibambe ezandleni zakho, ucindezele uginindela, khona-ke ngaphansi kwesikhumba uzokuzwa ukuthambile ngokweqile okungekho uphawu lwesithelo sikatamatisi - lokhu kusho ukuthi kubolile konke noma iningi laso futhi kungakulungele ngokuphelele ukudla. Kuhlala kuphela ukubalahla.
Ngendlela, izithelo zamatamatisi ezithinteka ngokubola kwe-apical zivame ngokwazo ukubonisa ukuthi sekuyisikhathi sokuzithatha ziye kudoti: ngesifo esinamandla, zikhonjiswa ngokuthe ngcembe kusuka kusitshalo eside ngaphambi kokuba izithelo zivuthwe ngokuphelele.
Kufanele wazi, nokho, ukuthi ukubola okuphezulu kwezithelo zamatamatisi akusona isifo esithathelwanayo, njengoba abaningi bakholelwa, kaningi lesi sifo senzeka ngenxa yamaphutha ngokunisela izitshalo zamatamatisi, kanye namazinga okushisa aphezulu ngokweqile.
Isibonelo, ufikile e-dacha usuku lunye kuphela ungekho futhi wabona ukuthi inhlabathi endaweni lapho utamatisi ukhula khona yayomile kakhulu, mhlawumbe yaqhekeka. Uyokwenzenjani? Vele, ngokushesha, ngokuchichima ngangokunokwenzeka, uthele inhlabathi ngaphansi kwezihlahla ukuze ubuyele kuyo izinga elijwayelekile lomswakama. Awungeke ukwenze lokhu ngokwezigaba: kusuka kumswakama obukhali obukhali, izithelo zingakhula ngokushesha ngosayizi, ikhasi lekhanda phezulu kwazo ngeke lisukume liqhekeke, ukutheleleka kuzowela kulo bese ukubola kwe-apical kukhule.
Kuyiqiniso, imbangela yokutheleleka kwamatamatisi nge-top bola kungenzeka kungabi yimbongi nakanjani, ngokwesibonelo, izitshalo ezikhula emhlabathini we-saline noma i-acidic, emhlabathini lapho kukhona khona ukusilela kwekhalsiamu noma, ngakolunye uhlangothi, okweqile kwento efana ne-nitrogen, kuhlaselwa yilesi sifo.
I-Vertex iyabola izithelo zezitamatisi.
Ukulwa ne-vertex ukubola kumatamatisi
Ukuze ulwe nokubola okuphezulu kuzimpawu zokuqala, kuyadingeka ukwelapha izitshalo amahlandla ambalwa nge-calcium nitrate, exutshwe ekuqoqweni kwe-0,4%. Kulokhu, i-calcium sulfate nayo kufanelekile. Kufanele ihlanjululwe ngenani lama-8 g ebhakedeni lamanzi futhi kufafazwe kahle kuso sonke isitshalo, kuphinda ukwelashwa ngemuva kwesonto.
Ngokwemvelo, ungakhohlwa ngokushintshana kwezitshalo, ukuthi izitshalo akufanele zenziwe uqweqwe, futhi zisebenzise izinhlobo ezintsha kuphela ezinokungavikeleki okuphezulu, okungukuthi, ukumelana nezifo ezinjalo.
Izimbangela ezijwayelekile zamatamatisi abolile nawokushisa abamba ukushisa, nomhlaba ovulekile
I-Alternariosis
Isizathu esivame kakhulu sokuthi utamatisi egatsheni ezitshalweni ezikhula emhlabathini ovulekile nakuwona greenhouse uqala ukubola yi-alternariosis. Lesi isifo, futhi ama-pathogen aso amukela ubushushu obuningi, lapho izinga lokushisa elingaphandle kwewindows lihlala ligcina cishe ama-26 kuya kwangama-31 degrees ngaphezu kwe-zero.
Ngendlela, lesi sifo sivame ukuthinta utamatisi okhula ezifundeni eziseningizimu yezwe lethu, noma kunjalo, siyenzeka futhi eminyakeni ethile esifundeni esiphakathi. I-Alternaria ikhula ngokukhuthele enkabeni yeRussia lapho kwenzeka njalo futhi amazolo amaningi kakhulu, uma lina kancane kodwa isikhathi eside, okuwukuthi, umoya ugcwala ngokoqobo umswakama lapho ubonakala ulengisa emoyeni.
Izimpawu zokuqala zalesi sifo zitholakala kuzithelo zikatamatisi eziluhlaza ngokuphelele. Umuntu kufanele ahlolisise indawo lapho kukhona khona isiqu, njengoba uzobona ekuqaleni kuncane kakhulu, bese anda ngosayizi, amabala ansundu. Uma lina kule nkathi futhi umswakama uphezulu kakhulu, bese uthatha isithelo sikatamatisi ezandleni zakho, ungazizwa unjenge-velvet, njengepheya. Eqinisweni, lesi sithelo simbozwe ngokuphelele ngezinhlamvu, okuthi lapho sesivuthiwe nomoya omfishane, sizindize siqonde ngezindlela ezihlukile, sithathe izithelo zikatamatisi ezingomakhelwane.
