Tshala izibani.
- Ingxenye 1: Kungani kukhanyisela izitshalo. Ama-Lumens nama-Suites angaqondakali
- Ingxenye 2: Izibani zezitshalo ezikhanyayo
- Ingxenye 3: Ukukhetha Uhlelo Lokukhanyisa
Kule ngxenye, sikhuluma ngokubala amandla wezibani, isilinganiso esisebenzayo sokukhanyisa, njll.
Ezingxenyeni ezedlule, sikhulume ngemibono eyisisekelo nangezinhlobo ezahlukahlukene zamalambu ezisetshenziselwa ukukhanyisa izitshalo. Le ngxenye isho ukuthi iyiphi inqubo yokukhanyisa okufanele ikhethwe, ukuthi mangaki izibani ezizodingeka ukukhanyisa isitshalo esithile, ukukala ukukhanya ekhaya, nokuthi kungani kukhanya izibani ezinhlelweni zokukhanyisa.
Ukukhanya kungenye yezinto ezibaluleke kakhulu ekunakekelweni ngempumelelo kwesitshalo. Nge-photosynthesis, izitshalo "zizenzela ukudla". Ukukhanya okuncane - isitshalo siba buthakathaka futhi kungenzeka ukuthi sibulawa “yindlala” noma siba yisisulu sezilokazane nezifo.
Ukuze ube noma ungabi yikho
Ngakho-ke, unqume ukufaka uhlelo olusha lokukhanyisa izitshalo zakho. Okokuqala, phendula imibuzo emibili.
- Yini isabelomali sakho esilinganiselwe? Uma imali encane ibekelwe lonke uhlelo lokukhanyisa, olukhiphe kusukela kufunda, futhi udinga ukugcina ngaphakathi kulo, khona-ke le ndatshana ngeke ikusize. Iseluleko kuphela ukuthenga lokho ongakwenza. Musa ukuchitha amandla akho nokusesha isikhathi sakho. Ngeshwa, uhlelo lokukhanyisa izitshalo noma i-aquarium alushibhile. Kwesinye isikhathi enye indlela enokucabanga eyengeziwe ukufaka esikhundleni sezitshalo ezinothando olukhanyayo ngesitshalo esikwaziyo ukubekezelela umbandela - kungcono ukuba ne-spathiphyllum eyenziwe kahle engadingi ukukhanya okuningi kunokulila ngenxa yensimu engafile, okuyinto entula kakhulu.
- Ngabe uzophuma nje ngaphambi kwentwasahlobo, ngomqondo wokuthi "hhayi amanoni, ngabe ngiyaphila"? Ngemuva kwalokho vele uthenge isibani se-fluorescent esilula. Uma ufuna izitshalo zakho zikhule ngokugcwele futhi ziyaqhakaza ngaphansi kwamalambu, kuzodingeka usebenzise amandla nemali ohlelweni lokukhanyisa. Ikakhulu uma ukhula izitshalo ezikhula unyaka wonke ekukhanyeni okufakwayo, njengaleyo ye-aquarium.
Uma uthathe isinqumo ngezimpendulo zale mibuzo futhi uthathe isinqumo sokufaka uhlelo oluphelele lokukhanyisa, bese ufunda.
Kuyini ukukhanya okuhle?
Izici ezintathu eziyinhloko zinquma ukuthi uhlelo lokukhanyisa luhle noma lubi:
- Ukuqina okukhanya. Ukukhanya kufanele kwanele izitshalo. Ukukhanya okubuthakathaka ngeke kuthathelwe indawo ukukhanya kosuku olude. Akukho kukhanya okuningi ezimeni zamakamelo. Ukufeza ukukhanyiselwa okwenzeka ngosuku olunelanga elikhanyayo (ngaphezu kwezinkulungwane eziyikhulu ze-lux) kunzima impela.
- Isikhathi sokukhanya. Izitshalo ezahlukahlukene zidinga amahora amahora emini ehlukahlukene. Izinqubo eziningi, ngokwesibonelo, ukuqhakaza, kunqunywa isikhathi samahora okukhanya kosuku (i-Photoperiodism). Wonke umuntu wabona i- poinsettia ebomvu (i-Euphorbia pulcherrima) ithengiswa ngoKhisimusi nonyaka omusha. Lesi sihlahla sikhula ngaphansi kwewindi lendlu yethu eningizimu yeFlorida futhi minyaka yonke ebusika, ngaphandle kwamaqhinga, "senza konke ngokwako" - sinakho okudingekayo ekwakhekeni kwama-bracts abomvu - ubusuku obumnyama nobusuku obukhanyayo.
