Umkhumbi omkhulu osuka eSouth America usiya eYurophu, njengama-chip amakhulu olwandle, wawuphonsa i-chip. Bonke ababesenamandla okungenani athile babe ngenkani bamelana nezinto ezingenakuphakanyiswa usuku. Kepha ingozi yayinyathela ngakolunye uhlangothi: iningi labasebenzi kanye nabagibeli bahlukunyezwa kakhulu yisifo esithile esingaziwa.
Ukuphelelwa yithemba kwaba yisimo somgibeli ovelele kunabo bonke - iViceroy yasePeru, eyayinegama eliyinkimbinkimbi likaDon Luis Geronimo Cabrera de Vobadilla Count Cinghon. Kwaphela iminyaka eminingana ehola elinye lamakoloni aseSpain acebile - iPeru, futhi manje ekupheleni kuka-1641, eqeda ukugula okungaqondakali, wayebuyela ekhaya eSpain. Lesi sifo sasingumalaleveva. Phakathi kwezimpahla eziningi ezibalulekile ezagcwalisa ukubamba, iViceroy yayikhathazeke kakhulu ngekusasa lebhele elisindayo, elinenqwaba enamagxolo, ngokusho kwamaNdiya endawo, elapha umalaleveva. Lapho eqeda ukuzidela okukhulu waya eViceroy, owayengowokuqala wabaseYurophu ukuba abe nengcebo enjalo. Ngaleli bark, wahlobanisa nethemba lokuphulukiswa esifweni esibi. Kepha ngeze, waphelelwa yithemba ngenxa yokuhlupheka, wazama ukuhlafuna okomlomo obabayo, ovuthayo: akekho owaziyo ukuthi angazisebenzisa kanjani izinto zokwelapha.
Isihlahla saseQuchch, eCinchonaNgemuva kohambo olude nolunzima, umkhumbi ohlaselwe kabi wafika eSpain. Odokotela abadume kakhulu enhlokodolobha nakwamanye amadolobha babizelwa esigulini. Kodwa-ke, abakwazanga ukusiza: imfihlo yokusebenzisa amagxolo okupholisa ayitholakalanga kubo. Ngakho-ke, odokotela bakhetha ukuphatha uCinghon ngendala, kepha, hehe, izindlela ezingenamsebenzi, ezinjengothuli lwezidumbu zaseGibhithe. Ngakho-ke uCinghon wabulawa umalaleveva, wehluleka ukusebenzisa kahle umuthi othathwe komdabu.
Owokuqala ukuthola imfihlakalo yesihlahla sePeru kwakunguJesuit onobuhlakani. Njengoba babethole i-antimalarial powder kusuka emanteni omlingo, bebengaphuzi ekumemezeni njengengcwele. UPapa uqobo, ebona lokhu njengomthombo wenzuzo enkulu kanye nezindlela ezithembekile zokuthonya amakholwa, wabusisa abefundisi beSonto LamaKhatholika futhi wabavumela ukuthi baqale ukucabanga nge-powder. Kodwa-ke, odokotela abasheshe baqale ukusebenzisa umuthi omusha: bebengazi ngokuqinile ukuthi izakhiwo zalo noma indlela yokusebenzisa.
Ubhubhane olunesihluku lomalaleveva lwanda kakhulu kulo lonke elaseYurophu futhi ekugcineni lwafika eNgilandi. Yize kungalesi sikhathi lapho abafuthi bamaJesuit base bezisungule njengezindlela eziphumelelayo zokulwa nomalaleveva onobungozi, kepha akekho umuntu ongumNgisi owayezihlonipha yena, owayengazisebenzisa. Ubani, eqinisweni, ongalokotha athathe izimpuphu zamaJesuit esimweni sokuzonda kwendawo yonke kukho konke okuhlobene nokude nobupapa obabuzondwa kulo lonke elaseNgilandi? Umuntu ohola phambili ekuguqukeni konxiwankulu abangamaNgisi, uCromwell, ogule umalaleveva, wenqaba ngokuqinile ukuthatha lo muthi. Wabulawa ngumalaleveva ngonyaka we-1658, engalitholanga ithuba lokugcina lokusindisa.
