I-Colorado amazambane ibhungane - inombolo yesitha 1

Muva nje, cishe eminyakeni engama-50 eyedlule, ibhungane lamazambane laseColorado lalingekho ezinhlanzini zethu. Futhi ngaphansi kweminyaka eyi-100 eyedlule kwakungekho ku-fauna yase-European (Palearctic). "Umlando nge-geography"Ubhungane lwamazambane waseColorado ukuze kube lula ukumelwa ungahanjiswa njengohlu:

• 1824 Isazi semithi saseMelika uThomas Sey waqala wachaza uhlobo lwesinambuzane sesayensi, kamuva esaziwa ngokuthi yiLeptinotarsa ​​decemlineata;
• 1842 Abokufika baseYurophu bafika ezintabeni zeRocky, yonke indawo lapho betshala izitshalo ezithathiwe, kubandakanya namazambane atshaliwe;
• 1844 Amahlathi amazambane avele eColorado;
• 1855 Umonakalo wokuqala wamazambane owenziwe ubhungane eNebraska waphawulwa;
• 1859 Umonakalo wokuqala obalulekile wamazambane eColorado. Ubhungane lathola igama elithi Colorado (yize, ngokunengqondo, ngaleso sikhathi kwakufanele libizwe ngokuthi "okungeyona iBrasque");
• 1864 Ibhungane lihlula umfula. I-Mississippi
• 1870 IBeetle ingene eNew York State;
• 1874 Ibhungane lafika ogwini loLwandlekazi i-Atlantic;
• 1876 Endleleni ematasa yolwandle ethwele izimpahla ezihamba emimanjeni, ibhungane liwela uLwandle i-Atlantic okokuqala ngqa “emazweni” eYurophu;
• 1877 Ukuzwa okokuqala endaweni eduzane namadolobha aseJalimane iMülheim neLeipzig. Kubhujisiwe
• 1878 Ukuqubuka kokuqala endaweni eseduzane kwedolobha laseSuwalki enyakatho-mpumalanga yePoland. Kubhujisiwe
• 1887 Yizwa eduze neHanover. Kubhujisiwe
• 1918 "I-Landing" eBordeaux. Ukuqondiswa eFrance.

Ngesikhathi seMpi Yezwe yokuQala, abantu baseYurophu babengenaso isikhathi sokuvikelwa kwezitshalo, futhi inkathazo yamazambane eyingozi yasheshe “yahlala ebhulohweni” lolwandle lwaseFrance. Kwathi-ke, naphezu kokuphikiswa kwabasebenzi bezolimo, ngokushesha waxazulula elinye nelinye izwe lonke leCentral Europe, ngaphandle kweNgilandi enamakhaza futhi nenkonzo eyayihlaliswe yedwa yezitshalo. (Ngale ndlela, ugcina umngcele wezwe "ukhiyiwe" ngaye).

Ukuhamba usiya empumalanga kanye nemimoya egcwele ezinyangeni zasehlobo, unqoba zonke izithiyo futhi ubekezelele ukucubungula okuphelele kwezinkambu zamazambane ngamaphilisi okubulala izinambuzane, ngokuphela kweminyaka engama-40s, isiphazamisi, siqhutshwa umoya nokoma kokunqoba izindawo ezintsha ezingahlalwa lapho, sondela emingceleni yesifundazwe ye-USSR. Kumelwe ngisho ukuthi amabhungane ngokwawo angamabhula amahle. Kuyiqiniso, ukuze bahambe, badinga isimo sezulu esishisayo - ekuseni nakusihlwa nangezinsuku ezinamafu futhi ezipholile, mabhungane bakhetha ukuhamba ngezinyawo.

Ukugxila kokuqala kwesinambuzane esiyingozi endaweni yethu kwatholakala esifundeni saseLviv e-Ukraine ngo-1949. Kwathi ngo-1953 kwavela ngasikhathi sinye esifundeni saseKaliningrad, eVolyn, Brest naseGrodno.

