Ngokudidekile, kukhona umlimi we-novice ezweni eliphambi kwengadi yakhe ayithandayo. Izolo nje, ukhukhamba, i-zucchini, utamatisi, u-anyanisi nezinye izilimo zemifino “kukhanye” kube nempilo ngaphansi kwelanga elithambile. Imvula efudumele ebilindelwe kudala yadlula ebusuku futhi nansi umphumela. Amaqabunga ezitshalo alahlekelwe yi-turgor, aba namabala. Ngakho-ke, ngeke kube khona ukhukhamba we-eco-friendly yasekhaya neminye imifino. Izitshalo zonakaliswa yi-powdery hlobo - isikhunta esiyingozi esiyingozi kunazo zonke.
Ukwehlulwa kwezitshalo kubangelwa isikhunta ezimbalwa eziphansi zomndeni we-peronospore, ezihlanganisa izitshalo eziphilayo. I-Powdery mildew ihlukaniswe ngamaqembu ama-2: i-Powdery yangempela nengamanga. Izindlela zokutheleleka kanye nokukhonjwa kwangaphandle kwalesi sifo kunezici ezihlukile. Lesi sihloko sizodingida ngokuningiliziwe izici Downy isikhutha nezindlela zokuvikela ukutheleleka.
Funda futhi impahla yethu: Izinyathelo zokulawula i-Powdery isikhutha.
I-Peronosporosis, noma i-Downy isikhutha esiqwini sekhukhamba. © Christian HummertIzindlela zokuthelela izitshalo nge-Downy isikhutha
Isidingo sokusakazeka kwethoyiythi yindawo enomswakama, ngakho-ke lesi sifo sivele ngokushesha kakhulu emva kwezulu nesimo sezulu esilandelayo esina. Emjikelezweni wokuphila wefungus, isigaba sokukhiqizwa kwesikhutha sikhona, sakha uhlobo olukhethekile lwespin. Babizwa ngokuthi ama-zoospores. Lawa amaseli ahlanganisiwe. Ngasohlangothini olungaphandle lwe-zoospore kukhona ama-2 flagella. Esimweni esinomswakama, sibonga i-flagella, ama-zoospores asheshe ahamba futhi angena ezingxenyeni zangaphakathi zesitshalo sosokhaya ngokusebenzisa i-stomata, imifantu namanxeba esiqwini esisha nasebhusha.
Imvelo yangaphakathi yesitshalo isikhutha etheleleke nge-Downy isikhutha ilungele impilo yama-zoospores akha isitho sokusanhlamvu - i-mycelium noma i-mycelium. I-mycelium ikhula ngejubane elikhulu futhi isivele ngosuku 2 - 3 usuku lwe-hyphae yayo igqoke yonke ingaphakathi lesitho esithintekile futhi ngokusebenzisa i-stomata, ukuqhekeka kwezicubu, amanxeba aqhamuka. Zisesimweni sesibhamu esimhlophe noma grey-violet kanti nomgcini ojabhile uyabona ngaphansi kwamaqabunga athintekile. Lesi yisigaba sokugcina sokukhula kwe-pathogen eyisibopho, lapho isitshalo singasakwazi ukwelapheka.
Amaqabunga athintekile, ekuqaleni aseluhlaza, a droop futhi akhwabile. Ngasohlangothini olungaphezulu, kuvela amabala aphuzi, asakazeka phezu kobuso bonke beshidi. Zingcolile, zithola umbala onsundu. Amaqabunga omile futhi aqhekeka abe yizicucu ezihlukile, ahlala ekwazi ukuthelela isitshalo esinempilo. I-mycelium ekhula ngokweqile ye-Downy isikhutha yenza izitho zokuzala, okuthi ngokusebenzisa ingilazi ekhulisa ngaphansi kwamaqabunga ibonakale njengamachashazi amnyama. Le yimizimba enezithelo lapho zitholakala khona ama-zoospores (zoospores), alungele ukubamba futhi anqobe umphathi omusha onempilo.
I-Powdery yamanga ithinta wonke amaqembu ezitshalo ezitshaliwe (imifino, izihlahla zezithelo, izihlahlana, izimbali zasendlini nezengadi). I-pathogen yakha izizukulwane ezingama-20 isitshalo ngasinye, sisabalalisa izigidi zama-zoospores. Ama-zoospores hibernate ngamaqabunga awile, izitho ezithintekile zezitshalo kanye nokuqala kokushisa (+ 11 ° C) ngomoya, izimvula, isifutho samanzi okunisela zithwalwa, zixazululwa ezitshalweni ezinempilo. Isimo sezulu esifudumele nesimanzi, isikhathi sokufakwa kwegciwane sincishiswa kakhulu. Izilonda ze-Epiphytotic zingamboza izindawo ezinkulu zezitshalo ngezinsuku ezi-2-7. Ngokuqala kwesimo sezulu esishisayo, esomile, lesi sifo siyaphela, kepha amagciwane asekhona, ngakho-ke (ngaphandle kokuyenga ngesiphetho samanga sokuthi lesi sifo sinyamalele), kubalulekile ukuqhubeka nokuvikela izitshalo emafutheni amasha ezilonda.