Isihlahla saseQuchch, eCinchonaLapho ubhubhane lomalaleveva lwenzeka ngamanani amabi emazweni amaningi, inzondo yezixuku ebhekiswe kumaJesuits yaqina ngezinga eliphakeme kakhulu. Isibonelo, eNgilandi, baqala ukusolwa ngezinhloso zabo zokufaka ubuthi kubo bonke ababengewona amaKatolika nge-powder yabo, kufaka phakathi inkosi, eyayisanda kugula umalaleveva. Yonke imizamo yabodokotela basenkantolo yokuqeda lesi sikhundla sakhe yaba yize. Iziphakamiso zezindela ezingamaKatolika zosizo zenqatshwa ngokuqinile.
Kungazelelwe kwenzeka okuthile okungalindelekile. Kuze kube yileso sikhathi umphulukisi ongaziwa, iTalbor ethile, wenza ukwelapha inkosi. Imiphumela yayimangalisa: emavikini amabili nje kuphela, inkosi yelashwa isifo esithile ngokuthatha umuthi othile obabayo esipuni ngemuva kwamahora amathathu. Isangoma esibuqili senqabile ngokuphelele ukusho ukwakheka kanye nomsuka wale potion yokupholisa. Kodwa-ke, inkosi, ijabule, iqiniswa ngokushesha, ayizange icindezele kulokhu. Ukhululwe ekuguleni okungathi sína, wabonga kakhulu umsindisi wakhe futhi wamnika isihloko seNkosi neRoyal Healer ngesimemezelo esikhethekile. Ngaphezu kwalokho wagunyaza iTalbor ukuphatha iziguli ezweni lonke.
Umona wabo bonke abasebukhosini, ikakhulukazi odokotela basenkantolo, ubengazi mingcele. Babengakwazi ukubekezelela udumo olukhulayo lodokotela omusha. Bonke babefuna ukwelashwa eTalbor kuphela. Ngisho nenkosi yaseFrance imthumele isimemo sokuthi eze eParis ezokwelapha umuntu wakhe kanye nawo wonke umndeni wasebukhosini ngomalaleveva. Umphumela wokwelashwa waphumelela kulokhu futhi. Ukwelapha okusha kwakuwukunqoba okukhulu kakhulu kuTalbor, lowo, nokho, ngenkani waqhubeka nokugcina imfihlo yakhe. Kungaleso sikhathi kuphela lapho inkosi yaseFrance inikezela lo somabhizinisi okhaliphile ama-3000 ama-francs, impesheni ende futhi wathembisa ukungayivezi imfihlo kuze kufe udokotela, uTalbor wanikezela. Kwavela ukuthi ubephatha iziguli zakhe ngaphandle kwe-Jesuit powder encibilike ewayinini. Ufihle leli qiniso enkosini yamaNgisi, phela wayazi ukuthi ibeka ikhanda lakhe engcupheni.
Kepha, ekugcineni, isikhathi safika lapho umuthi oyisimangaliso uyeka ukuba ngumuntu oyedwa. Izisungule njengethuluzi elithembekile ekulweni nomalaleveva obulalayo. Amashumi, amakhulu ezinkulungwane zabantu baseYurophu asusa lesi sifo esibi ngosizo lwegxolo lokupholisa kwesihlahla sePeru, futhi akekho owayenomqondo osobala ngalesi sihlahla uqobo. Ngisho nabantu baseSpain ababehlala eSouth America futhi bathola ubukhosi ekuhlinzekweni kwezimpahla zasePeru beya e-Europe abakwazanga ukuthola ukuthi ikuphi.
Isihlahla saseQuchch, eCinchonaAmaNdiya Endawo, ngalesi sikhathi esevele esewabona ngokwengeziwe ubuqili babanqobi, ayeqaphela kakhulu. Ukuqoqwa kwe- "kin-kin" (amagxolo awo wonke amakhaka) kunikezwe kuphela abantu abathembeke kakhulu (ngendlela, igama lesihlahla se-quinine ne-alkaloid eqhelelene namagxolo ayo - i-quinine ivela e-Indian kin-kin). Abomdabu abadala bafundise abantu abasha ukuthi umalaleveva uzosiza ukuxosha izigqila ezinodlame uma bengakwazi ukuxazulula imfihlo yesihlahla se-cinchona.