Ekugcineni, ngezinsuku ezishisayo nezineziwula zikaMeyi 1958, ibhungane lamazambane laseColorado landizela esifundeni saseTranscarpathian lisuka eHungary naseCzechoslovakia. Ngasikhathi sinye, iqembu lokudonswa kwezigidi ezinezigidi elikhiqize ngendlela emangalisayo ihlobo emasimini amazambane amakhulu ePoland laphonswa ogwini lwaseLithuania nolweKaliningrad oLwandle iBaltic. Lapho-ke iningi lamaflaya elinamandla lafa emanzini anesiphepho seBaltic; labo abasinda futhi bakhasa ogwini babhujiswa ngokushesha ngabalimi abaphapheme bebonke. Kepha "ukufika" kwakukukhulu kakhulu kangangokuba kwakungelula ukubhekana nakho futhi "ukulahla olwandle". Abantu abaningi, "benyuka" kuphela esihlabathini esisogwini, futhi benesikhathi sokumiswa, bandizela emasimini aseduze. Kusukela ngaleso sikhathi, eqinisweni, kwaqala indawo yokuhlala enkulu, ngokwempela, ngesivakashi phesheya kwezwe laseRussia.

Kepha sizoyiphazamisa indaba yomfokazi onqoba izwekazi elisha futhi asichaze. Noma, kubonakala sengathi leli bhungane laziwa yiwo wonke umuntu. Ubude bawo buqala ku-9 kuye ku-12 mm, ububanzi obuyi-6 -7 mm. Umzimba ufushane, ovulekile, ucwebezela, ubomvu-uphuzi ngombala okhanyayo, komunye nomunye wabo kukhona imivimbo emihlanu emnyama (isiyonke-ke - ishumi - yingakho igama lezinhlobo zesiLatini igama elithi decemlineata - umugqa oyishumi). Izimpiko ze-webbed ze-mabhungane zikhule kahle; ngosizo lwazo, ngezinsuku ezishisayo zasehlobo, amabhungane enza izindiza ezinde.

Umbala womzimba wezibungu umdaka omnyama esikhathini sokuqala nesesibili; kusukela eminyakeni yesithathu, izibungu ziba orenji okhanyayo, opinki noma ophuzi-orenji. Ngalesi sikhathi, ziyahlukahluka ngombala wazo nangefomu elithi "humpbacked" kusuka kubhungane lamanye amabhungane ethu. Futhi amabhungane kanye nezibungu zebhungane lamazambane leColorado zidla amaqabunga ezitshalo eziseduze: amazambane, utamatisi, isitshalo seqanda, kaningi kakhulu - ugwayi. Ezinye izitshalo zasendle zomndeni ofanayo nazo zidla kalula.

Indlela yokuphila yebhungane lamazambane yaseColorado iyinkimbinkimbi kakhulu. Ososayensi abaningi bakwamanye amazwe nabaseRussia basebenzise iminyaka eminingi ukuyifunda.

Ubhungane ubusika lapho selukhulile. Entwasahlobo, ziphuma enhlabathini futhi ngokushesha ziqala ukondla ngezithombo zezambane namazambane. Uma, njengoba kwenzeka kaningi, ukuzalanisa kwenzeka ekwindla, ngaphambi kokuqala kokujula kobusika obukhulu, obubizwa ngokuthi yi-diapause, khona-ke entwasahlobo, ngemuva kwezinsuku eziningana zokuncelisa, izinsikazi zingaqala ukubeka amaqanda ngaphandle kokuzalela okulandelayo. Ngakho-ke, owesifazane oyedwa kuphela ongaba umsunguli wokuqhuma okusha.

Izinsikazi ezihlula ngokweqile kusuka entwasahlobo kuya ekwindla zibeka amaqanda aqhakazile e-orange endaweni engezansi yamaqabunga. Ngosuku lunye, insikazi ibekela amaqanda amahlanu kuya kwangama-80. Sekukonke, kungabambezela ukufika ku-1000, yize i-fecundity ephakathi incane kakhulu - i-350. Inani lezizukulwane phakathi nehlobo lincike kwisimo sezulu sendawo kanye nesimo sezulu. Enyakatho yebanga laseYurophu, amabhungane akhula esizukulwaneni esisodwa, eningizimu ekwazi ukwakha izizukulwane ezintathu ezilandelanayo (kuze kufike kwabane eCentral Asia emazweni anisele!).

