Onolwazi futhi usaqala ukutshala izitshalo abalimi nabalimi bayazi kahle ukuthi isimo esikhulu sokukhula nentuthuko yazo zonke izilimo ukuthambisa ejwayelekile. Le yingxenye ebalulekile yokunakekela izimbali nezinye izitshalo eziningi. Ngakolunye uhlangothi, akukho lutho oluyinkimbinkimbi kulo msebenzi. Kepha ngakolunye uhlangothi, kunemithetho eminingi namasu wokunisela ekhishini lasehlobo, okuzokwenza lula umsebenzi womlimi futhi awenze usebenze kakhudlwana.
Ngakho-ke, umswakama njengokudla okunempilo yinto esemqoka ekwakhiweni kwezitshalo emhlabathini ophilayo ojwayelekile. Ngakho-ke, ukungawanaki amanye ala maphuzu kwenza umsebenzi womlimi wegadi ube ngumsebenzi ongenamsebenzi. Kepha umsebenzi wokunisela okunengqondo nokondleka uyenzeka.
Ukunisela okulungile kwengadi nomhlaba we-cottage
Abalimi nabalimi kudingeka bazi futhi bacabangele ukuthi ukuthambisa izitshalo engadini kubalulekile ukuze:
- Inhlabathi yayinomswakama ngaso sonke isikhathi;
- Ngokulinganayo kulo lonke ukujula kwezimpande;
- Umswakama ubezozinza kunokuqaqa ngenxa yokunisela okungazelelwe nesomiso;
- Amanzi athululiwe akufanele alahlekelwe, kepha kufanele asetshenziswe izitshalo;
- Ukunisela akufanele kuhlanganise inhlabathi futhi konakalise isakhiwo sayo;
- Kungcono ukuthi amanzi awabandi kakhulu, futhi izinga lokushisa lomhlabathi aligxumeki;
- Kuzosebenza kangcono uma ukudla kunikelwa namanzi.
Ukunisela okunjalo kwengadi kuqondile, kungokwemvelo, kungaphakathi, futhi akuhlangene nokuthela amanzi emhlabathini owembiwe.
Ukudla kufanele kube:
- Kufanelekile ukwakheka;
- Kukhishwe ngokuqondile ngobuningi;
- Faka isicelo ezimweni ezinjalo zenhlabathi lapho izitshalo zingakwazi ukukufeza ngokugcwele - okuwukuthi, okungenani kunomswakama, isakhiwo namagciwane;
- Kunoma yisiphi isimo sezulu, ukondliwa akufanele kungcolise inhlabathi: i-acidify, usawoti, njll.
Ukudla okunjalo kudalwa kuphela ngomhlaba ophilayo uqobo.
Imifino ikhipha izingxenye ezingama-400-800 noma ngaphezulu zamanzi ukudala ingxenye eyodwa yesisindo esomile. Lokhu cishe amalitha angama-20- 40 ukudala i-1 kg yesisindo sembewu eluhlaza, esivuno sayo esivame ukungabi ngaphezu kwengxenye. E-steppe eseningizimu neChernozemye, inani elinjalo lamanzi lingena kuphela eminyakeni evumayo.
Emhlabathini ongenalutho, ongenasakhiwo, kusetshenziswa ingxenye yesine kuya kwesihlanu kuphela yamanzi ediment. Isimo esifanayo nokunisela esivandeni, ikakhulukazi enhlabathini evulekile ekushiseni kwehlobo: ibhakede, elithelelwa ku-skwele elilodwa lomhlabathi ozinziwe, lothambisa inhlabathi ngamasentimitha angama-3-4 kuphela. Onke la manzi ayashwabana ngosuku lokuqala, kuthi lapho selomile emoyeni - emahoreni angama-2-4. Esikhundleni sokunikeza umswakama ezimpandeni, umlimi ubonakala enisela umoya.
