Ukudepha kwesisekelo: ukucwaningwa kokubaluleka kwezimpawu ezinomthelela

Lapho ubeka isisekelo sokwakha, uhlobo nenombolo yezitolo zendlu, isisindo sayo, izici zomhlaba, zonke izici zomhlaba zinakwa. Lezi zinto zinquma uhlobo nokujula kwesisekelo. Ipharamitha yokugcina ibalwa ngokusho kwe-SNiP 2.02.01-83 iSisekelo sezakhiwo nezinhlaka.

Ukuhlukaniswa kwesisekelo ngokujula

Ngokwesisekelo sokwakha esijwayelekile, izisekelo zihlukaniswe izinhlobo ezintathu, ngokuya ngobunzulu,

1. Ukungcwatshwa. Bayisisekelo esiqinile sezakhiwo ezisindayo kuzo zonke izinhlobo zenhlabathi.
2. Emijondolo. Ukujula kwesisekelo esingashoni akufinyeleli endaweni lapho umhlabathi usuvele uqandisiwe. Zisetshenziselwa inhlabathi eqinile, enamazinga aphakeme amanzi asemhlabathini, ekwakhiweni kwezakhiwo ngaphandle kwezitezi ezingezansi nangaphansi komhlaba.
3. Akuchaziwe. Zisetshenziswa ekwakhiweni kwezakhiwo ezikhanyayo ekuqhekekeni nenhlabathi ngezinsimbi ezandayo, inhlabathi enezindawo ezingenamandla, kanye nokwakhiwa kwezakhiwo ezisindayo ezinhlabathini ezinamadwala.

Izici ezinquma ukuthi isisekelo kufanele sijule kangakanani:

• ukukhuphuka nokuphakama kanye namazinga wamanzi aphelele phansi;
• isimo sezulu sendawo, izinkomba zokuhlolwa kwe-hydrogeological;
• indawo yokuhleleka kwendawo yokwakha;
• ukwakhiwa kwesakhiwo, uhlobo lemithwalo esetshenzisiwe esisekelweni.

Uma ezinye izakhiwo zitholakala eduze kwendlu eyakhiwayo, lapho ngibala ukujula kwesisekelo, ngibheka izici zobuchwepheshe zesisekelo sabo.

Inani lokugcwaliswa kwamanzi enhlabathi

Kukhona umthetho ojwayelekile: isisekelo sibekwa ukuze isilinganiso esiphezulu sokukhuphuka kwamanzi singaphansi kwesisekelo. Ngemuva kwalokho imigomo nezindleko zokwakha kuncishiswa kakhulu.

Ukujula kwesisekelo ngokuya ngezici ze-geological kunqunywa yizici ezimbili:

1. Ukuba khona komswakama enhlabathini.
2. Izinga lamanzi aphansi komhlaba kanye nomphumela wazo ezinqwabeni zesithwathwa esifundeni.

Isisekelo somucu sithululelwa endaweni ephakeme okungenani i-0.5 m ngaphezu kwamanzi aphansi komhlaba.

Emswakama omkhulu wenhlabathi, insimbi eyisisekelo izoba manzi futhi izokwehla kancane kancane kulokhu. Uma sibheka ukuthi into esemqoka yokwakhiwa kwezisekelo ngokhonkolo, khona-ke umphumela owonakalisayo womswakama emafrijini amancane ukhula amahlandla ambalwa.

Ukunaka ukugxilwa komswakama ngesikhathi sokuqamba kunokwehluka ngokuya ngohlobo lwesisekelo ngaphansi kwesisekelo sesakhiwo:

1. Inhlabathi enamadwala nesihlabathi yezingxenyana ezinkulu neziphakathi, amatshe amatshe aminyene, anesihlabathi esikhulu, esinesihlabathi njengesihlungi. Azinayo imikhawulo ekujuleni kwesisekelo ngokuya ngezinga lamanzi aphansi komhlaba.
2. Isisekelo sobumba, i-loam, emhlabathini, okubandakanya izingcezu ezinkulu ezigcwaliswe izingxenyana zobumba zothuli, zihlala zakhiwa ngaphansi kwezinga lokuqandeka kwenhlabathi, kungakhathalekile ukuthi amanzi aphansi komhlaba akweliphi inqanaba.
3. Ukuze uthole isihlabathi esihle nenhlabathi enothuli, indawo enamanzi angaphansi komhlaba okulingana nenqanaba lokuqandisa kwenhlabathi kubalulekile. Uma amanzi edlula ezingeni lamamitha ayi-2 phansi kusuka kumakhaza, khona-ke akunandaba ukuthi ukujula kwesisekelo kufanele kube yini.