Esigabeni se-larval, ibhungane lamazambane leColorado lihlukanisa iminyaka emine, ihlukaniswe ngumolts. Esikhathini sokuqala nesesibili, izibungu ziyondla bese zihlala eziqongweni zamazambane zikhala ngama- “broods”. Nge-3 ne-4 bahlakazeka, bavame ukuthuthela ezitshalweni ezingomakhelwane. Ukuze ukhuhle, inqwaba yesibungu ingena emhlabathini ngaphakathi endaweni eyi-10-20 cm ukusuka ehlathini abedla ngalo. Ukujula lapho izibungu zishiya kanjalo kuncike kwisakhiwo nomswakama wenhlabathi; kepha imvamisa ayidluli ku-10 cm. A ama-chrysalis enza endaweni yobumba ezinsukwini eziyi-10 ukuya kwezi-10.

Amabhungane amancane, asanda kunyanyekelwa ahlukile ngombala okhanyayo we-orange futhi abe nezinombolo ezithambile. Kepha ngemuva kwamahora ambalwa nje, baba mnyama, aphenduke ansundu ngombala opinki, futhi ngokushesha athole umbala wawo ojwayelekile. Isikhathi sokuphila kwamabhungane amadala siyahlukahluka kanye nezilinganiso ngonyaka owodwa. Kodwa-ke, ingxenye yamabhungane ingaphila iminyaka emi-2 noma emi-3.

Isici esiphawuleka kakhulu ngokomzimba webhungane lamazambane leColorado yizinhlobo ezahlukahlukene zokuphumula. Izinambuzane zivame ukuba nefomu elilodwa lokuphanza. Ubhungane lwamazambane waseColorado unezithupha! Sibala. Owokuqala ukushaya ubusika. Okwesibili yi-oligopause ebusika. Owesithathu iphupho lasehlobo, lapho bashiya maphakathi nehlobo isikhathi sezinsuku ezi-1 kuye kweziyi-10 ukuya kwengxenye yabo bonke abantu abasusiwe. Okwesine - ukuhamba isikhathi eside ehlobo. Okwesihlanu - ukuphindaphindwa kwesiphithiphithi, okuzibonakalisa ngasekupheleni kwehlobo kanye noma kabili (akufane kathathu) izikhathi zobusika futhi ngenkathi yokukhula kwamabhungane okuza amazambane asinda kuze kube sekupheleni. Futhi ekugcineni, owesithupha yisichashazi sesikhathi eside (superpusing), esingahlala iminyaka emi-2-3. Ayikho indlela yokuchaza ngokuningiliziwe ngayinye yalezi zifundazwe. Sizosho kuphela ukuthi i-plasticity enjalo ngokomzimba ivumela ibhungane ukuba linqobe ngempumelelo bonke ubunzima bempilo. Futhi kubalimi - kunzima kakhulu ukulwa nalesi sinambuzane.

Thatha okungenani iminyaka eminingi yokuphazamiseka. Ukutshala amazambane ensimini lapho sekuphele iminyaka emithathu, futhi bazi ukuthi akekho umuntu otshala lesi sitshalo kulo nyaka, umlimi ngokungazelelwe uthola ngokuphelelwa yithemba ukuthi kulokhu insimu igcwele ibhungane lamazambane leColorado. Lokhu kungabantu ababekade bephazamisekile iminyaka emibili futhi, lapho sebethathe isinqumo sokuthi "sekuyisikhathi sokuphuma", baphuma ekuphakameni kwabo futhi kwavela kwaba yize.

Ukuphetha ngokuchazwa kwe-biology yalesi sivakashi saseNyakatho Melika, sisho nje ukuthi le nhlangano eyinkimbinkimbi yokuphila inengxenye enkulu ekuthini ihlaselwe inkathazo nganoma iyiphi indlela yokulawula.

