Ngamunye wethu uhlobanisa igama elithi “okusanhlamvu” nokolweni, irayisi, ibhali nezinye izitshalo zokusanhlamvu. Akunakwenzeka ukuthi abaningi bazi ukuthi omunye womndeni walezi zimila eziqhekekile, isihlahla se-squat umuthi ongamamitha angamashumi amahlanu nesiqu esinamandla esifushane kwelinye noma ngisho nama-girth amabili. Sikhuluma ngesitshalo samahlathi asezindaweni ezishisayo nezithambile - bamboo.
E-Yurophu, u-bamboo udume kusukela emikhankasweni ka-Alexander the Great kuya e-India. Amaqhawe omkhuzi odumile ahlatshwe umxhwele ngombukiso wamahlathi woqalo owabonakala ngaphambili. Evakashele eChina ngo-1615, isithunywa sevangeli samaJesuit sabhala ukuthi amaShayina asebenzisa umhlanga (bamboo) uqine njengensimbi yezidingo zasekhaya ezingama-600.
BambooEzweni lethu, i-bamboo yaqala ukutshala iminyaka engama-60-70 edlule. Okokuqala bakungenisa kusuka eSouth naseNtshonalanga Yurophu, futhi emva kwalokho izinhlobo eziningi zazo zalethwa ezweni lethu ngohambo lwaseKrasnov lokuhamba ezweni lakubo, e-East Asia, futhi bahlangana nathi. ESoviet Union, manje kunezinhlobo ezingaba ngu-50 zoqalo, phakathi kwazo okude kakhulu kufinyelela kumamitha angama-20 ukuphakama kube nesiqu esingaba ngamasentimitha ayi-15.
Imigudu yangempela eluhlaza ibumba izihlahla zotshani bomuthi eceleni komgwaqo oLwandle Olumnyama lweCaucasus, efana nezindonga eziluhlaza okotshani obukhulu. Ngaphezu kweCaucasus, bamboo ukhula nathi, yize kungenjalo ngempumelelo, ogwini lwaseCrimea, emasimini okuhlobisa amapaki kusuka eFeodosia kuya kuYevpatoriya. Kaningi kunabanye kunoqalo oluhlaza okotshani, okufinyelela kumamitha ayi-12. I-bamboo yama-castillon etshalwe eNikitsky Botanical Garden ivela kakhulu ekuhlobiseni. Ama-Muscovites, ama-Leningraders, ama-Kievans, izakhamizi zakwamanye amadolobha ezwe lethu angajwayelana nalezi zitshalo ezihehayo emagumbini okugcina izithombo ezingadi zazo.
BambooNgokolweni, i-rye, ibhali kaqalo, uhlobo olufanayo lwezithelo, olubizwa ngokuthi i-weevil ku-botany, kuhlobene ngesakhiwo sezimbali kanye nesiqu sotshani. Kuyiqiniso, utshani be-bamboo abulona ukolweni noma i-rye, futhi ngaphandle kwalokho, buhlukile ngobukhulu, ukwakheka kanye nombala. Amanye afinyelela kumitha ukuphakama futhi awugqinsi lomunwe, amanye angancintisana ngosayizi omkhulu wezihlahla ezinkulu zehlathi.
Ingxenye yesiphambano sotshani we-bamboo, kuya ngohlobo lwe-bamboo, iyindilinga, i-oval, multifaceted futhi isikwele. Umbala weziqu ezingxenyeni eziningi zezinhlobo uluhlaza okwesibhakabhaka (kuze kube unyaka owodwa), bese kuthi okuluhlaza (kuze kube yiminyaka emi-2), futhi ezitshalweni ezivuthiwe imbozwe ngophuzi kakhulu wegolide, akuvamile ukuba nsundu noma kube mnyama. Ngokuvamile, ukwakheka kotshani we-bamboo akuhlukile kunotshani bukakolweni, i-rye noma ezinye izinhlamvu ezaziwayo. Njengokunye okusanhlamvu, ihlukaniswe ngokulinganayo ngama-partitions agqagqene, ama-node, futhi amakhambi awo ahlala eyize.
Isikhathi eside se-bamboo stems kade sisetshenziswa ngumuntu ekwakhiweni kwemikhumbi, amapayipi we-bamboo ayingqayizivele neminye imikhiqizo. Kepha i- Woodpecker ayiqondi uhlobo lweziqu zayo. Njalo lapho eshaya isiqu somuntu futhi ehogela iphoyinti, uqala ukungcofa ngesando isiqu sakhe efuna inyamazane. Umsebenzi onjalo ongenamsebenzi we-Woodpecker uyingozi kakhulu kumuntu, ngoba (i-woodpecker) uhumusha iziqu eziningi ze-bamboo ezingasebenziseki.