Ngokukhipha amanzi, isitshalo sipholisa amaqabunga. Emoyeni, ibuye ihwamuke kabili noma kathathu amanzi amaningi, futhi elangeni - ngisho nangaphezulu, ngaphandle kwalokho amaqabunga ayobuna futhi aqhephuke. Isitshalo asidingi ukukhipha amanzi amaningi.
Ungakunisela kanjani izilimo endlini yezwe nasengadini
- Nikeza i-carbon dioxide enkulu yomhlabathi kanye namanzi;
- Yehlisa ukuhwamuka ngokweqile.
Kubalulekile ukuqonda hhayi ukuthi ungazikha kanjani kahle izitshalo zensimu, kepha nokuthi yiziphi izimo okufanele uzihlinzekele, futhi zidinga ukudala i-microclimate emnene. Sika imimoya yasehlobo ngokutshala amabhande amahlathi aminyene. Engadini, tshala izigcawu ezivela ezitshalweni ezinjengommbila, ubhontshisi wicker, umhlwa, umoba: benza buthaka umoya nemisebe yelanga ngokwengxenye. Mboza imibhede ye-phyto ngamanetha okuvikela. Ukuzola kuzosindisa izitshalo okungenani isigamu samanzi abawadingayo. Futhi okuwukuphela komthombo wekhabhoni diokshini emhlabeni kuyimvelo evundile nengumhlaba ophilayo. Abagcini kuphela futhi banqwabelana umswakama, kodwa futhi babuyisela yonke ikhabhoni yabo ezitshalweni.
Umswakama nenhlabathi yokunisela akuyona neze into efanayo. Ngaphezu kwalokho: Ukunisela umhlaba njalo kuwuphawu lokuthi akekho onendaba nomswakama wenhlabathi. Emvelweni, umswakama wenhlabathi uqongelela, uphikelela, futhi uphindaphindeka ngazo zonke izindlela ezingakhona.
Inhlabathi yeBare, evulekile elangeni, eshisa ngokweqile ibe ngu-60-65 C, futhi ngenxa yalokho ibangela ukuthi izitshalo zivele izikhathi ezingama-4-5 ngaphezu kwesidingo.
Umoya omile uqinisa ukomiswa komhlabathi, kanye nokuhwamuka okungakhiqizi ngezikhathi ezingama-4-6.
Konke umswakama ovela esizeni ngenxa yokuthambekela, ukusakazwa kwenhlabathi futhi ngenxa yobukhona bethimba elilima kulona kulahlekelwe izitshalo.
Futhi, lapho unisela uzungu lomuntu siqu, udinga ukukhumbula ukuthi ibhakede lamanzi elithululelwa emamitha skwele enhlabathi eyomile lifaka kuphela cm angama-1-3 womphezulu. Ekushiseni, wonke la manzi andizela emoyeni emahoreni ambalwa.
I-mulch enobukhulu obungama-5 cm iphinda kabili umswakama omaphakathi wehlobo.
Emhlabathini owakhiwe, amazolo ahlala ngaphansi kwe-mulch, umthamo wasehlobo wawo ongaphinda kabili inani lemvula.
Izimo zokunisela okufanele kwezitshalo zasengadini
Ukuze ukunisela kwezitshalo zasengadini kube okulungile futhi kulethe inzuzo ephezulu yezitshalo, kubalulekile ukudala izimo ezithile:
- I-Mulch. I-Mulch inikeza ukwabiwa ngisho kokuswakama phansi ebusweni; ukujuluka komswakama kuthululiwe kakhulu; umswakama wenhlabathi ngaphansi kwe-mulch ungaphezulu kwama-3-4%; akukho gwababa ebusweni bomhlaba; i-aeration (ukuphefumula) kwenhlabathi ngaphansi kwe-mulch iphindwe kabili ukuphakama; ukwakheka komjikelezo (ukwakheka, ikhono lokumunca nokudlula umswakama) kuphindeke kahlanu. Konke lokhu kuholela ekunyuseni kwe-nitrization: ekwindla, ngaphansi kwe-mulch, i-nitrogen ephindaphindwe kabili, futhi kane ngokwesilinganiso sonyaka. Ngaphezu kwalokho, i-mulch idambisa ukhula. Isiphetho: Ukunisela ngaphandle kwe-mulch kungumsebenzi ongakhiqizi.