Ngokudalulwa kwemfihlo yezakhiwo zokwelapha ze-cortex, babuyisana, futhi ngaphandle kwalokho, kwajika kwaba ukuhweba okunenzuzo kubo. Ngendlela, izinganekwane eziningi zihamba ziveza le mfihlo, kepha enye yazo iphindwa kaningi kunabanye. UPeruvian osemncane wathandana nesosha laseSpain. Lapho egula umalaleveva futhi isimo sakhe singalahli ithemba, le ntombazane yanquma ukusindisa impilo yayo ngamagxolo aphilisayo. Ngakho-ke leli sosha laqonda, labe seliveza imfihlo yabomdabu ngomvuzo omkhulu komunye wezithunywa zevangeli zamaJesuit. Baphuthuma ukususa isosha, futhi benze imfihlo ibe yinto yokuhweba kwabo.
Isikhathi eside, imizamo yabantu baseYurophu yokungena emahlathini angenakungeneka wamahlathi ashisayo ayiphumelelanga. Ngo-1778 kuphela, elinye lamalungu ohambo lokuhlola izinkanyezi lwaseFrance, uLa Kondamina, waba ngowokuqala ukubona isihlahla samaHindu esifundeni saseLoksa. Wathumela nethuba incazelo emfushane ngakho kanye nesampula ye-herbarius kusosayensi waseSweden uKarl Linnaeus. Lokhu kwasebenza njengesisekelo sokucwaninga kokuqala kwesayensi kanye nezici zezitshalo. ULinnaeus futhi wayibiza ngokuthi uCichona.
Isihlahla saseQuchch, eCinchonaNgakho-ke, kwathatha iminyaka engaphezu kwekhulu ukuthi impahla yokuphulukisa yemithwalo yeCount Cinghon ekugcineni idalulwe. Njengokungathi kuyinhlekisa ye-viceroy efile, igama lakhe labelwa isihlahla sasePeru esiyisimangaliso.
ILa Kondamina ikwazile ukuletha izithombo eziningana zesihlahla se-cinchona, kepha bashonela endleleni eya eYurophu.
Ilungu elincane kunabo bonke ohambweni lokuya eFrance, udokotela wezitshalo uJussieu, wanquma ukuhlala eNingizimu Melika ukuze afunde kabanzi ngesihlahla samaHindu. Eminyakeni eminingi yokusebenza kobuhlungu obukhulu, wakwazi ukuthola ukuthi lesi sihlahla sikhula sodwa emadwaleni amatshe, anzima ukufinyelela i-Andes, ekhuphuka ezintabeni aze afike kumamitha angama-2500 kuya ku-3000 ngaphezu kogu lolwandle. Waqala ukusungula ukuthi kunezinhlobo eziningana zalesi sihlahla, ikakhulukazi, ezimhlophe, zibomvu, ziphuzi kanye ne-grey.
Cishe iminyaka eyi-17, anqoba ubunzima obuningi, uJussieu wafunda amahlathi emvula aseNingizimu Melika. Waqoqa imininingwane eminingi yesayensi ebalulekile mayelana nomuthi ongaqondakali. Kepha ngaphambi kokuhamba ekhaya, inceku yakhe yanyamalala ndawana thile kanye nazo zonke izinto zokucwaninga. Ngenxa yokushaqeka okwenzeka, uJussie wahamba wamanga futhi washona ngemuva nje kokubuyela eFrance. Ngakho-ke omunye umzamo wokuxazulula imfihlakalo yesihlahla sePeru waphela kabuhlungu. Izinto ezibaluleke kakhulu eziqoqwe ngusosayensi ngokuzithandela zanyamalala ngaphandle komkhondo.
Kodwa-ke, lokhu akuziqedi izindaba ezibucayi ezihambisana nokuseshwa kwesihlahla se-cinchona. Isiphetho esidabukisayo sikaJussieu sahlukaniswa ekuqaleni kwekhulu le-XIX yiqembu lezinsizwa ezinamandla, ezinamandla zeViceroyalty of New Granada (Colombia yanamuhla). Wenza elikhulu iqhaza kwisayensi yezitshalo ezingaqondakali: wafunda kabanzi izindawo ezazisakazwa kuzo, wahlanganisa incazelo eningiliziwe yezokwelapha, futhi wakhiqiza amamephu amaningi nemidwebo. Kepha impi yempi yabantu baseColombia yaqala ukugqilaza izigqila zaseSpain. Ososayensi abasebasha ababanga eceleni kwempi efanelekile. Kwenye yezimpi ngo-1816, lonke iqembu, kanye nomholi waso, owayenethalente elinobuchwepheshe uFrancisco Jose de Calda, lathunjwa ngamasosha asebukhosini lagwetshwa elokufa. Ngeze, abathumbi, bekhathazekile ngekusasa lomsebenzi wabo wesayensi, bacele isikhashana ukuthi bahlehlise ukubulawa komholi wabo okungenani: bathembela ukuthi uzokwazi ukuqeda lo monograph ocishe uqedwe esihlahleni se-chin. Ababulali abazilandelanga izicelo zabo. Bonke ososayensi babulawa, futhi izinto zabo zesayensi ezibalulekile zathunyelwa eMadrid, lapho ke zanyamalala ngaphandle komkhondo. Uhlobo nobukhulu balo msebenzi kungahlulelwa ngeqiniso lokuthi umbhalo wesandla we-multivolume wanikezwa ngemifanekiso engama-5190 namamephu ayi-711.
