Masinyane yenza ukubhuka ukuthi asikhulumi ngesihlahla esibi - insangu, evame ukuvela ezinganekwaneni zasendulo, izinkolelo futhi hhayi kudala kakhulu emizweni yamaphephandaba. AmaBotanists ahlolisisa ngokucophelela amakhona akude kakhulu futhi angafinyeleleki weplanethi yethu futhi awazange ahlangane nokufana nalokhu. Kuzoba nge-Anchar.
Ogwadule benomqondo oshubile,
Emhlabathini kufuthelwe ukushisa
I-Anchar, njengomlindi owesabekayo,
Okufanele - yedwa endaweni yonke.
Uhlobo lwama-steppes afisayo
Wazalwa ngosuku lolaka,
Namagatsha aluhlaza afile
Futhi ngifakele izimpande ubuthi ...
A. S. Pushkin
Ubuthi be-anchar, noma i-Antiaris toxicaria (i-Antiaris toxicaria). © VIRBOGAEsikhathini esedlule, bekukholelwa kabanzi ukuthi "wayengumuthi wokufa." Isazi sezitshalo saseDashi uG. Rumpf wasungula inkazimulo engenamusa ka-Anchara. Maphakathi nekhulu le-XVII, wathunyelwa ekholoni (eMassassar) ukuthola ukuthi yiziphi izitshalo ezinikeza abomdabu ubuthi ngemicibisholo enobuthi. Iminyaka engu-15, uRumpf wamane wabubula, ethatha imininingwane ayidingayo kuzo zonke izinhlobo zezindaba ezidluliselwa emlonyeni nomlomo eceleni kwembusi yendawo, futhi ngenxa yalokho yaba "igunya"Bika 'umuthi onoshevu." Nakhu akubhale ngakho:
"Akunazo ezinye izihlahla, noma izihlahla, noma utshani bukhula ngaphansi kwesihlahla uqobo lwawo - hhayi ngaphansi komqhele wawo kuphela, kepha ngisho nebanga lelitshe elilahliwe: inhlabathi iyinyumba, imnyama futhi injengokuthi ihlawulisiwe. Ubuthi besihlahla bukhulu kangangokuba izinyoni zihlala emagatsheni awo, zimgwinya umoya onobuthi, zidakwe ziwele phansi zife, izimpaphe zazo zimboze inhlabathi. Konke okuthinta ukuhwamuka kwawo kuyashabalala, ukuze zonke izilwane zikugweme nezinyoni zizame ukungabhakuyi. Akekho umuntu onesibindi sokusondela kuye".
Besebenzisa lolu lwazi olungenabugovu, olwedlule ngokungamesabi uNkulunkulu, u-Alexander Sergeyevich Pushkin wake wabhala inkondlo enhle, eyaziwayo ethi "Anchar". Isikhathi esiningi sidlule ngaphambi kokuba lesi sitshalo sikwazi ukuphenya ngokuningiliziwe, ukuze kususwe umbono ongelona iqiniso ngawo, kusekelwa isandla sikaRumpf esikhanyayo ngokunyundela okusha.
U-Anchar uvuselelwa, wachazwa ngokwesayensi futhi waqanjwa kuqala ngegama lesayensi - uPoison Anchar (Antiaris Toxicaria - I-Antiaris toxicaria) umcwaningi wezezitshalo u-Lesheno. Kwavela ukuthi lesi sihlahla esihle kakhulu sikhula eziqhingini zeziqhingi zaseMalay, futhi sivame kakhulu eJava. Isiqu saso esimanzi, esingaphansi kwawo sinezimpande ezisekelezelwe njengamapulangwe ezihlahleni eziningi ezishisayo, sifinyelela kumamitha angama-40 ukuphakama futhi sithwele umqhele omncane oyindilinga. Ungumnikazi womndeni "kamalibhele" futhi ungumzala osondelene kamalibhele kanye nomhlali wase tropical ficus.
Amaqabunga e-Anchar anobuthi. © Wibowo DjatmikoAbaphenyi bokuqala, sebezwe izindaba eziningi ezesabekayo ngalesi sihlahla, bamangala ukubona izinyoni zihlala emagatsheni awo zingagxili. Ngokuhamba kwesikhathi, kwaba sobala ukuthi akuwona amagatsha kuphela, kodwa nezinye izingxenye zehange, azinangozi ngokuphelele ezilwaneni nakubantu. Kuphela ujusi omkhulukazi omnkantsha ophuma lapho kungonakala khona isiqu sawo unobuthi ngempela, kanti abomdabu bake bababopha ngemikhonto. Kuliqiniso, ukungena emzimbeni, ijusi leli kungadala amathumba esikhunjeni, kepha ukunambitheka kwejusi le-anchovy notshwala kuthola ubuthi obuningi (anti-arina), obusongela impilo.
Kepha ake siyeke lesi sihloko isikhashana futhi ulalele ama-nerds. Bathola ukuthi ihange sisitshalo esinezimbali zezinsikazi nezowesifazane, futhi ama-inflorescence abesifazane afana kakhulu nezimbali ze-hazel yethu, kuyilapho ama-inflorescence amaduna afana namakhowe amancane oju avulekile. Izithelo ze-Anchar zincanyana, ziyindilinga, ziyindilinga. Amaqabunga afana namaqabunga kamalibhele, kodwa awe, njengazo zonke izihlahla ezihlala ziluhlaza, kancane kancane.