Ukusakazeka okubanzi kwe-Downy mildew kusizwa kakhulu izinambuzane ezinambuzane ezinjengama-aphid, ama-whiteflies nabanye. Baphethe ama-zoospores amabanga amade, bekhulisa indawo yokutheleleka. Ngaphezu kwalokho, ukubhebhetheka kwalesi sifo kungenzeka futhi ngembewu, okungenzeka kwenzeka ngesikhathi sokusakazeka kwe-powdery hlobo kusuka ku-Far East kuya esifundeni esiphakathi nesifudumele se-USSR ngeminyaka yama-80s edlule.
Downy isikhutha peas. © Hulumeni waseNtshonalanga AustraliaIzindlela Zokuvikela ze-Powdery Mildew
Imicimbi ye-Agrotechnical
Izindlela zokuvikela izitshalo kusuka ku-Downy isikhutha ziyakwazi ukuzivikela (izindlela zezolimo) nokusebenzayo (ukusetshenziswa kwezidakamizwa). Ukuvikelwa kwezitshalo kunoma yiziphi izifo, kubandakanya nezifo zesikhunta, kumele kuqale ngezindlela zokuthintela, isabelo sebhubesi esiwela kubuchwepheshe bezolimo bezilimo zasensimini. Lokhu kubaluleke kakhulu ngoba ekhaya, wonke umnikazi wekotishi lasehlobo noma indlu ihlangana ukuzama ukukhulisa imikhiqizo enobungoti bemvelo, okungukuthi, ngaphandle kokusebenzisa amakhemikhali.
Ukunakekelwa Kwenhlabathi Yomifino
Ukuhlanzwa okuphelele kwesiza kusuka kwizitshalo ezithintekile nokushiswa kwazo. Lokhu kuyadingeka, ngoba nge-composting, ukusebenza kwe-pathogen zoospores kuyagcinwa.
Ukumba minyaka yonke nokubulala magciwane inhlabathi eyenzelwe izitshalo zasengadini. Ukumba isiza kwenziwa ngokujula kwamasentimitha angama-25-30. Uma izitshalo zitheleleke kakhulu ngonyaka owedlule, kungakuhle ukuphinda ukumba lapho kwentwasahlobo bese ukhipha isibulala magciwane endaweni ngesisombululo esiyi-2-3% se-sulfate yethusi noma isixazululo esingu-1% se-potanganum permanganate elandelwa ukuqedwa okungaxhunyiwe ngo-5-10 cm. magciwane nge-sulfate yethusi. Akunabungozi kuma-pathogenic kuphela, kodwa futhi nokuzuzisa i-microflora. Ngokuhlanzeka komhlaba ngonyaka, kungcono ukusebenzisa amalungiselelo okuphilayo noma ezinye izindlela zokuthuthuka kwawo.
Kusukela kuhlu oluvunyelwe lwezidakamizwa zokuhlanza inhlabathi kusuka ku-powdery hlobo, ama-biofungicides angasetshenziswa: Fitosporin, Alirin-B, Gamair. Ukucubungula kuyimpoqo ngokuya ngezincomo ezihambisana nomuthi.
Downy isikhutha kummbila. © linda.francisImiphumela emihle evela ku-Downy isikhutha ikhonjiswe ukusetshenziswa kwesikhathi eside kokulungiswa kweBaikal EM-1, okusebenza futhi njengomanyolo futhi kuvimbela ukukhula kwamagciwane wezifo eziningi, kufaka phakathi i-Downy hlobo.
Kubalulekile ukubuka ukuzungeza kwesiko engadini kanye nokubuyisa amasiko endaweni yawo ngaphambili kuneminyaka engama-3-5. Ngokusetshenziswa kwesikhathi eside kwendawo ngesiko elifanayo, ukuqongelela ukutheleleka kwenzeka, okuthi kukhuphule kakhulu ukubanda kwezihlahla.
Ukunakekelwa kwezitshalo
Qiniseka ukuthi uhlwanyela imbewu futhi utshale izithombo zezitshalo zemifino ngesikhathi esifanele ngezinhlobonhlobo zezithelo noma nzalo. Imbewu kumele ihlanzwe ngaphambi kokuhlwanyelwa kusetshenziswa indlela eshisayo (imizuzu eyi-15 emazingeni okushisa angama-40 ° C) noma isisombululo se-potanganum permanganate. Cwilisa izimpande zezithombo amahora angama-2-3 kusisombululo se-trichodermin noma kwesinye isidakamizwa sokuhlanza.