Isihlahla saseQuchch, eCinchonaNgakho-ke, ngentengo yokulahleka okukhulu, futhi ngezinye izikhathi imihlatshelo, ilungelo lalitholwa ukuthola imfihlo yalesi sihlahla, esasifihlela ukukhululeka ezifweni eziwohlozayo nezivame ukubulala. Akumangalisi ukuthi amagxolo esihlahla se-cinchona ayesifanele ngempela isisindo sawo ngegolide. Isisindo esikalini esithaka kakhulu sokhemisi, ngokunakekela okukhulu, ukuze ungachitheli ngengozi, ungalahli ngisho nepinki. Bathathe umuthi ngemithamo emikhulu. Ngesikhathi sokulashwa, kwakudingeka ukugwinya cishe ngama-gramu ayi-120 e-powder noma ukuphuza izingilazi eziningana ze-hinna tincture ebabazekayo. Inqubo enjalo kwesinye isikhathi ibingaqondakali esigulini.
Kepha ezweni elikude nezwe lesihlahla se-cinchona, eRussia, ukutholakala kokulapha umalaleveva ngemithamo emincane kodwa esebenza ngempumelelo ebingenakho ukungcola kwezinto zangaphandle ezingadingeki ekwelapheni kwatholakala. Ngisho nangaphansi kukaPeter I, baqala ukuyiphatha nge-quinine bark ezweni lethu, kwathi ngonyaka we-1816, usosayensi waseRussia, uF. I. Giza, okokuqala emhlabeni, wakhetha isisekelo sokwelapha ku-cortex - alkaloid quinine. Kwatholakala nokuthi ku-cortex, sinamoni, ngaphezu kwe-quinine, iqukethe ezinye ama-alkaloids. Iziguli manje zithatha amagremu ambalwa we-quinine emithamo emincane ye-white powder noma emathebulethini akhuhluwe. Ukucubungula amagxolo e-quinine ngokwendlela entsha yokupheka, kudalwe amafekthri ezemithi.
Ngaleso sikhathi, ukuvuna amagxolo emahlathini asezindaweni ezishisayo aseNingizimu Melika kwakungeyona inkambo elula futhi eyingozi. Cishe njalo ngonyaka, ukuthengwa kwezimpahla kunciphile, futhi amanani entengo ye-quinine akhuphuka ngokuqinile. Kwakunesidingo esiphuthumayo sokutshala usinamoni emasimini, njengoba kwenziwa nge-hevea yerabha.
Kepha kanjani ukuthola imbewu eyanele yesinamoni? Ngemuva kwakho konke, ohulumeni basePeru naseBolivia baqala ukusiza ukugcina imfihlo yamaNdiya, manje, nokho, ezinhlosweni zezentengiso, okwathi, ngobuhlungu bokufa, zakuvimbela ukuthunyelwa kwembewu nezitshalo ezincane ngaphandle kwamazwe abo.
Isihlahla saseQuchch, eCinchonaNgalesi sikhathi, kwaziwa ukuthi izinhlobo ezahlukene zezihlahla ze-quinine ziqukethe amanani ahlukile e-quinine. Okuyigugu kakhulu ekugcineni kwaba yiKalisai cinchona (isihlahla sangempela samaHindu), esivame kakhulu eBolivia.