- Ikhwalithi yokukhanyisa. Ezihlokweni ezedlule, ngithinte kulolu daba, ngithi lesi sitshalo sidinga ukukhanya kuzo zombili izifunda ezibomvu nezihlaza okwesibhakabhaka. Njengoba sekushiwo, akudingekile ukusebenzisa ama-phytolamp akhethekile - uma usebenzisa izibani zanamuhla ezinhlobonhlobo, isibonelo, amakhandlela we-compact fluorescent noma i-iron halide, khona-ke umbono wakho uzoba "olungile".
Ngaphezu kwalezi zinto, ngokuqinisekile ezinye zibalulekile. Ukuqina kwe-photosynthesis kukhawulelwe yilokho okuntekenteke njengamanje. Kukhanya okuphansi - lokhu kukhanya, lapho kunokukhanya okuningi, khona-ke, isibonelo, izinga lokushisa noma i-carbon dioxide, njll. Lapho kukhula izitshalo ze-aquarium, kuvame ukwenzeka ukuthi ngaphansi kokukhanya okuqinile, ukugcwala kwekhabhoni dayofishi emanzini kuba yinto ekhawulezayo futhi ukukhanya okuqinile akukukhulisi isilinganiso se-photosynthesis.
Izitshalo zidinga ukukhanya okungakanani
Izitshalo zingahlukaniswa ngamaqembu amaningi ngokuya ngezidingo zokukhanya. Amanani weqembu ngalinye alinganiselwa ngokuphelele, ngoba izitshalo eziningi zingazizwa zilungile ngokukhanya okukhanyayo nasethunzini, zivumelane nezinga lokukhanya. Kwisitshalo esifanayo, inani elihlukile lokukhanya liyadingeka ngokuya ngokuthi kukhula ngotshani, kuqhakaza noma kuthela izithelo. Ngombono wamandla, ukuqhakaza izinqubo inqubo edla inani elikhulu lamandla. Isitshalo sidinga ukukhulisa imbali futhi sikunikeze amandla, naphezu kokuthi imbali ngokwayo ayivezi amandla. Futhi i-fruiting inqubo eyonakalisa kakhulu. Ukukhanya okuthe xaxa, amandla amaningi "avela kwisibani esikhanyayo" isitshalo esingasigcinela izimbali, i-hibiscus yakho izoba yinhle ngokwedlulele, izimbali eziningi ziyoba esihlahleni sejasmine.
Ngezansi kunezitshalo ezithile ezikhetha izimo ezithile zokukhanyisa. Amazinga okukhanya avezwa ku-lux. Mayelana nama-lumens nama suites sekushiwo engxenyeni yokuqala. Lapha ngizophinda futhi kuphela ukuthi izingcezu zibonisa ukuthi izitshalo "zilula kangakanani", bese zikhanyisa izibani okhanyisa ngazo lezi zitshalo.
- Isibani esikhanyayo. Lezi zitshalo zifaka lezo ezikhula ngokwemvelo endle - izihlahla eziningi, izihlahla zesundu, i-anculents, i-bougainvillea, ingadi, i-hibiscus, i-ixora, i-jasmine, i-plumeria, i-tunbergia, ama-crotons, ama-roses. Lezi zitshalo zithanda izinga eliphakeme lokukhanyisa - okungenani izinkulungwane eziyi-15 ukuya ku-20, kanti ezinye izitshalo zidinga izinkulungwane ezingama-50 noma ngaphezulu ukuze zisebenze kahle. Izitshalo eziningi ezixubile zidinga ukukhanya okukhulu, ngaphandle kwalokho amaqabunga 'angabuya' ngombala ofanayo.
- Ukukhanya okulinganiselayo. Lezi zitshalo zifaka izitshalo ezingaphansi kwesithombo - ama-bromeliad, ama-begonias, i-ficus, i-philodendron, i-caladium, i-chlorophytum, i-brugmanzia, i-brunfelsia, i-clerodendrum, i-crossander, i-medinilla, i-pandorea, i-rutia, i-barleria, i-tibuhin. Izinga elifiselekayo lokukhanyisela kubo liyizinkulungwane eziyi-10 ukuya kwezi-20.