BambooCishe izinhlobo ezingama-600 zezitshalo ze-bamboo ezichazwe ngokwemvelo, ezihlanganiswe yi-botanists cishe ngo-50 genera. Akumangazi ukuthi emndenini omkhulu kangaka kunamabhishi amancanyana kanye neziqhwaga.
Isici esivelele kunazo zonke zezinhlobo ze-bamboo ukukhula kwazo okusheshayo ngendlela emangalisayo. Ikhono laleli okusanhlamvu lokunqoba ngokuqhubekayo amasimu amasha nalo liyathakazelisa. I-bamboo inqoba kalula imisele ngokumbiwe ngokukhethekile ukuvikela amasimu ayo, inqamula imifula ejulile neziteshi ezansi naphansi, futhi idlule izithiyo eziningi ezinzima.
Izinhlobo ezithile ze-bamboo zikhula entwasahlobo, ezinye ekwindla futhi, ngokungafani nezinye izinhlobo zezitshalo, hhayi kuphela phakathi nosuku, kodwa futhi nasebusuku. Entwasahlobo nasekwindla, ungezwa ngisho nokuthi lokhu okusanhlamvu kukhula kanjani ekuthuleni okujulile ebusuku. Amandla wokukhula kwawo abaluleke kangangokuba ukuvela kwamahlumela phezu kwenhlabathi kuhambisana nohlobo lomsindo oshubile, okokushayeka, kwesinye isikhathi ukuqhekeka okukhulu. Akukho okungaba yisithiyo sezingcosana ezincane, ezikhanyayo zoqalo, zibhoboza kalula inhlabathi enzima kakhulu ne-asphalt, zigudluza amatshe eceleni, zigobhoza ngamabhodi aminyene ngisho nezingodo.
ECaucasus, kukhona izihlahla ze-bamboo ezingakhuphuka ngamasentimitha amathathu ngehora, ngamasentimitha angama-75 ngosuku. Umqondisi welinye lamapulazi ombuso we-Adjarian, uTengiz Mamudovich Dzhinchiradze, ukholelwa ukuthi lokhu akuyona bamboo, kepha imali ikhula emhlabeni ngesivinini samashumi amasentimitha ngosuku: bamboo moso okhule lapha uletha ama-kopecks angama-40 ngemitha endlini yakhe.
Bamboo© Erin Silversmith
Emazweni angaphandle, ngokwesibonelo, eVietnam, bamboo ngokuvamile akhula cishe ngamamitha ayi-2 ngosuku. Kulokhu, izindaba eziningi ezihlekisayo ziyatshelwa. Iqhawe lomunye amahlaya athandwayo anjalo umzingeli ongathandeki. Wazulazula isikhathi eside efuna inyamazane futhi, ekhathele, walala phansi esihlahleni sezimbali. Esukuma ekubonakaleni kwenkathazo, umzingeli wabona ihlosi elikhulu phambi kwakhe, futhi ngaleso sikhathi isibhamu, esasishiywe emhlabeni ngokungenankathalo, sase sikhushulwe amamitha amaningi phezulu ngenhlwathi yoqalo evele phansi emhlabathini.
Ungazichaza kanjani izakhiwo ezinjalo ezingajwayelekile ze-bamboo?
Kuyavela ukuthi ukhula nawo wonke ama-internode akhe amaningi ngasikhathi sinye. Ngisho nasezinso, ihlumela laso lokudubula lakhiwa ngokuphelele futhi kungathi liyancipha libe ngamakhulu ezinkulungwane zezikhathi. Ukudubula okukhulayo kubukeka sengathi kunwetshwa yi-fold-internode ngayinye, njenge-harmonica fur, futhi ngejubane elingakaze libonwe kulo lonke lwezimbali lifinyelela usayizi wesihlahla esikhulu. Kuyathakazelisa ukuthi kuwo wonke ama-infode we-shoot-trunk, aphansi akhula ngokushesha okukhulu, lawo asondele kakhulu ezimpandeni. Ama-internode akhiwe phezulu kwesiqu, ngokusobala amancane futhi anganikezwa izakhi, akhula kancane.