- Yehlisa indawo ukuthi iniselwe.
- Ukuchelela kahle ingadi nakho kuqoqwa amazolo angaphansi komhlaba, kepha akubona bonke abalimi nabalimi abanombono ngale ndlela. Kukhona umswakama ongaphezulu noma ongaphansi komoya, futhi umoya ofudumele ungaqukatha umswakama omningi kunokubandayo. Uma umoya ofudumele ugcwala umphunga wamanzi, khona-ke ukwehla okungabaluleki kakhulu kwamazinga okushisa kubangela ukubekwa kwalawa mafuphuka njengamazolo. "Indawo yamazolo" - izinga lokushisa lapho umphunga wamanzi uphenduka amaconsi - ukusondela kakhudlwana ekushiseni komoya uqobo, kuphakama umswakama wawo.
Amazolo angaphansi komhlaba wokunisela okufanele kwezitshalo zasengadini
Lapho uzibuza ukuthi angayinisa kanjani kahle ingadi, umlimi kufanele azame ukuze umehluko phakathi kokushisa komoya nenhlabathi ezingxenyeni ezijulile ube mkhulu impela. Lokhu kunikeza ungqimba oluvulekile lwe-mulch ebusweni. Izinga lokushisa elingaphezulu ngesikhathi sasemini liphakeme kunokushisa komoya. Ukungena ngaphezulu kwenhlabathi, umoya kufanele ufudunyezwe nangaphezulu.
Futhi njengoba, ngokusho kwezazi zesimo sezulu, lapha ngaphezulu komhlaba umoya ugcwele umswakama, lapho-ke, ungena ezingxenyeni ezijulile zenhlabathi, unganikeza inani lamazolo abaluleke ngokwengeziwe.
Lokhu kukhishwa kwansuku zonke kwamazolo emhlabathini imvula ehamba ngaphansi kwezinsuku ezishisa kakhulu ngaphandle kokucekelwa phansi okunengqondo.
Ngaphambi kokuthi uqale ukuchelela ezweni, kunconywa ukuzama ukudala izimo ukuze inhlabathi iqoqe amazolo. Ngemuva kwalokho umswakama owengeziwe wenhlabathi kungenzeka ungadingeki.
Izimo zokuqoqa inhlabathi yamazolo:
- Isakhiwo esivumelekile sesiteshi - ukuze umoya udlule ujulile. Kwakhiwa izimpande nezimpethu, futhi kubhujiswa ngegeja nangefosholo.
- I-capillarity, ukubumbana kwenhlabathi uqobo lwayo - ukuze umswakama uzinze endaweni engaphezulu ukhuphuka ubusuku ubusuku kuya ezingxenyeni ezingaphezulu, ezimpandeni ezondlayo kanye nakumabhakithisi anika umdlandla, abalungisa i-nitrogen nabanye.
- Inhlabathi kumele ibande kakhulu kunomoya. Lo mehluko wokushisa uyatholakala, a) i-mulch evulekile, b) shading yizitshalo.
- Qinisekisa ukuqhubeka komhlabathi kwenhlabathi. Ukukhiqiza insimu kuhlobene ngokuphelele nemvula. Ngisho nenhlabathi efanayo nemvula efanayo, isivuno siyehluka kakhulu. Siyini isizathu? Okokuqala, ngokwezinga lomthunzi wenhlabathi. Ekuhlwanyeleni okuyi-sparse, inhlabathi iyagcwala, ukufakwa komoya waphezulu, kanye nezitshalo ziphoqelelwa ukuba zihwamuke izikhathi ezi-4-5 kunesidingo. Umhlabathi awugugi uma umbozwe ngokuphelele, ngaphandle kwezikhala. Lokhu kusho ukuthi inkomba yamaqabunga okuhlwanyelwa ngu-4 okungukuthi, ngokwesikwere samamitha omhlaba - ama-4 m amaqabunga.