Isimo sezulu sithinta kanjani ukubalwa kokujula kwesisekelo

Izimo zezulu zesifunda lapho umsebenzi wokwakha uqhubeka khona uthinta ukujula kokuqandeka kwenhlabathi. Ngokwezinga elithile lokusondela, leli nani linganqunywa kumamephu "Imingcele yokujula kokuqothula kwenhlabathi". Ukubalwa okunembe ngokwengeziwe kungenziwa maqondana nendawo yokwakha emincane.

Ukubalwa kwenkomba ejwayelekile

Endaweni lapho umhlabathi ubandayo ungaphezu kwamamitha ayi-2,5, isibonakaliso esijwayelekile sokujula kweqhwa sibalwa ifomula:

lapho uM_t - inani elifingqiwe lokushisa okungejwayelekile kwanyanga zonke lesifunda esinikeziwe, i-d eyimpoqo ngokuya ngohlobo lomhlabathi.

Ukubala M_t idatha ithathwe kwinsiza yezibalo. I-coefficient d ingu-0.34 yenhlabathi enamatshe acwebezelisiwe, eye-loam nobumba - i-0.23, ukuthola izihlabathi ezinkulu, eziphakathi nendawo ezimangalisa - 0.3, yenhlabathi enesihlabathi esihle futhi enothuli - 0,28.

Ungabheka kanjani ukuhanjiswa okushisa kwesakhiwo

Ukuze unqume ukujula kweqhwa lesakhiwo ngezimo zangempela, sebenzisa ifomula:

Kulesi nkulumo, ukuvumelana k_h Kubhekwe izici ezimbili:

1. Ibhilidi liyashiswa futhi umhlabathi uzofudumala ngaphezu kwalokho, k_h kuzoba-phansi-phansi. Kuthathwa ngamatafula akhethekile, lapho ukuhlangana kukhona phambi kwendlu engaphansi, engaphansi kanye nesilinganiso sokushisa somoya nsuku zonke emakamelweni asondelene nesisekelo.
2. Ngokungabikho kokushisa. Kulokhu, k_h - imajini yokuphepha elingana no-1.1 kuzo zonke izinhlobo zezakhiwo.

Sifunda izici zenhlabathi

Ngaphambi kokubala ukujula kwesisekelo, uhlobo lomhlabathi luyanqunywa. Le nsizakalo ingayalwa kusuka kochwepheshe noma yenziwe ngokuzimela.

Engqimbeni yenhlabathi evundile, azikho izisekelo ezithululelwayo. Isuswe ngokuphelele.

Ngaphansi kwesendlalelo esivundile kunendlalelo eyodwa noma eziningi ezilungele ukwakhiwa kwenhlabathi:

1. Inhlabathi enamatye engadingi ukujula komugqa nesisekelo se-monolithic. Akungabazi ebusika, umswakama awunqwabelani kuwo, futhi awuhambi ngaphansi kokuncipha.
2. Amatshe amatshe amatshe, itshe, itshe elichotshoziwe, isihlabathi esiqhekekile kudala isisekelo esithembekile lapho ukujula kwesisekelo kusuka ku-0.5 m.
3. Inhlabathi ye-Clay iyaqobeka ifike ezingeni le-0.5-1 m, iyasebenza uma imanzi, futhi ine-shrinkage engalingani. Kodwa uma kungekho mvula eningi esifundeni, futhi amanzi angaphansi komhlaba ajulile kakhulu, isisekelo sibekwa ekujuleni okungenani kuka-0,75 m.
4. Isihlabathi esihle sikhulisile ukuhamba futhi silahlekelwa ukuqina ngomswakama oqinile. Ngokuvela okujulile kwamanzi aphansi komhlaba, kunconyelwa ukumba kwisisekelo esizinzile ngokwengeziwe. Ukujula kokuqothulwa kwenhlabathi yesihlabathi lapho kunezinhlayiya zobumba kusuka ku-0,6 kuye ku-2 m.
5. Uhlobo lomhlabathi olungathembekile lwe-peat bog lusetshenziselwa ukwakhiwa kwisisekelo sekholomu.

Lapho kunqunywa ngokuzimela uhlobo lomhlabathi, kufanele kucatshangwe okulandelayo:

• ubumba luminyene, kunzima ukulubumba, lapho lusongwa luyi-roller alunqwabuki;
• i-sandy loam izoba nesihlabathi ngezingxenyana zobumba, bese i-flagellum egoqiwe izokhuphuka;
• i-loam isuselwa kubumba kanye ne-inclusions yesihlabathi (noma yisiphi isithombe esisuka kule ngxube siyophuka).

Ukwazi uhlobo lomhlabathi sekuvumela ukuthi uqhubekele phambili ekunqumeni uhlobo lwesisekelo kanye nokujula kwesisekelo salo.