Kamuva, ama-botanists athola eNdiya uhlobo lwesibili lwe-anchor - ihange elingenangozi. Udayi we-carmine omuhle kakhulu ukhishwa ezithelweni zawo, kuthi kuthathwe imicu emaholoyi kanye nezikhwama eziphelele kule bast. Shono abantu bendawo bayibiza ngokuthi isihlahla sesaka. Indlela yokuthola izikhwama ilula impela: basika ilog yesayizi efanelekile, futhi, sebeshaywe ngokuphelele ebhusha, bayisusa kalula kanye ne-bast. Ukwehlukanisa ibunzi kusuka ku-bark, uthola "indwangu" eqediwe, okudingayo kuphela ukuthunga ukushiya isikhwama esiqinile nesikhanyayo.
Kepha, sifuna "umuthi wokufa" wangempela, kufanele sikhumbule ezinye izitshalo ezimbili ezesabekayo.
Uma kwenzeka uba seSukhumi Botanical Garden, ukunaka kwakho kuzodonswa esihlahleni, esibiyelwe ngothango lwensimbi. Eduze kwaso kunophawu lwesixwayiso: "Ungathinti! Unobuthi!"
Umhlahlandlela uzokutshela ukuthi lesi isihlahla se-lacquer esivela kude eJapan. Lapho, i-lacquer emnyama edumile, eyaziwa kabanzi ngezimpawu zayo ezingavamile: ukuqina, ubuhle nokuqina, kudalulwa kusuka ujusi wayo omhlophe onamakha. Amaqabunga amahle e-cirrus esihlahla empeleni anobuthi kakhulu.
Amaqabunga e-sumac nawo awawona aphansi kubo - amakhilogremu aziwa ngama-botanists njenge-toxidendron radicans. Ingatholakala emnyangweni waseNyakatho Melika weSukhumi Botanical Garden. Imimoya enoshevu lapho ibudlula khona iziqu ezinamandla zeziphephu zeziphephu nezinye izihlahla. Izintambo zalo ezishintshashintshashintshayo, nezindondo ezishintshashintshayo zingene ngqo ezigxotsheni zabanye abantu, kanti amaqabunga kathathu, afana namaqabunga obhontshisi, amboze ngokuphelele imivini kanye nama-cypress anamandla. Ekwindla, amaqabunga e-sumac mahle kakhulu, anemibala egqamile kakhulu nebanga elihle lemibala e-crimson-orange. Kepha ukuheha kwabo kuyakhohlisa. Umuntu kufanele athinte kuphela ukuthi ukulunywa kanzima kwesikhumba kuqala kanjani, okuthi, noma kunjalo, kudlule ngokushesha. Ngemuva kwamahora ambalwa, ukuvuvukala okuncane kwenzeka ngokugxila okuncane kwesikhumba esicwebezelayo, ukulunywa kuqalise, konke kuyanda, bese kuvela ubuhlungu obukhulu. Ezinsukwini ezilandelayo, izinhlungu ziyanda, futhi ukungenelela okuphuthumayo kuphela kwezokwelapha kungavikela imiphumela emibi yobuthi. Ubuthi obukhulu nge-sumac bungaphumela ekufeni. Ngendlela, hhayi kuphela amaqabunga neziqu ezinobuthi, kodwa nezithelo, ngisho nezimpande. Lesi yihlahla sangempela sokufa.
U-Anchar unobuthi. © Anna FrodesiakEkugcineni, ezindaweni ezishisayo zaseMelika nase-Antilles, kukhona esinye isihlahla esikhulayo esihambisana nesihloko sethu. Ungowomndeni we-euphorbiaceae, obizwa nge-marcinella, noma ngesiLatin, i-hipomane marcinella. Nakhu, mhlawumbe, ngaphezu kwe-sumac ifana ne-Pushkin's ihange, ngoba ingagadla noma kukude. Kwanele ukuma isikhashana eduze kwakhe futhi afudumeze iphunga lakhe, njengoba kwenzeka ubuthi obunamandla bepheshana lokuphefumula.
Ngendlela, izinhlobo ezinempahla enobuthi ayaziwa nje kuphela phakathi kwezihlahla, kodwa futhi naphakathi kwezitshalo ezi-herbaceous. Zonke izingxenye zeminduze yethu emangalisayo yesigodi, amaqabunga neziqu zamatamatisi, ugwayi unezinto ezinobuthi.
IVenom ekhishwe ezitshalweni imvamisa yakhombisa ukufikelwa yithemba nokwethusayo esikhathini esedlule. Manje, ubuthi bezitshalo, i-strophanthin, i-curare nabanye busetshenziswa kwezokwelapha: i-strophanthin iphulukisa inhliziyo, futhi i-curare isiza ngokusebenza enhliziyweni namaphaphu. Osokhemisi abanekhono baphenduka ijusi le-sumac elinobuthi libe ngama-ejenti okwelapha aphulukisa ukukhubazeka, i-rheumatism, izifo zezinzwa nezesikhumba. Izihlahla ezibanzi manje zivuleka phambi kwezihlahla zokufa.
S. I. Ivchenko - Incwadi mayelana nezihlahla