Futhi ukuthuthuka kwabo bekulokhu kwenzeka kusukela kwavela inkathazo ezwenikazi laseYurophu. Ekuqaleni bekungumzabalazo wamakhemikhali obulala amagciwane amabi njenge-DDT ne-hexachloran. Lapho-ke isibulala-zinambuzane zezizukulwane ezintsha nezintsha zaqala ukusetshenziswa ngokumelene nenkathazo. Ibhungane lajwayela ngokushesha kwabanye babo, abanye kwadingeka bashiywe ngenxa yemiphumela emibi yokusebenzisa kwabo imvelo.

Uma kukhona izibungu ezimbalwa, khona-ke kulula ukuziqoqa ezitsheni zeparafini noma ngesisombululo sikasawoti ezigcwele bese uzibhubhisa, uma ziningi, khona-ke kuyadingeka ukubaphatha ngokulungiselela amakhemikhali. Izitshalo zivame ukuphathwa lapho kutshalwa izibungu ezincane ezingaphezu kuka-15 ngesitshalo ngasinye. Ezokwelapha zokuqala, kungcono ukusebenzisa ama-iniccticides e-systemic (ngokwesibonelo, I-Aktara noma I-Regent) - banikela ngokuvikelwa izinsuku eziyi-14 ukuya kwezi-20. Ukuqhutshelwa phambili kumele kwenziwe ngamalungiselelo wokuxhumana abulala amabhungane nezibungu ebusweni bamaqabunga. Kodwa-ke, ungakhohlwa ukuthi ngemuva kokwelashwa ngamakhemikhali, ama-tubers akufanele adliwe izinsuku ezingama-21. Ngalesi sikhathi, umuthi ositshalweni ubola ube izingxenye ezingenangozi.

Uhlu lwezidakamizwa ezisetshenziswayo ngokumelene nembabala yamazambane yaseColorado:

• I-Agravertine umthamo ngekhulu - 20 ml. inani zokwelashwa - 1-3 (isikhawu - izinsuku ezingama-7-10)
• I-Aktara umthamo ngekhulu - 0.6 ml. inani zokwelashwa -1
• I-Arrivo, iCitikor, iTsimbush, iSherpa umthamo ngekhulu - 1.5 ml inani zokwelashwa -2
• I-Bankol umthamo ngekhulu - 2,5 g. inani zokwelashwa -2
• I-Decis umthamo ngekhulu -2 ml. inani zokwelashwa -2
• Inhlansi umthamo ngekhulu -Ithebhu eli-1. inani zokwelashwa -2
• IKarate umthamo ngekhulu -2 ml. inani zokwelashwa -1
• I-Kinmix umthamo ngekhulu -2,5 ml. inani zokwelashwa -2
• I-Mospilan umthamo ngekhulu -0,3 g. inani zokwelashwa -1
• I-Regent umthamo ngekhulu -6 ml. inani zokwelashwa -2
• Sonnet umthamo ngekhulu -2 ml. inani zokwelashwa -1
• Sumi - alpha umthamo ngekhulu -2,5 ml. inani zokwelashwa -2
• Fastak umthamo ngekhulu -1 ml. inani zokwelashwa -1
• I-Fitoverm umthamo ngekhulu -5 ml. inani zokwelashwa -1-3 (isikhawu izinsuku ezingama-20)
• I-Fanishzid umthamo ngekhulu -30 ml. inani zokwelashwa -2
• Ukufutheka umthamo ngekhulu -1.5 ml. inani zokwelashwa -2

Okwamanje, indlela eyingozi engacindezeli yokucindezela inani lezilokazane zaphesheya ibisaziwa. Ngesikhathi kuvela ibhungane lamazambane laseColorado eYurophu, izazi zezinambuzane zase zisungule indlela ebizwa ngokuthi yi-classical biology yokulawula inani lezinambuzane eziyingozi. Kwakusebenza ngqo ezinhlangeni njengabafokazi, kulabo nje abadabula imingcele besuka ezindaweni lapho behlala khona. Ngasikhathi sinye, beshiya kude nezitha zabo zemvelo - ama-invertebrates e-parasitic and predating.