Idivayisi yokunisela izingadi nezithelo zezithelo - intambo
I-wick yithuluzi lesimanje lokunisela insimu, okungenye yezomnotho kunazo zonke, kepha ngasikhathi singeyona elula kakhulu ukuyisebenzisa.
Ukunisela nge-wick kuyinto enomnotho kunazo zonke, kepha kude kakhulu nelula ebhizinisini. Efanele kakhulu izitshalo ezinkulu ezibunjiwe, izingadi zasebusika, izithombo zokugcina izithombo kanye nezithombo zezithombo zokugcina izithombo. Emaphethelweni emibhede enobude obungadluli kumamitha ayi-2 (noma wonke amamitha ayi-2), kugqokwa iziqukathi zamalitha ayi-10-20. Ungamane ubambe izimbobo bese umboza nge-foil, kepha ichibi elinjalo kufanele limbozwe ngokucophelela ukuze amanzi angashintshi. I-wick iyindwangu esontekile, yendwangu eyindilinga engu-2-3 cm. Amaphethelo esiqeshana afakwa emanzini, futhi isigaxa ngokwaso singcwatshwa embhedeni size sibe ngu-10 cm cm. Umhlabathi ngokwawo "uswakama" umswakama ngokusebenzisa i-wick - capillary. Ukunikezwa kwamanzi kuncike ekuweni komhlabathi nobubanzi be-wick. Ngomucu ongu-2 cm, umbhede omanzi owanele udla cishe ilitha ngosuku. Ngobubanzi obukhulu be-wick, ukusetshenziswa kwamanzi kukhulu.
Okubi kwaleli thuluzi lokunisela ezweni kubandakanya iqiniso lokuthi kufanele liguqulwe njalo ngonyaka, kusadingeka ukuthi kuthelwe amanzi, izitsha kumele zimbiwe. Okuhle: kulula ukugcwalisa amathangi, ukufuthelwa kwamanzi, inhlabathi nezimpande - kumodi ephelele yamanzi. Izitshalo ngokwazo zithatha okuningi njengoba kudingeka. Kuyadingeka kuphela ukukhetha indwangu engaboli futhi ezokwenza amanzi kahle.
Ungaphuzisa kanjani izitshalo engadini ezitsheni
Abalimi abaningi basebenzisa i-hose ukunisela isiza ngezandla zabo, bebheka njengekulungele kakhulu lo msebenzi. Kepha akuwona wonke umuntu owazi ukuthi lolu akuyona lolu hlobo lokunisela olinconyiwe, ngoba luhlanganisa inhlabathi ngokuqinile, idinga ukukhululeka, lubhubhise ukwakheka kwengqimba ephezulu, yehlise i-nitrification, ifinyelela odabeni lokudla kanye nokudla. Uma ingcindezi imbi, uyiphuze isikhathi eside; uma iqinile, ikhipha konke. Ukuze wandise ukusebenza kahle kokunisela kusuka ku-hose, faka isikhwama sezingqimba eziningana zokuqhuma ekugcineni.
Ama-nozzles ahlukahlukene kwi-hose noma "izibhamu" zokunisela awona ngcono kakhulu kune-hose. Babuye basebenze nenhlabathi ngentshiseko, kufaka phakathi imodi yokufafaza: ingcindezi inamandla kakhulu. Ilungele i-lawns nemibhede yezimbali, kodwa hhayi engadini.