- Ukukhanya okubuthakathaka. Umqondo 'wezitshalo ezithanda umthunzi' awulona iqiniso ngokuphelele. Zonke izitshalo zithanda ukukhanya, kufaka phakathi nedracaena emi ekhoneni elimnyama kakhulu. Kumane nje ukuthi ezinye izitshalo zikhule (kunalokho zikhona) ngokukhanya okuphansi. Uma ungaphishekeli isilinganiso sokukhula, khona-ke bayozizwa benokukhanya okuphansi. Ngokuyinhloko, lezi izitshalo zehlosi eliphansi - chammorrhea, whitefeldia, anthurium, diphenbachia, philodendron, spathiphyllum, echinanthus. Kwanele kubo kusuka ezinkulungwaneni ezinhlanu kuya kweziyi-10.
Amazinga wokukhanya anikeziwe acishe anele futhi angasebenza njengesiqalo sokukhetha uhlelo lokukhanyisa. Ngiphinde ngigcizelele ukuthi lezi zibalo zingokukhula okugcwele ngokuphelele nokuqhakaza kwesitshalo, hhayi okwenzelwe “ubusika,” lapho izinga eliphansi lokukhanya lingasatshalaliswa nalo.
Isilinganiso sokukhanya
Imitha ekhanyayoNgakho-ke, manje uyazi ukuthi isitshalo sakho sidinga ukukhanya okungakanani futhi ufuna ukubheka ukuthi sithola konke esikudingayo. Zonke izibalo zethiyori zilungile, kepha kungcono ukukala ukukhanya lapho izitshalo zikhona. Uma une imitha ukukhanya, ke uku inhlanhla (efanekiselwa kwesokunxele). Uma kungekho imitha ekhanyayo, khona-ke ungapheli amandla. Imitha yokuvezwa kwekhamera iyimitha efanayo yokukhanya, kepha esikhundleni sokukhanyisa inika amanani wejubane le-shutter, i.e. isikhathi esithathayo ukuvula isivalo sekhamera. Ngaphansi kokukhanya, isikhathi isikhathi eside. Konke kulula.
Uma unemitha yokuvezwa kwangaphandle, ibeke endaweni lapho ulinganisa khona ukukhanya, ukuze i-photosensitive element ihambelane nokuqonda kwesigameko sokukhanya ebusweni.
Iningi lamakhamera edijithali sanamuhla abonisa ukuqina kanye nejubane le-shutter, yenza lula inqubo yokulinganisa ukukhanya
Uma usebenzisa ikhamera, bese ubeka ishidi lephepha elimhlophe le-matte perpendicular ukuya endaweni yokukhanya kwesigameko (ungasebenzisi isicwebezelisi - kuzonikeza imiphumela engalungile). Khetha usayizi wohlaka ukuze ishidi lihlale kulo lonke uhlaka. Ukugxila kuye kuyakhethwa. Khetha ukuzwela kwefilimu kwamayunithi angama-100 (amakhamera edijithali sanamuhla akuvumela ukuba "ulingise" ukuzwela kwefilimu). Usebenzisa isivinini se-shutter nama-aperture values, nquma ukukhanyisa etafuleni. Uma usetha inani lokuzwela lefilimu kumayunithi angama-200, khona-ke amanani etabhuleki kufanele anqanyulwe, uma ivelu isethwe kumayunithi angama-50, khona-ke amanani aphindwe kabili. Ukuya kokuthungwa okuphezulu okuphezulu kuphinda kabili inani. Ngale ndlela, ungalinganisa cishe izinga lokukhanya lapho izitshalo zakho zikhona.