Owokuqala wabaseYurophu wakhuphuka wajula emahlathini emvula alelizwe ngo-1840, i-French botanist Weddel. Wajabula lapho ebona umuthi ongaqondakali onesibhakela esinamandla negxolo elihle elihle. Amaqabunga aluhlaza okomnyama ohlangothini olungaphezulu nesiliva eliphaphathekile emuva, acwebezelayo, acwebezelayo, kungathi amakhulukhulu amabhabhathane anemibala akhanyele amaphiko awo. Phakathi komqhele bekukhona izimbali ezinhle, njengamabhulashi obufana ne-lilac. Usosayensi onesibindi wakwazi ukukhipha iimbewu ezimbalwa zesinamoni. Ubathumele ezivandeni ze-botanical zase-Europe. Kodwa-ke, kwakudingeka imbewu eningi ukuze kwakhiwe amasimu wezimboni alesi sihlahla. Imizamo eminingi yenzelwe lokhu, kepha yonke yaphela ngehluleki.
Umphathi we-botanist ukwazile ukufeza impumelelo ethile, kepha kwamlahlekisela umsebenzi omkhulu. Iminyaka engaba ngu-30 wayehlala eNingizimu Melika, efunda isihlahla se-quinine futhi ehlose ukuhambisa imbewu yayo eYurophu. Iminyaka eyi-16, usosayensi wathumela ikhomishini enye nenye ilanda izihlahla eziyigugu futhi zivune imbewu yazo, kodwa amaNdiya abulala zonke izingelosi zakhe.
Ngo-1845, iMenenja yagcina inenhlanhla: ukuhlangana kwamletha kanye noManuel Mameni waseNdiya, owaba ngumsizi obalulekile. Kusukela ebuntwaneni, uMameni wayezazi kahle izindawo lapho kwakukhula khona izinhlobo ezingama-20 zesihlahla se-quinine, futhi wahlukanisa kalula noma yiziphi izinhlobo kude futhi wanquma ngokunembile inani le-quinine elisegangeni. Ukuzinikela kuMenenja wakhe bekungapheli, umNdiya uthathe noma yiziphi izingozi kuye. Iminyaka emingaki uchithe uMameni evuna amagxolo futhi eqoqa imbewu. Ekugcineni, lwafika usuku lapho, esehlanganise ibanga elingamakhilomitha angama-800, emithangeni eminyene, imithambeka yemifudlana ye-Andes nemifudlana yezintaba esheshayo, wayisa enkosini yayo lokho okuqoqiwe. Lolu kwakuwukuhamba kokugcina kwendoda enesibindi: lapho ebuyela ezindaweni azalelwa kuzo, wabanjwa futhi wagwetshwa intambo.
Isihlahla saseQuchch, eCinchonaUmsebenzi wamaqhawe kaMameni awuzange ube yize. Imbewu ayivunayo yahluma emhlabeni omusha. Ngokushesha nje lapho amagatsha amakhulu esihlahla se-cinchona, sabizwa ngokuthi yiCinchon Legeriana, agcotshwa amafutha. Maye, akusikhona okokuqala emlandweni lapho i-feat kuthiwa ayisiye owenze. UManuel Mameni washeshe wakhohlwa ngokuphelele, futhi lesi sihlahla, esambonga umhlaba omusha, saqhubeka nokusebenzela isintu.
Kumele kushiwo ukuthi iminyaka eminingi umalaleveva ubuyimfihlakalo emhlabeni wesayensi. Odokotela sebevele bazi kahle izindlela zokwelapha lesi sifo, bafunda ukubona izimpawu zalo, futhi i-pathogen yayingaziwa kubo. Kuze kube sekupheleni kwekhulu lethu leminyaka, imbangela yalesi sifo ibithathwa njengemashi komoya omubi, e-Italy "mala aria", lapho kwaqhamuka khona igama lalesi sifo, ngendlela. Kungaleso sikhathi kuphela lapho i-ejenti yangempela yalesi sifo yaziwa - i-malasmal plasmodium, lapho isungulwa (ngo-1891) ngusosayensi waseRussia uSolwazi D. L. Romanovsky ukuthi i-quinine, izimfihlo zesifo nemithi ekugcineni sezicatshangelwe ukuthi zembulwe.