Landela zonke izidingo ze-agrotechnical zokutshala nokutshala. Ukumelana nobuningi bokuhlwanyela nokutshala izitshalo engadini.
Ngesikhathi sokukhula, indawo engaphansi kwezitshalo kufanele igcinwe ihlanzekile kusuka kukhula. Ngigula nge-Downy hlobo, engagcineki lapho izilimo zasengadini uzisusa esizeni bese zishiswa.
Ukuvikelwa kwemifino kusuka ku-Downy isikhutha ngesikhathi sokukhula
Imifino (ukhukhamba, i-zucchini, amathanga, ubhontshisi, iklabishi, u-anyanisi, ugalikhi, upelepele nezinye) esigabeni sokuqhuma kweziningi, kanye nezithombo emasontweni amabili emva kokutshala ngenhloso yokuvimbela, kuyadingeka ukufafaza ngesixazululo seBordeaux engu-0.5-1% uketshezi.
Uma isiqalo siphuthelwa futhi kuba nokunqotshwa okukhulu kwezitshalo ezinama-Downy hlobo, khona-ke izilimo zemifino (ikakhulukazi ithanga) zingafafazwa ngesisombululo sesibabule ngezinga lamanzi angama-50-80 g / 10 wamanzi.
Kubaluleke kakhulu ukondla izitshalo ngomanyolo we-organic kanye namaminerali, ngokuya ngezincomo zesiko, okuzosiza ukukhulisa ukumelana nezifo ezahlukahlukene, kubandakanya nalokhu okukhohlayo.
Njengoba imifino isetshenziswa ikakhulukazi okusha phakathi nenkathi, kungcono ungasebenzisi amakhemikhali, kepha uzenzele umkhawulo kumalungiselelo emvelo, okuthi uma esetshenziswa kahle, angazilimazi izidalwa zabantu nezilwane.
Uma ihlobo lipholile futhi limanzi, lapho cishe njalo emavikini ama-2-3 izitshalo zezitshalo zemifino ziphathwa ngemikhiqizo elandelayo yezinto eziphilayo: I-Fitosporin-M, Gliokladin, Alirin, Gamair, Planriz.
Ngesimo sezulu esomile nesomile esishisayo, izitshalo ziphathwa kaningi, cishe isikhathi esingu-1 ngenyanga. Imithamo, izindlela kanye nesikhathi sokwaziswa kwezidakamizwa kukhonjisiwe kwiphakheji noma kwizincomo ezihambisana nalokhu.
I-Powdery mildew ku-basilica. © Lina Quesada-OcampoUkuvikelwa kwezihlahla zezithelo kanye nezihlahla ezivela ku-Downy isikhutha
Ngemuva kokuvuna, hlanza inhlabathi ngaphansi komqhele wezihlahla zezihlahla eziwile namaqabunga ezithelo. Ngemuva kokulungisa izinkuni nezihlahla ezingaphansi komhlaba, susa amagatsha asele nokunye udoti endaweni leyo bese uwashisa. Engadini, amagatsha ama-shtamb nama-skeletal kufanele abe mhlophe amahlandla amaningi ngonyaka ngenhlanganisela ye-lime esanda kufakwa, ubumba, i-sulphate yethusi kanye namalungiselelo we-fungicidal.
Ekwindla, ngemuva kokuba amaqabunga ewa ngokuphelele, imiqhele yezihlahla kufanele iphathwe ngesixazululo esingu-2-3% se-sulfate yethusi.
Entwasahlobo, ngaphambi kokuvuthwa kokuvuthwa (isigaba sokuvuvukala) se-prophylaxis, phatha ibha, umqhele wezihlahla nezihlahla zezihlahla ngesixazululo somanyolo wamaminerali. Kumqhele, ama-5% asetshenziswa, futhi kumhlabathi, isixazululo esingu-7% se-urea noma isisombululo se-10% se-ammonium nitrate, esingashintshwa nesisombululo esingu-15% se-ammonium sulfate. Bamba isiqu semithi ephathisiwe ngemuva kwezinsuku ezingama-3-4 cm cm.
Ngokuqothuka kwezinhlamvu ezinkulu (isigaba sekhonofeni eluhlaza), umqhele wezihlahla nezihlahla ufafazwa ngesisombululo esingu-1% soketshezi lweBordeaux. Ukwelashwa kuphindaphindwa ngaphambi nangemuva kokuqhakaza kwezimbali kanye nasekuqalekeni kwezithelo.