Ukuthambisa | Isicashunwa | I-Illumination (Lx) yefilimu yamayunithi ayi-100 | |
Imitha yokukhanya yangaphandle | Ikhamera lapho izulazula ephepheni | ||
| 2.8 | 1/4 | 70 | 8 |
| 2.8 | 1/8 | 140 | 15 |
| 2.8 | 1/15 | 250 | 30 |
| 2.8 | 1/30 | 500 | 60 |
| 2.8 | 1/60 | 1000 | 120 |
| 2.8 | 1/125 | 2100 | 240 |
| 2.8 | 1/250 | 4300 | 1000 |
| 2.8 | 1/500 | 8700 | 2000 |
| 4 | 1/250 | 8700 | 2000 |
| 4 | 1/500 | 17000 | 4000 |
| 5.6 | 1/250 | 17000 | 4000 |
| 5.6 | 1/500 | 35000 | 8000 |
| 5.6 | 1/1000 | 70000 | 16000 |
| 8 | 1/250 | 35000 | 8000 |
| 8 | 1/500 | 70000 | 16000 |
| 8 | 1/1000 | 140000 | 32000 |
Kusetshenziswa ikhombisa
Kusebenzisa isikhombisi kukuvumela ukuthi ukhulise i-flux ekhanyayo ekhanyayo izikhathi ezininganaUma usebenzisa isibani se-fluorescent ngaphandle kwesibonisi, lapho-ke wehlisa ukukhanya okuwusizo kaningana. Kulula ukuqonda ukuthi ukukhanya kuphela okuqondiswe phansi kungena izitshalo. Ukukhanya okuqondiswe phezulu akusize. Ukukhanya okuphuphuthekisa amehlo akho uma ubheka isibani esivulekile nakho akunamsebenzi. Ukuqagela okuhle kuqondisa ukukhanya, kufiphaza amehlo, phansi ezitshalweni. Imiphumela yokumodareyitha isibani se-fluorescent ikhombisa ukuthi isibani esikhanyayo, lapho sisebenzisa isikhombisi, sanda cishe kathathu, futhi indawo ekhanyayo ebusweni iyagxila kakhulu - isibani sikhanyisa izitshalo, hhayi konke okuzungezile.
Ukulungiswa okuningi okuthengiswa ezitolo zezinto zasendlini akunayo okokukhanyisa noma okungafanele kubizwe ngokuthi yi-Reflex. Izinhlelo ezikhethekile zezitshalo zokukhanyisa noma i-aquarium enezikhombi ziyabiza kakhulu. Ngakolunye uhlangothi, ukwenza ikhomenti eyenziwe ekhaya akunzima.
Ungasenza kanjani isibuko esenziwe ekhaya sesibani se-fluorescent
Ukwakheka kwesibonisi, ikakhulukazi isibani esisodwa noma ezimbili, akunandaba - noma yiluphi uhlobo “oluhle”, lapho isibalo sokuboniswa singekho ngaphezu kwesisodwa futhi ukubuya kokukhanya kwesibani kuncane, kuzoba nokusebenza okulinganayo okufana nobubanzi be-10-15%. Isibalo sikhombisa ingxenye yesiphambano sombukiso. Kungabonakala ukuthi ukuphakama kwawo kufanele kube njalo ukuze yonke imisebe ingaphezulu komngcele (i-ray 1 kwisibalo) ihlukaniswe yisikhombisi - kulokhu isibani ngeke sikuphuphuthekise amehlo akho.
Ngokunikeza ukuqondiswa kogongolo olubekiwe lomngcele (ngokwesibonelo, phansi noma nge-engela), singakha i-perpendicular kuya phezulu kwesibonisi endaweni yokubonisa (iphoyinti 1 ku-sibalo), elihlukanisa i-angle phakathi kwesigameko futhi kuboniswe ugongolo ngesigamu - umthetho wokuboniswa. Ngendlela efanayo, i-perpendicular inqunywa kwamanye amaphuzu (iphoyinti 2 kwisibalo).
Ukuqinisekiswa, kunconywa ukuthatha amanye amaphuzu ambalwa ukuze isimo esiveziwe ephuzwini 3 singaphenduki, lapho ugongolo olubonisiwe lungashoni phansi. Emva kwalokho, ungenza uhlaka lwe-polygonal, noma wakhe ijika elibushelelezi bese ugoba okukhombisa ngokuya ngethempulethi. Musa ukubeka phezulu kwesibonisi eduze kwesibani, ngoba imisebe izowela emuva esibani. Kulokhu, isibani sizofudumala.
Isikhombi singenziwa kungaba nge-aluminium foil, ngokwesibonelo, ukudla, okuboniswa okuphezulu okuphezulu. Ungapenda futhi nendawo ekhanyayo ngopende omhlophe. Ngaphezu kwalokho, ukusebenza kwawo kuzocishe kufane nokuboniswa kwesibuko. Qiniseka ukuthi wenza izimbobo ngaphezulu kwesibonisi sokupholisa umoya.