Izici Zokwakha Nokwehla Okuyisisekelo

Into yokuqala okufanele icatshangelwe isisindo sesakhiwo sonke. Izakhiwo ezinkulu zidinga isisekelo esijulile. Ukuthwala kwenhlabathi kuthathwa futhi.

Lapho kwakhiwa uhlaka lwezakhiwo eziyinkundla eyodwa ezinsongeni zokuphakama, isisekelo sijule ngo-0.5 m, kuthi indlu enezitezi ezi-2-3 eyenziwe ngokhuni, lesi sibalo sibe okungenani ngamamitha ayi-1.5. Lapho sibuyisela izingodo ngesitini, ukujula kwesisekelo nakho kuzokhula.

Ukuphendula umthamo wokuthwala kwenhlabathi, ukubala isisindo saso sonke isakhiwo, isisekelo, ukuxhumana nemishini yangaphakathi endaweni ngayinye. Uma inkomba ejwayelekile ingahambisani neyodwa ebaliwe, amapharamitha esisekelo ayashintshwa.

Lapho kuklanywa isisekelo, izici zesakhiwo nesakhiwo sazo kuyabhekwa:

• isisekelo sitholakala ngaphansi kwesitezi esingaphansi komhlaba okungenani ngu-0.4 m;
• izinga lesisekelo lihambisana nesisekelo sazo zonke izakhiwo ezisondelene nesakhiwo esakhiwayo;
• Kungcono ukuthi udlule ekuxhumaneni okuyinhloko nokwakha, kepha uma lokhu kungasebenzi, isisekelo sibekwa ngaphansi kwamapayipi.

Ukudepha kokuxhaswa kwebhande

Isisekelo sohlobo lwetheyiphu kulula ukufaka nokuqamba, lilungele izinhlobo eziningi zezakhiwo zokwakha. Kunconyelwe ukuthi kusetshenziswe emhlabathini ngokuchezuka okuncane, okunganconyelwanga lapho kugcwele khona amanzi enhlabathi.

Ukujula kwesisekelo strip kunqunywa ngamapharamitha:

• izinga lokuqandisa kwenhlabathi;
• ukuphakama kwamanzi okuhamba komhlaba;
• ubunzima bokuphakama kwenhlabathi.

Ukuhlanganiswa kwalezi zinto kuholela eqinisweni lokuthi ukuphakama kwenhlabathi kuzokhula ngokujula okwandayo kokuqandisa kwenhlabathi kanye nokusondela kwamanzi asemhlabeni. Inhlabathi enjalo izocwilisa isisekelo ukusuka phansi bese ilusunduza phezulu. Indawo ejulile yesisekelo inciphisa ubukhulu bezizinqubo ezinjalo.

Izindinganiso ezichaza izinkomba zokujula okuncane:

• 0.45 m enhlabathini enezikhala;
• 0 m emadwaleni;
• 0,75 m enhlabathini yezinkuni;
• ezingeni lokuvela kwenhlabathi okuzinzile okugcwele amanzi nezendlalelo zenhlabathi ephezulu.

Ukujula okukhulu kokungena kungamamitha ayi-2,5 kuzo zonke izinhlobo zenhlabathi.

Ukuze unqume ukuthi ukujula kwesisekelo kuncike kuphi, kungenzeka ukuhlela ukufakwa kwenhlabathi kwenhlabathi nokufakwa kwesisekelo, ukufaka uhlelo lokudonsa amanzi nolwemanzi aphansi komhlaba.

Ezinye izinhlobo zesisekelo

Isisekelo sekholomu sisetshenziselwa izakhiwo ezikhanyayo. Isisekelo esinjalo siyasebenza lapho umhlabathi ubanda kakhulu. Kwehliselwa emhlabathini ngaphansi kwephuzu lokuqandisa ngo-10-25 cm.

Ngokufaka izinqwaba nokukhetha uhlobo lwazo, izakhiwo zenhlabathi zinqunywa. Isisekelo esinjalo senziwa ikakhulukazi ngokhonkolo. Izisekelo zenqwaba yezisekelo ezijulile zehlela ekujuleni kwe-1 m noma ngaphezulu, okuncike kumthamo wokuthwala wesakhiwo.

Uhlobo oluzinze kunazo zonke lwesisekelo sesakhiwo luyi-slab noma luqinile. Kwakhiwe kusuka kumakhonkolo ekhonkolo aqinisiwe. Igwinywe ibe ngu-50 cm kunoma yimuphi umhlabathi.

Ukubona ukujula kokubeka isisekelo kungumsebenzi onzima, okumele uxazululwe esiteji sokuqamba sesakhiwo sokwakha.