Umnyombo wale ndlela ubuhambisana ngqo nosesho lwasemzini 'wasemzini' wezitha zakhe zemvelo kanye nokulethwa kuye ngemuva. Esimweni sethu, babezobathola ezwekazini laseMelika, bese bebadedela emasimini aseYurophu, ukuze baphinde bangene lapha futhi baqale ukubhubhisa ngokwemvelo ukudla kwabo okujwayelekile - ibhungane lamazambane leColorado.

Ngesikhathi "ukunqotshwa" kweYurophu yi-mabhungane kwimibuthano yezesayensi, umbono wasungulwa ngokuqinile wokuthi izwe lakubo yi-United States, futhi ngokunembile - isimo saseColorado (akusizi ngalutho ukuthi sathola igama laso!). Kwaqhubeka ukuthola izinambuzane noma izinyamazane zalo mabhungane e-USA, zilethe eYurophu, zikhulule emasimini futhi zibheke ukuthi “izindlela zemvelo zokulawula amanani” ziqala ukusebenza kanjani. Umsebenzi waqala ukubilisa. Ososayensi bamazwe amaningi aseYurophu baba abahlanganyeli bawo. Izinyoni ezidla izimbungulu nezinambuzane ezazilethwa eYurophu, izimpukane eziyizidlakudla zazibanjiswa futhi zikhishwe zingene emasimini, zilinde ukuhlanzeka kusuka "kusihambi waphesheya kwezilwandle".

Ososayensi bafunde ukuzalanisa izinambuzane ezithile zamabhungane aseMelika aseColorado. Izinkulungwane zezinambuzane ezidliwayo zakhululwa: i-perillus ne-podizus hhayi emasimini amazambane kuphela, kodwa nakuwo isitshalo seqanda namatamatisi, ngaleso sikhathi ibhungane lase lifake ekudleni kwaso. Kodwa lapho nje sekuphelile ukukhishwa kwabantu abaningi, inkathazo enonya yabuye yathola amandla futhi yaqhubeka “nokulungisa ukuphanga,” futhi abasizi bethu abazidlayo banyamalala ngaphandle kokulandela emasimini. Lo msebenzi ufana nokusebenza kukaSisyphus.

Ubhungane lwamazambane waseColorado udliwa yinkukhu ejwayelekile (kanye nezihlobo zabo - ama-pheasants nezinyoni ze-Guinea), kanye namakhukhamba, izinyoni nezinye izinyoni.

Kepha manje, sekupheleni kweminyaka engama-60s, abantu baseMelika uqobo baqala ukuhlushwa isiphazamiso. Kuze kube yileso sikhathi, bazivikela ngempumelelo kuma-pesticides. Kepha nalapha, impi yamakhemikhali yaya incipha futhi yangasebenzi kahle. Ekugcineni, kwafika isikhathi lapho kungekho nowodwa wemithi yokubulala izinambuzane evunyelwe e-USA ukuthi isetshenziswe kumazambane enomthelela onobungozi ku-bug: yayisetshenziswa kubo bonke. Ososayensi baseMelika babhekene nenkinga efanayo neyeYurophu - kwadingeka babheke enye indlela yamakhemikhali. Mina. funa ama-entomophages akhe asebenza kahle.

Ngalesi sikhathi, kwase sekucacile ukuthi zonke izitha zemvelo zebhungane lamazambane leColorado, okwase kusebenze kulo izazi zaseYurophu iminyaka eminingi, futhi emva kwazo lezo zaseMelika, zaziyizinhlobo eziningi. Ubhungane wamazambane waseColorado kubo ungenye nje yezitsha eziningi ezixakile. Kepha thina maRussia, izithelo, ukwatapheya noma ipaya.