Isikhathi nekhwalithi yokukhanyisa
Esithombeni: utamatisi ukhule ngaphansi kokukhanya kwamalambu ahlukahlukene. I-1 - isibani se-zebhera ngaphandle kwezihlungi, 2, 3 - isibani se-zeburi ngezihlungi ezisusa izingxenye ezahlukahlukene ze-spectrum. I-4 - isibani se-incandescent. Kusuka encwadini kaBickford / Dunn ethi "Lighting for Plant Ukukhula" (1972)Isikhathi sokukhanyisa imvamisa amahora ayi-12-16, kuya ngohlobo lwesitshalo. Idatha eqonde kakhudlwana, kanye nezincomo ku-photoperiodism (ngokwesibonelo, ukuthi ungayenza kanjani i-poinsettia eshiwo ngenhla ukuqhakaza) ingatholakala ezincwadini ezikhethekile. Kwizitshalo eziningi, isibalo esingenhla sanele.
Mayelana nekhwalithi yokukhanyisa sekushiwo kaningi kanye. Omunye umfanekiso isithombe sezitshalo ezitshalwe ngaphansi kokukhanyiswa isibani se-zebury (isithombe esivela encwadini endala, ngenkathi kungekho ezinye izibani) nesibani se-incandescent. Uma ungadingi izitshalo ezinde futhi ezinesikhumba, khona-ke ungasebenzisi izibani ze-incandescent noma ze-sodium ngaphandle kokukhanya okwengeziwe ngamalambu we-fluorescent noma akhipha i-radiation esifundeni esiluhlaza okwesibhakabhaka.
Phakathi kokunye, amalambu ezitshalo kufanele akhanyise izitshalo ukuze kube mnandi ukuzibheka. Isibani se-sodium ngalo mqondo akusona isibani esihle kakhulu sezitshalo - isithombe sibonisa ukuthi izitshalo zibukeka kanjani ngaphansi kwesibani esinjalo uma kuqhathaniswa nokukhanyisa isibani sensimbi.
Ukubalwa kwamandla kwamalambu
Ngakho-ke sifike entweni ebaluleke kunazo zonke - mangaki izibani okufanele sizithathe izitshalo zokukhanyisa. Cabanga ngezikimu ezimbili zokukhanyisa: izibani ze-fluorescent nesibani sokukhipha igesi.
Inani lamalambu we-fluorescent linganqunywa ngokwazi isilinganiso esiphakathi sokukhanya ebusweni. Kuyadingeka ukuthola i-flux ekhanyayo kuma-lumens (ukuphindaphindwa kokukhanyisa ku-lux yindawo ephezulu ngamamitha). Ukulahleka okukhanyayo kucishe kube ngama-30% wesibani esilenga ekuphakameni okungama-30 cm kusuka ezitshalweni, kuthi ama-50% kube ngamalambu ebangeni elingama-60 cm ukusuka ezitshalweni. Lokhu kuyiqiniso uma usebenzisa isibonisi. Ngaphandle kwayo, ukulahleka kukhuphuka kaningana. Ngemuva kokunquma ukugcwala okukhanyayo kwamalambu, umuntu angathola amandla abo aphelele, azi ukuthi izibani ze-fluorescent zinika cishe i-65 Lm nge-Watt yamandla.
Njengesibonelo, ake silinganise ukuthi mangaki amalambu adingekayo ukukhanyisa ishalofu elingama-0.5 × 1 imitha. Indawo yendawo ekhanyisiwe: 0.5 × 1 = 0.5 sq.m. Ake sithi sidinga ukukhanyisa izitshalo ezikhetha ukukhanya okulinganiselayo (15,000 Lux). Kuzoba nzima ukukhanyisela wonke umhlaba ngokukhanya okunjalo, ngakho-ke sizokwenza isilinganiso esilinganiselwe ekukhanyisweni okuphakathi kwe-0.7 × 15000 = 11000 Lx, ukubeka izitshalo ezidinga ukukhanya okuningi ngaphansi kwesibani lapho ukukhanya kukhanya ngaphezulu kwesilinganiso.