Kungabonakala kungakholelwa ukuthi i-bamboo ikhula kuphela izinsuku ezingama-30-45 kuyo yonke impilo yayo, futhi empeleni ihlala ifinyelela eminyakeni eyi-100. Ngalezi zinsuku ezingama-30-45, bamboo ufinyelela ekuphakameni kwawo okuphezulu, emva kwalokho ukukhula kwawo kumile kanye nokwakheka okukhulu kwamaqabunga aluhlaza aluhlaza aqala.
BambooUkuqhakaza kwe-bamboo nakho kuyingqayizivele: kwenzeka kanye empilweni yakhe yonke. Ukuvumelaniswa kwale nqubo kuyinto ethakazelisa ngokukhethekile kubo bonke abantu behlathi le-bamboo: noma ngabe kukhula izihlahla zoqalo ezingakanani, zona, njengokungathi zilalela umyalo wizadi, ziyaqhakaza ngasikhathi sinye. Kodwa-ke, isikhathi sokuqhakaza ngezinhlobo ezahlukahlukene zoqalo asifani: ezinye ziyaqhakaza ihlobo elilodwa, ezinye kube nezinkathi ezimbili noma ezintathu, kanti ezinye ziluhlobo lweminyaka eyi-9. Lapho nje ukuqhakaza sekuphelile nezithelo zivuthwe, ihlathi lonke le-bamboo, njengezinkwa ezivuthiwe, ligcwalisa umjikelezo walo wokuphila.
Izinhlobo eziningi ze-bamboo zifunwa kakhulu kumswakama futhi ikakhulukazi ekushiseni. Ukupholisa okuncane, kwehlise izinga lokushisa kancane ngaphansi kwe-zero kuyinhlekelele kubo. Yingakho u-bamboo ekhula e-vivo, ikakhulukazi ezindaweni ezishisayo nase-subtropics zase-East Asia, e-Afrika naseMelika. Phakathi kwezinhlobo zoqalo, kukhona ezingabekezelela kalula ama-degree angama-20 noma ama-degree angama-40. Lezi, njengomthetho, izitshalo ezincane, ezibandakanya irekhodi lokumelana nesithwathwa phakathi kwezihlobo ze-bamboo - bamboos omfushane, noma amaswazi. Zitholakala eSakhalin naseKuril Islands, lapho zivame ukwakha amathikithi amakhulu aminyene. Kodwa-ke, amabhungane akhula ezifundeni eziseningizimu neMoldova, eKuban nase-Ukraine.
Enye impahla yemvelo ye-bamboos iyathakazelisa: amahlumela awo anqabile, avela emhlabathini, anokuqina kwesitshalo esivuthiwe ngokugcwele futhi asigcina singashintshiwe kuwo wonke umjikelezo wempilo.
Isici esijabulisayo isitshulu se-bamboo esincane, esingafundile, esibuye siqinisekise ukuthi ingumuthi walesi sihlahla ezitshalweni zikakolweni ezinotshani. Naphezu kobukhulu obukhulu, ungakwazi kalula, ngesivimbo esisodwa sommese, unqume isiqu saso esinamafutha. Futhi zama ukunqoba isiqu esivuthiwe! Akunakwenzeka nje ukusika ngommese, kepha ngisho nesona elibukhali akulula ukusisika.
BambooUkujwayelana kokuqala nehlathi le-bamboo kushiya umbono ongajwayelekile. Kuyakhanya futhi kumnyama ngosuku olushisa kakhulu, njengasekuseni kusihlwa. Ekupheleni kosuku, lapho umswakama ezindaweni eziphansi zenyuka kakhulu, bamboo ukhipha ngamandla amanzi. Amaconsi amanzi asheshe amboze amaqabunga awo, amagatsha, amahlumela. Ukushaya komoya okulula kwanele, futhi kusuka ezitshalweni ezisindayo imvula yangempela iyawa.
Izinkuni zeM bamboo zihlanganisa amandla amangalisayo nesisindo esikhanya ngokweqile, ukumelana okumangalisayo nokubola ngokubukeka okuhle. Faka i-hut yokuqala yedolobhana laseVietnam futhi uzobona ukuthi ifreyimu nezinqwaba lapho zitholakala khona ziqukethe iziqu zemicalo eminyene, izindonga naphansi zakhiwe ngamagxolo alo, futhi uphahla luphansi lwenziwe ngamaqabunga e-bamboo.