Ngalesi sikhathi, izifundo zesihlahla se-cinchona, amasiko nezindlela zokuvunwa kwamagxolo zase kufundwe kahle, kwafundwa futhi kuchazwa izinhlobo ezintsha ezingama-40 ezibalulekile. Kuze kube muva nje, amaphesenti angaphezu kwangama-90 emvelo yokwelapha i-quinine yomhlaba atshalwe eJava. Kwabuthelwa khona amagxolo eChinos lapho, ngokuyisika okuvela emithini nasegatsheni elikhulu lezihlahla. Kwesinye isikhathi izihlahla ezineminyaka engama-6-8 ubudala zazigawulwa ngokuphelele, bese zihlangana futhi amahlumela avela ezimpondweni ezintsha.
Ngemuva kwe-Great Okthoba Socialist Revolution, ama-impiriya, njengoba kwaziwa, amemezele ukuvimba eSoviet Republic. Phakathi kwezimpahla ukungena ezweni lethu okungavunyelwe kuleyo minyaka kwakungu-quinine. Ukuntuleka kwemithi kubangele ukusabalala komalaleveva. Ososayensi baseSoviet baqala ngamandla ukufuna izindlela zokunqoba lo bhubhane. Sebenza ngokudonsa amachibi, ukhubaza amachibi nemifula ngenhloso yokubhubhisa izibungu zomiyane esidlulisa umalaleveva sekusabalele. Ezinye izindlela zokuthintela zaqala ukwenziwa njalo.
ICinchona barkAmakhemikhali bebelokhu ngenkani bebheka izidakamizwa zokwenziwa ezizongena esikhundleni se-herbal quinine. Lapho enza izidakamizwa ezithinta imishanguzo yasekhaya, ososayensi baseSoviet bathembela ekutholaka kukhemikhali omkhulu waseRussia u-A.M Butlerov, okwathi eminyakeni eyedlule wasungula ukuba khona kwe-quinoline nucleus molecule.
Ngo-1925, isidakamizwa sokuqala sama-antimalarial, i-plasmoquinine, satholakala ezweni lethu. Ngemuva kwalokho kwahlanganiswa i-plasmocide, eyayinempahla ebaluleke kakhulu: isiguli eselashwa ngalo muthi sayeka ukuba yingozi kwabanye futhi sangabe sisakwazi ukudlulisela ukutheleleka kubo ngomiyane womalaleveva.
Kamuva, ososayensi bethu bakha umuthi wokwenziwa onamandla kakhulu - i-Akrikhin, ecishe yasindisa izwe ngokuphelele esidingweni se-quinine esibizayo. Akagcinanga ngokuvumela i-quinine, kodwa waba nezinzuzo ezithile phezu kwakhe. Izindlela ezinokwethenjelwa zokulawula umalaleveva wezindawo ezishisayo zahlanganiswa - uhhafu wemigqomo nezidakamizwa ezisebenza ngokumelana nomalaleveva ojwayelekile - i-choroidrin ne-choricide.
Umalaleveva ezweni lethu wahlulwa. Kepha konke lokhu kwenzeka ngokuhamba kwesikhathi. Eminyakeni yokuqala yamandla eSoviet, ithemba eliyinhloko kwakuyi-quinine yemvelo, futhi ama-botanists aseSoviet anquma ngokuqinile ukuhlalisa isinamoni endaweni yethu esezansi. Kepha kuphi futhi kanjani ukuthola imbewu yesinamoni? Ungawenza kanjani umuthi wesinamoni uvinjelwe yizindawo ezishisayo ukhula ezindaweni zethu eziphansi kangaka? Ungakufeza kanjani ukuthi kunikeza i-quinine hhayi ngemuva kwamashumi eminyaka lapho amagxolo okuphulukisa akhula, kodwa ngokushesha okukhulu?
Isixazululo senkinga yokuqala sasihlanganiswa yinkimbinkimbi yokuthi izinkampani ezenza inzuzo ekukhiqizeni i-quinine zazisa ukuvinjelwa okuqinile kokuthunyelwa kwezimbewu zesinamoni. Ngaphezu kwalokho, ngemuva kwakho konke, kwakungeyona yonke imbewu edingekayo, kodwa izinhlobo ezingabandisi kakhulu ezibandayo.
Isazi uNikolai Ivanovich Vavilov uphakamise ukuthi kungenzeka ukuthi batholakala ePeru. Ukuqhakaza kososayensi abanethalente kunesizathu esihle kulokhu: kwakusePeru lapho akuthola khona lokho ayekufuna.