Ukusuka kumsele wokunisela, ukuchelela ezweni kwenziwa ngezandla zakho, kufana nokunisela okuvela kwi-hose nge-nosez yokufafaza, kepha kuthatha isikhathi esiningi. Ilungele izingadi ezincane kakhulu kuphela. Isilinganiso esiphoqiwe kulabo abangenawo umthamo wamanzi esizeni.
Ukunisela ngeziqukathi kumane nje kudingekile kulabo abangenawo umthombo wamanzi othembekile. Lokhu kuthambisa kulula kakhulu kudivayisi. Njengoba sekuchaziwe, wonke ama-70-80 cm okujula okungama-25-30 cm, amabhodlela amakhulu angama-5-6 litha akhelwe phansi. Ngaphansi nangaphansi kwesithathu samathangi kugaywa ngommese noma nge-awl ezindaweni ezingama-20-30. Lokhu kuthambisa kuyisengezo se-hose. Ngezinye izikhathi ungangeza i-drop yamanyolo we-micronutrient. Njenge-wick, lokhu kunisela kuphumelela kabili ngaphansi kwe-mulch.
Amadivayisi wokunisela ngokudonsela amanzi ezweni
Ukuchelela ukunisela kuyithuluzi elisebenzayo lokunisela izingadi nezingadi zasekhishini, ngaphezu kokuhlinzekwa ngamanzi noma esitsheni esikhulu esiphakanyiswe ngenhla kwenhlabathi. Okulula kakhulu futhi kunengqondo namuhla ezimeni zensimu yomuntu siqu ngohlelo lokuhlinzekwa kwamanzi, umthombo noma idamu elinepampu engaphansi. Amanzi aqinisekisiwe, ngqo ezimpandeni, ngokomnotho. Ezivandeni zezimboni, kuhlanganiswa nokudla okwenziwe kanyekanye okunamaminerali okwenziwe ngendlela efanayo emithanjeni emincane. Ukusetshenziswa kanye nokulahleka kwamanzi kuphindeke kathathu, kanti ukusebenza kahle kokufakwa kwayo kuphindeka kabili ukuphakama.
Abantu abaningi baqoqa amasistimu amancane wokunisela izitshalo e-dacha: 300-500 m wethayela kuwo wonke imibhede, futhi ukunakekela uhlelo kuncane: isihlungi esilula kunazo zonke ekuqaleni kanye nokugeza ekwindla. Ukuxoshwa nokuhlanganisa okuyisisekelo, kusetshenziswa izinto ezijwayelekile zokuxhuma.
Amasistimu we-Tubular Drip ahlala isikhathi eside ukwedlula amasistimu wetheyiphu. I-hosesible hoses isebenza iminyaka engu-4-5, futhi iqinile ngaphezulu - ifinyelela eminyakeni eyi-15. Baqoqeke kalula nje, kepha ebusika kufanele bahlakaze uhlelo, baphinde basebenzise amakhandlela, bawavikele kumagundane.
Amateyiphu wokunisela we-Drip alungele ukunisela okufanele ezweni, ngaphezu kwalokho, ashibhile kakhulu ngentengo, kodwa njengokuhlala isikhashana nje. Ensimini, empeleni ziyatholakala. I-T-Tape ye-tepi ilula kakhulu. Kwenziwa eFrance. Ukuphuma kwamanzi kushibilika kulo lonke ubude bawo. Ngehora, imitha yetayiphu ithululela amalitha ayi-10 amanzi. Isikhathi esidingekayo sokunisela singanqunywa kalula ngokuzama ngokuhambisa i-mulch kanye nokuhlola umswakama wenhlabathi.
Ama-hoses amahle "i-Gold spray" - indlela ehlukile yokunisela okungenangozi. Ubambo olubanzi, oluhlatshwe nge-laser kusuka ohlangothini olungaphezulu, kudala imvula encane kunazo zonke, ethwebula imitha eyi-4-6 ububanzi.