Ochwepheshe ekuvikelweni kwezitshalo zezinto eziphilayo bebevele bazi kahle ukuthi abalawuli abaphumelela kakhulu benani lezinambuzane ezilimazayo akuzona izinhlobo zezinzuzo eziwusizo, kepha lezo izinambuzane eziwukudla okuyinhloko ezikhethekile kuzondla zona.

Kwavela esinye isimo esimangazayo, esasibaluleke kakhulu. Ukucwaninga okwenziwe ngalesosikhathi okuvunyelwe ngaleso sikhathi ukuthi kubhekwe kabusha umlando “wokuhamba” webhhungane lamazambane laseColorado, futhi, ngaphezu kwalokho, ukuthola izwe langempela lakhona. Usosayensi waseMelika uW. Tower wakubonisa ngokuqiniseka ukuthi isikhungo semvelaphi yohlobo lweLeptinotarsa, okuyiqhawe lethu, akuyona iColorado nhlobo. Izwe lakule mabhungane litholakala kakhulu eningizimu - esifundazweni okuthiwa yiSoraora zoogeographic. Lapha, enyakatho-mpumalanga yeMexico, kunezinhlobo ezingaba ngu-50 zezinambuzane zalolu hlobo. Kusuka lapha lapho ibhungane "lethu" lisanda kufinyelela enyakatho, liye phezulu emithambekeni esezimpumalanga yeZintaba zeRocky, ezisemngceleni wezigodi zaseColorado ukusuka entshonalanga. Futhi waveza ubukhona obubi lapho, “bancipha” izitshalo zasendle ezingandile ezivela emndenini osondelene.

Futhi lapho kuphela amaphayona aseMelika afisa ukufika lapha cishe kulo lonke izwekazi futhi atshale nezilimo eziyizigaxa zezithelo eza nazo, lapho ibhungane “laqonda” ukuthi bekungasizi ngalutho ukuthi lidlula ogwadule olushisayo lwaseMexico, Arizona naseTexas. Ezihlotsheni zakhe eziningi, uyena kuphela osheshe wazijwayela ngokudla ngamazambane. Waqala ukushwabadela isivuno esibalulekile esikhula kanzima. Lapha abafuduki - abokufika abavela eYurophu, baqale bahlangana nale bug beyibiza ngeColorado.

Ngakho-ke, kwagcina kucace lapho izwe langempela lezinambuzane likuyo. Futhi lokhu, uqobo, iqiniso elibaluleke kakhulu. Emva kwakho konke, kulapha, hhayi kwenye nenye indawo, lapho izitha zakhe ezinkulu zemvelo ngabe zavela khona futhi zahlalwa. Futhi, ngakho-ke, lapha kwakudingekile ukubabheka kwasekuqaleni. Kusehlathini lama-cactus exotic lesifundazwe iSonor lapho i-nightshade yasendle ikhula khona - izihlobo ezikude neziseduze zamazambane atshaliwe, utamatisi nogwayi. Izihlobo eziningi zebhungane le- "Colorado amazambane", okuthi, njengoba sesiqonda manje, zinganemba ngokwengeziwe ukubiza i-sonor bug, zisetshenziselwa ukuzidla.

Eminyakeni eyishumi eyedlule, izinambuzane eziyinhlanganisela ezikhuthaza ukondla ibhungane lamazambane leColorado (ikakhulukazi, isibungu seqanda) zitholakele lapha ngemizamo ehlanganyelwe yososayensi abavela emazweni amaningana. Edovum puttleri grissell) Kodwa-ke, Maye, lolu hlobo alufani nabantu baseMelika noma ngathi. Ungumuntu oseningizimu, futhi ezindaweni ezitshalwa kakhulu amazambane atshaliwe, umane nje ebusika. Futhi ukuzalanisa le ndoda eyodwa yokwenziwa ngobuningi kungenzeka, vele, kumaqanda ebhungane elifanayo leColorado. Futhi umbuthano onesihluku.

Izikhombo Zokusebenza:

• UZhukov. B. Indestructible // Emhlabeni jikelele No. 9, Septhemba 2008