Isihlahla saseQuchch, eCinchonaIsakhiwo sasitholakala emthambekeni ophakeme weSpurs of the South American Andes. Ezimweni ezinjalo ezipholile, uVavilov wayengakahlangani nesihlahla samaHindu. Futhi yize ayazi ukuthi le nhlobo ayivelwanga ngokuqukethwe okuphezulu kwe-quinine (ibanzi-cinchona ebanzi), inkolelo yokuthi yilesi sihlahla esingaba ukhokho wokutshala isinamoni ezindaweni zethu ezingaphansi kwendawo sikhula ngamandla njalo ngehora.
Usafuna imvume kwiziphathimandla zasendaweni yamakoloni ukuba ayohlola ukutshala izihlahla ze-cinch ePeru, uNikolai Ivanovich kaningi ezwe ezikhulwini ukuthi kunqatshelwe ukuthunyelwa kwembewu. Mhlawumbe ngabe usehambile nalolo hlathi engenalutho, ukube kuhlwe ngakusasa kusihlwa sokusuka kwakhe isivakashi besingeke sibheke egumbini - umNdiya osekhulile owayesebenza kulolo hlaka. Uxolisile ngokuvakasha okungalindele wathi uzele ukuletha lesi sifundiswa seSoviet isipho esilinganiselwe esivela kubasebenzi bezinhlaka ezazihleliwe. Ngaphezu kwe-herbarium yezitshalo ezithakazelisa kakhulu, amasampula amagxolo, izinkuni nezimbali zesihlahla se-cinchona, wahambisa uNikolai Ivanovich isikhwama esasinombhalo othi "umuthi wesinkwa" ogcwele ephepheni eliminyene. Ngokubona ukubukeka komfundi ofundayo, isivakashi sathi: "senze iphutha elincane kulo mbhalo: kufanele ifundwe njengomuthi wamaHindu. Kepha leli phutha elilelabo ... abesilisa."
Sekuvele eSukhumi, esephrinte iphakethe elithandekayo, usosayensi wabona imbewu yesinamoni ephilile, egcwele umzimba wonke ebanzi. Inothi elinamathiselwe lathi laqoqwa esihlahleni esaheha isifundiswa saseRussia.
Uchungechunge lokuhlola okwakukhona ekuqaleni lwaphumelela ukufezekisa ngokushesha ukuhluma kwembewu. Ngemuva kwalokho basebenzisa indlela ephumelela kakhudlwana yokusabalalisa isinamoni - ukusikwa okuluhlaza. Ucwaningo olunemininingwane yamakhemikhali luye lwabonisa ukuthi isinamoni ayiqukethe ama-quinine hhayi kuphela emagxolo, kodwa futhi nokhuni, futhi ngisho naseqabunga.
Kodwa-ke, akwenzekanga ukuthi aphoqelele isihlahla se-cinchona ukuthi sikhule ezindaweni ezingaphansi kwaso: konke okwakhula ngesikhathi sentwasahlobo kanye nehlobo kubanda ngokuphelele. Ukugoqa iziqu, noma ukudla okhethekile komanyolo, noma ukugcoba ngomhlabathi noma ijazi leqhwa elipholile akusizanga. Noma ukuwa kweqondo lokushisa ukuya ku-+4, +5 degrees kube nomphumela olimazayo ku-cichon.
Futhi-ke uN.I. Vavilov uhlongoza ukuguqula isihlahla esinenkani sibe isitshalo esinotshani, ukuze sikhule kuphela ngenkathi yehlobo. Manje njalo entwasahlobo emasimini e-Adzharia, imigqa eqondile yezihlahla zesinamoni yaphenduka yaba luhlaza. Lapho kufika ekwindla, izitshalo ezincane ezinamaqabunga amakhulu zafinyelela cishe kumitha ukuphakama. Ekwindla sekwephuzile, izitshalo ezinqothulayo zazitshalwa, njengommbila noma ubhekilanga ngesikhathi sokugcotshwa. Ngemuva kwalokho, kwathunyelwa imvuthuluka entsha enamahlamvu kasinamoni ukuze icutshungulwe, lapho bekhipha khona umuthi omusha waseSoviet wokulwa neMalariya - i-hinet, owawungaphambuki nhlobo kwe-quinine yaseNingizimu Melika noma yaseJavanese.
Kanjalo kwaxazululwa imfihlakalo yokugcina yesinamoni.
Izixhumanisi zezinto zokwakha:
- S. I. Ivchenko - Bhuka ngezihlahla