Abanye abahlali bezingadi-ehlobo basebenzisa amakhemikhali avikela izilimo zezithelo ekuthelelekeni ngezifo zokukhunta, kucatshangelwa izikhathi ezingama-1-2 ukwelashwa okwanele esikhathini sokuqala semifino ukuthi kwanele. Kepha uhlelo olunjalo lokusetshenziswa kwamakhemikhali aluqinisekisi ngokumelene nokutheleleka esikhathini esizayo ekuthuthukisweni kwezilimo futhi ngaphezu kwalokho, alunikeli isivuno esihlanzekile semvelo. Ngakho-ke, uma kunesidingo, ukuvikela okuthe xaxa kwezilimo zezithelo kusuka ekulimazelweni yizifo zokukhunta, kufaka phakathi i-Downy hlobo, kubalulekile ukushintshela ekusebenziseni imikhiqizo yezinto eziphilayo.
Ngaphambi kokuqhakaza (isigaba se-pink bud) futhi cishe ngaphambi kokuvunwa, izihlahla nezihlahla ziphathwa njalo emavikini ama-3 (esimweni sezulu esimanzi kaningi) ngemikhiqizo elandelayo yezinto eziphilayo: I-Fitosporin-M, iGamair, i-Integral, iMikosan, iGaupsin " I-Agate 25 "," Planriz ". Ngaphezu kwalokho, ama-planaris angacutshungulwa izilimo ngosuku ngaphambi kokuthatha izithelo. Lesi silinganiso sikhuthaza ukugcinwa okungcono kwemikhiqizo. Lapho sicubungula izitshalo, kudingeka ukuthi ushintsho lwezidakamizwa lungabi umlutha. Ukwelashwa okuhleliwe kwezitshalo ezinemikhiqizo yezinto eziphilayo ngokuya ngezincomo kuzosiza ukugcina isivuno esinempilo esinekhwalithi ephezulu futhi kuzoba isivikelo esihle ekulimaleni kwe-epiphytotic yi-powdery hlobo.
Ukuze unciphise inani lezindlela zokwelapha ngesikhathi sokukhula, ukufafaza ngamxube wethangi kungenziwa. Ukuze wenze lokhu, ngokwahlukana ngomuthi ngamunye, lungisa ikhambi elifanele, uhlole ukuhambisana, donsela esitsheni sinye, hlanganisa kahle bese ucubungula izihlahla. Ekuxubeni kwethangi, ungasebenzisa izidakamizwa ezingama-3-5 ezigulini ezahlukahlukene nasezinambuzaneni ngasikhathi sinye.
I-Downy hlobo, noma i-peronosporosis kuma-hops. © UVmAmakhambi e-Folk ngokulawulwa kwe-Downy hlobo
Izokhipha amathonsi e-downy of 10 we-iodine ka-5% ancibilikiswa 1 litre lobisi futhi ihlanganiswe namalitha ayi-9 amanzi. Ubisi kufanele lushiswe. Isixazululo sifafazwe ngezitshalo.
Izinkomishi ezi-2 zomlotha ziyabhulwa (njengetiye) ngamalitha ama-2-3 amanzi abilayo, ahlungiwe ngesicengezi se-gauze se-2-3. "Amacembe wetiyi" ahlanganiswe namalitha ayi-10 amanzi afafazwe ngezitshalo.
Ngokumelene ne-powdery hlobo, ukwelashwa kwezitshalo ngesixazululo esibuthakathaka se-potanganum permanganate kuyasebenza. Kwanele ukuncibilikisa i-1.0-1,5 g ye-potanganum permanganate ku-10 l wamanzi futhi ufafaze izitshalo.
Isusa ukutheleleka nge-powdery isikhutha esigabeni sokuqala sokufakwa kwe-husks of anyanisi. I-200-300 g ye-husk esevuthiwe ithululela u-10 l wamanzi, ulethe ku-thumba, shiya izinsuku eziyi-1-2 ukuze usebenzise futhi usebenzise isisombululo sokufafaza. Isixazululo kumele sihlungiwe.
Kuyaziwa ukuthi inani elikhulu le-microflora ezuzisayo lakha kumquba, obhubhisa i-pathogenic fungi mycelium. Ukulungiselela umuthi, ingxenye eyi-1 ye-mullein ihlanjululwa ngezingxenye ezi-3 zamanzi, ifakwa izinsuku ezingama-3-4, ihlungiwe ngokucophelela, amanzi afakwa kuze kufinyelele ku-7-8 l kuthi kusihlwa noma esimeni sezulu esinamaqabunga afafazwe emva kwezinsuku ezingama-7-9.