"Empeleni, lapho ngichaza indlu enjalo," kusho intatheli yaseSoviet uHeinrich Borovik, ehambele eVietnam, "awukwazi ukusebenzisa igama elithi" bamboo. "Empeleni konke lapha kwenziwa nge-bamboo: izitsha zerayisi ezincane nezijulile, obhasikidi bamahlombe, amanetha okudoba, izihibe, amathe , amapayipi, amabhakede, izingilazi, kanye nezinye izinto eziningi zasendlini. Akukho kusetshenziswa izipikili zensimbi ekwakhiweni kwendlu. Zonke izakhi zixhunyaniswe ungqimba lwangaphandle lwesitshalo oluguquguqukayo. uyakhula, okubaluleke kakhulu, acishe angaboli.
Ukusuka ku-bamboo stems ungenza ngokushesha imikhiqizo eminingi ebalulekile yasendlini. Kwanele ukusika isiqu esikhulu somqalo omude we-bamboo, unqume phezulu ngomqhele, futhi phambi kwakho kukhona umugqa noma ikholomu ebunjiwe, ngaphambi kwakho; hlikihla noma ushise ngeziqeshana emalungeni awo, emajoyineni, nasenkonzweni yakho ipayipi elihle kakhulu; sika umgqomo ube izicucu, futhi unezimbiza zakho onazo, amabhakede, izingilazi, amabhodwe, izitsha nezinye izinto. Uma usika yonke i-internode enezingxenye ezimbili ezingenakubonwa ezindaweni eziseduze, kuhlala kuphela ukumba umgodi kusuka ngaphezulu, futhi umgqomo ulungile. Sihlukanisa phakathi, sithola imikhombe emibili emincane masinyane.
BambooNgakho-ke, izakhamizi zaseNingizimu-mpumalanga ye-Asia ziyawazisa ngoqalo ngendlela efanayo, futhi zenza nezikhali ezisukelwayo kuwo: imimese, izindunduma, izigaqa, ukuvikela amadolobhana ezilwaneni nasezitheni ngothango lukakhukhunathi oluqoshwe ezihlangwini. Ubuciko bokubaza, obuthuthukiswa kakhulu phakathi kwalaba bantu, buhlotshaniswa ne-bamboo.
Ekugcineni, amahlumela amasha woqalo, kwezinye izinhlobo futhi izimpande kanye nembewu zingena ekudleni, kufakwe imifino (ngokwesibonelo, i-asparagus), lapho kulungiswa khona izinto ezinhle zasendlaleni ezine-achar ne-asia. Ezindibeni, kukhishwa ujusi omnandi, obilisiwe bese kutholakala ushukela we-bamboo. Ezintanjeni ze-bamboo, amaShayina athola iphepha lesilika elihle kakhulu. Ukusuka ku-bamboo yenza izibani, izinsimbi zomculo, ama-rafts. By the way, e-Asia Venice, njengoba inhloko-dolobha yaseThailand ihlala ibizwa ngeBangkok, imigwaqo yonke yezindlu ihlala emaphethelweni e-bamboo.
Yenza i-bamboo kanye nendima yohlobo lwesibhamu. Ngokushiswa kweziqu zayo ezintsha, kuzwakala imisindo ebukhali futhi enkulu, njengokuqhuma kwezibhamu. Le ndawo sekuyisikhathi eside isetshenziswa ngabemi ukwesabisa izilwane. Kusukela ezihlahleni ezincane zoqalo, abomdabu benza izibhamu zangaphambili, lapho badubula khona imicibisholo enobuthi.
BambooIzinkuni zeM bamboo zisetshenziswa kakhulu emazweni lapho zingakhuli khona. Ifenisha elula, iphepha elihle kakhulu, noma izinalithi ezisezingeni eliphakeme lamarekhodi egilamafomu zenziwa ngokhuni olungenisiwe. UM bamboo uya ocingweni, ukwakhiwa kwamabhuloho akhanyayo, ukukhiqizwa kwezinto eziningi zemishini yezemidlalo. Ekwakhiweni kwanamuhla, i-bamboo nayo isetshenziswa ngempumelelo njengokuqinisa izakhiwo zikakhonkolo.
I-bamboo ilethwe ngumzala osondelene womhlanga wethu, ovame ukwakha amathangi amakhulu, ikakhulukazi ezindaweni ezinamanzi nezikhukhula zeVolga, Dnieper, Danube.
Kusetshenziswe ezintweni zokwakha:
- S. I. Ivchenko - Bhuka ngezihlahla