Ngasikhathi sinye, amabala amaqabunga akhiwe ezansi kwezitshalo zamatamatisi angaqashelwa. Okokuqala, amabala amaqabunga aphansi mancane, bese anda ngokoqobo nsuku zonke futhi ekugcineni amboze iningi leqabunga, enze izinqubo ze-photosynthesis zibangele ukufa nokubola kwamaqabunga amaqabunga.
Ungabhekana ne-alternariosis enoketshezi olufanayo lweBordeaux njengoba kulwa nokulimala sekwephuzile. Kepha uma ufuna i-alternariosis ingalokothi ibe kwisiza sakho, bese ubheka ukujikeleza kwezilimo, ungazisi izitshalo, ulwe nokhula, ufake umquba bese usebenzisa izinhlobo ezintsha nezanamuhla zamatamatisi ezikhulise ukungatheleleki, ngenxa yalokho, ukumelana nezifo eziningi .
Bacteriosis
Ake siqale nge-necrosis yegciwane, noma i-hollow, noma i-necrosis yephakathi kwesiqu. Konke kuqala ngezithelo ezingavuthiwe zikatamatisi, uma uzihlolisisa, ungabona kalula inethi elimhlophe, futhi kulezo zithelo esevele sezivuthiwe, uma uzihlolisisa ngokucophelela, ungabona izindandatho ezimbalwa ezinsundu endaweni lapho izithelo zazinamathiselwe khona. Uma leso sithelo sinqunyiwe, kuphuma uketshezi olunamafu, futhi, ngokuvamile, ngeke kube khona ukusikisela ngaphakathi.
Kuyathakazelisa ukuthi uma uthinta kuphela ingane ethintekile, izowa ngokushesha, kwesinye isikhathi izithelo ezithelelekile ziyawa ngisho nomoya omncane. Vele, izithelo ezinjalo kumele zisuswe endaweni bese zishiswa ukuze ukutheleleka kungangeni emhlabathini.
Ngasikhathi sinye, amaqabunga ezitshalo ezithintekile, imvamisa aqala komncane kunawo, lawo atholakala phezulu, ayaphela amandla, kwesinye isikhathi ngaphandle kokushintsha umbala. Uma ubhekisisa, khona-ke esiqwini sotamatisi cishe esingaba ngu-20 cm ungabona amabala ansundu. Ngemuva kwezinsuku ezimbalwa kuphela, isiqu siqhuma futhi uketshezi olufana nobomvu noma umiyane luphuma kuso.
Amagciwane ayizifo ezivamile zamatamatisi nomhlaba ovulekile, namahholo okugcina izithombo.
Ibala elimnyama
Esinye isifo lapho utamatisi sibola khona kanye emagatsheni sinendawo emnyama, futhi akunandaba ukuthi izitshalo zikhula nini emhlabathini ovulekile noma ovikelekile.
Izimpawu zokuqala zesifo zingabonakala uma usebenzisa ngokucophelela ingilazi ekhulisa amaqabunga amancane aluhlaza emnyama emaqabunga. Vele, kuzodlula izinsuku ezimbalwa futhi lezi zindawo zizoba zikhulu kakhulu, bese ziphenduka zimnyama - izokhipha i-conidia, ilungele ukundiza amabanga amade futhi ithele izithelo zomakhelwane.
Ezitsheni, ekuqaleni ungacwebezela, njengamaconsi kawoyela, amachashazi enendawo yokukhanya, iningi lize libheke lezi zindawo njengezimpawu zesibazi.
Ukuvimbela ukwenzeka kwalesi sifo, awukwazi ukukhulisa ukutshala, udinga ukusebenzisa ukujikeleza kwezilimo. Lesi sifo sikhula kakhulu ngezikhathi zezinkungu ezisindayo nemvula encane enomoya, lapho izinhlamvu zindizela amabanga amade.
Uma i-bacteriosis isivele ifikile endaweni yayo, lapho-ke iningi lokususwa okuphelele kwezitshalo engadini kuyasiza. Ezigabeni zokuqala zesitshalo zingalashwa nge-Oxychoma, ithengiswa ezibhebheni. Ithebhulethi elilodwa lanele ngebhakede lamanzi, kanye nesisombululo - samabhasi amaningi ngangokunokwenzeka onganyakazisa kahle, ngoba uwahlolile ebhodleleni lokufafaza. Ngemuva kwamasonto ambalwa, ukwelashwa kungaphindwa.
Kubalulekile: "Oksikhom" ungasicubungula isithelo kungakapheli amasonto amathathu ngaphambi kokuvunwa.
Ngemuva kokuqoqa isivuno sonke, iziqalo ezindala, amaqabunga nezithelo kumele zisuswe esizeni.
Isiphetho Ngakho-ke, sithole izimbangela zokubola kwezithelo zikatamatisi emagatsheni, nokuthi singakuvimbela kanjani ukuqubuka kwesifo, izindlela zokwelapha izitshalo. Njalo ngonyaka kufakwa izidakamizwa ezintsha ezengeziwe ekulweni nezifo ezithile, kepha udinga ukuthi uqaphele ukusetshenziswa kwazo, futhi uma kungenzeka, usebenzise amakhambi abantu bodwa.