Ingqikithi, udinga i-0.5x11000 = 5500 Lm. Izibani eziphakeme ngamasentimitha angama-30 kufanele zinikeze ukukhanya okuphindwe kabili nesigamu (ukulahleka kungama-30%), i.e. mayelana ne-8250 lm. Amandla onke wezibani kufanele abe ngu-8250/65 = 125 W, i.e. amalambu amabili we-55 compact 55 W fluorescent ahambisana nesibonisi anikezela isilinganiso esifanele sokukhanya. Uma ufuna ukubeka amashubhu ajwayelekile kuma-watts angama-40, khona-ke azodinga izingcezu ezintathu noma ngisho ezine, ngoba amashubhu abekwe eduze komunye nomunye aqala ukuvikela omunye komunye, futhi ukusebenza kahle kohlelo lokukhanyisa kuyehla. Zama ukusebenzisa izibani zamanje ze-compact fluorescent esikhundleni sejwayelekile, engxenyeni enkulu engasebenzi, amashubhu. Uma ungasebenzisi isibonisi, kulolu hlelo kuzodingeka uthathe izibani eziphindwe kathathu noma kane.
Ukubalwa kwenani lamalambu we-fluorescent
- Khetha izinga lokukhanya.
- Ubuchwepheshe obudingekayo obukhanyayo ngaphezulu:
L = 0.7 x A x B
(ubude nobubanzi ngamamitha) - Ukudingeka okukhanyayo kwamalambu, kucatshangelwa ukulahleka kwe-akhawunti (phambi kwesikhombi):
Isibani = L x C
(C = 1.5 kwesibani esiphakeme ngamasentimitha angama-30 no-C = 2 wesibani esiphakeme ngamasentimitha angama-60) - Inani lamandla wesibani:
Amandla = Isibani / 65
Kumalambu okukhishwa, ukubalwa kuyafana. Isibani esikhethekile esinesibani se-sodium engu-250 W sinikeza isilinganiso esilinganayo sokukhanyisa izinkulungwane eziyi-15 ze-lux esizeni esilinganisa i-1 sq.m.
Uhlelo lokukhanyisa ukukhanya kwesitshaloUma imingcele yesibani yesibani iyaziwa, khona-ke kulula kakhulu ukubala ukukhanya. Isibonelo, isibalo esingakwesobunxele sikhombisa ukuthi isibani (i-OSRAM Floraset, 80W) sikhanyisela umbuthano onobubanzi obungaba imitha ibanga elingaphansi kwesigamu semitha ukusuka kwisibani. Inani eliphakeme lokukhanyisa yi-4600 Lux. Ukukhanyisela emaphethelweni kwehla ngokushesha ngokwanele, ngakho-ke isibani esinjalo singasetshenziselwa kuphela izitshalo ezingadingi ukukhanya okuningi.
Isibalo esingakwesobunxele sibonisa ijika lokukhanya okukhulu (isibani esifanayo njengoba singenhla). Ukuthola ukukhanyisa kude kude nesibani, kuyadingeka ukuhlukanisa inani lokuqina kokukhanya ngesikwele sebanga. Isibonelo, ebangeni lesigamu semitha ngaphansi kwesibani, inani lokukhanya lilingana no-750 / (0.5 × 0.5) = 3000 Lux.
Iphuzu elibaluleke kakhulu - izibani akufanele zishaye ngokweqile. Ngokushisa okuqhubekayo, ukuphuma kwabo ukukhanya kuncipha kakhulu. Isikhombi kumele sibe nokuvuleka kokupholisa. Uma usebenzisa izibani eziningi ze-fluorescent, kufanele usebenzise fan ekupholiseni, njengekhompyutha. Izibani zamandla eziphakeme eziphakeme zivame ukuba ne-fan eyakhelwe ngaphakathi.
Isiphetho
Kulolu chungechunge lwezihloko, kuye kwaxazululwa izici ezahlukahlukene zokukhanyiswa kwezitshalo. Izinkinga eziningi zahlala zingathinteki, ngokwesibonelo, ukukhethwa kwesekethe kagesi esifanele sokukhanyisa amalambu, okuyiphuzu elibalulekile. Labo abanentshisekelo kulolu daba bazophendukela kuncwadi noma ochwepheshe.
Isikimu esinengqondo kunazo zonke sokuqamba uhlelo lokukhanyisa siqala ngokuthola inani elidingekayo lokukhanya. Ngemuva kwalokho kufanele uhlole inani lamalambu nohlobo lwawo. Futhi kuphela emva kwalokho - shesha uye esitolo uyothenga amalambu.
Sibonga ngokukhethekile kubasebenzi besayithi i-ptpticals.s imvume yokushicilela i-athikili kumithombo yethu.
