Fir

I-genus Fir (Abies) ingeyomndeni wepayini. E-Russia, igama lesitshalo esinjalo livela egameni lesiGerman elithi "Fichte", elisho "i-spruce" ekuhumusheni. Ngaphansi kwezimo zemvelo, i-fir itholakala ezindaweni ezifudumele, ezisezindaweni ezishisayo nezishisayo eNyakatho Nenkabazwe, kanye naseMexico, Guatemala, El Salvador naseHonduras. Imvamisa, ifiris ikhetha ukukhula kumahlathi e-coniferous, kuyilapho isondelene nophayini, umsedari noma i-spruce. Futhi isihlahla esinjalo singatholakala kuxutshwe, futhi kwesinye isikhathi emahlathini aqatha. Uhlobo lolo luhlanganisa izinhlobo ezingama-50 zezitshalo ezahlukahlukene, phakathi kwazo kukhona izihlahla nezihlahla ezingamamitha, ukuphakama kwawo kungafinyelela kumamitha angama-80. Okwamanje, i-fir yokuhlobisa ithandwa kakhulu, ehlotshiswe ngezigcawu namapaki, kanye neziza zasengadini. Ngaphambi kokuqala ukutshala i-fir, kufanele ufunde ngamaphutha ayo, okuwukuthi: ukumelana nesithwathwa esiphansi, kanye nokubekezelela igesi, umusi nomoya owomile ngokweqile.

Izici ze-Fir

I-Fir isitshalo esihlala sikhona esithanda ukushisa futhi sibekezelela umthunzi. Uhlelo olunamandla lwezinduku lungena ezingxenyeni ezijulile zenhlabathi. Esihlahleni esincane, amagxolo abushelelezi futhi amancanyana; ngokuhamba kweminyaka, aqhekeka futhi abe mkhulu. Umqhele unesimo se-conical, futhi uqala ngokuqondile kusuka kusisekelo sesiqu, esihlukanisa fir kwamanye ama-conifers. Ukuhlelwa kwamagatsha kuyindilinga ngaphandle. Amahlamvu anezinaliti eziphelele, ezingenagqinsi ezihlikihla phansi zibe yi-petiole emfushane. Ebusika, kuma-conifers amaningi, izinaliti zipendwe ngombala obomvu ongcolile, kepha hhayi fir. Ngaphansi kwenalithi ngayinye kukhona imichilo emi-2 yombala omhlophe. Izinaliti ezisezimpondweni zokuzala zikhonjisiwe, kuyilapho emagatsheni ezitshalo enziwe izimbali abalwa kancane noma enezinhlaka eziqongweni. Ukubonakala kwezimbali zesilisa kufana namacici wesigaxa. Kulokhu, izimbali zabesifazane zinesimo se-cylindrical, ovoid noma cylindrical-ovoid. Ngokuqhathanisa namanye ama-conifers, ama-fir cones aqondiswa phezulu, futhi awubambeleli phansi. Ukwakhiwa kwezigaxa zabesifazane kufaka induku enesikali esimboze ihlala phezu kwayo, futhi ngaphakathi kuyo kukhona izikali zezithelo eziphethe i-ovules. Ukucoliswa kwalesi sitshalo kwenziwa umoya. Ngemuva kokukhula imbewu ezinhlangothini, izikali ziyaqina bese ziyawa. Kulokhu, kudedelwa imbewu enamaphiko, futhi kuphela izinduku kuphela ezisasele kwifir ngokwazo. Kungenzeka ukukhula fir endaweni efanayo iminyaka engama-300.

Ukutshala i-fir emhlabathini ovulekile

Isikhathi sokutshala

Lezi kuphela izithombo ezineminyaka engu-4 ubudala noma ngaphezulu ezitshalwe emhlabathini ovulekile. Ukufakwa kwamalambu kungenziwa ngo-Ephreli, kepha kungcono ukukwenza lokhu ezinsukwini zokugcina zika-Agasti noma ezokuqala - ngoSepthemba. Ukutshala i-fir kunconywa ngosuku lwamafu. Indawo efanele yokubamba kufanele ibekwe emthunzini noma emthunzini oyingxenye. Inhlabathi kufanele ibe evundile, enomswakama, ekhishwe kahle futhi ingcono uma ibambekile. Kuhle kakhulu uma kukhona ichibi ebangeni elincane ukusuka endaweni efakwa kuyo.

Ungatshala kanjani

Imbobo yokufakelwa kufanele ilungiswe isigamu senyanga ngaphambi kosuku lokwehla. Ubukhulu bawo obulungile ngamasentimitha angama-60x60x60, futhi inani lokugcina lizoncika ngqo kubukhulu bohlelo lwempande ye-seedling uqobo. Emgodini olungiselelwe, uthele amalitha amanzi angama-20-30. Ngemuva kokuba wonke uketshezi selungeniwe, phansi komgodi kufanele kugaywe engxenyeni yesigaxa sefosholo, bese kubekwa ungqimba lwezitini eziphukile noma imfucumfucu kuyo, ubukhulu bayo kufanele bube ngamasentimitha amahlanu kuya kwayisithupha. Ngemuva kwalokho, ingxenye ½ yomgodi imbozwe ngengxube yobumba, i-humus, i-peat nesihlabathi (2: 3: 1: 1), lapho kuzothululelwa amagremu ama-200 kuya kwangama-300 we-nitrophosphate kanye namakhilogremu ayi-10 of sawdust. Ngemuva kwamaviki ambalwa, inhlabathi esegodini kuzofanele ixazululwe, ngemuva kwalokho ungaqhubeka nokutshala ngqo isithombo. Uhlelo lwezimpande zalesi sitshalo lubekwa ukuze intamo yalo yezimpande igcwale nangaphezulu komhlaba. Kungcono ukufaka uhlelo lwezimpande emgodini wobumba. Ngemuva kokuba izimpande ziqonde, umgodi uzodinga ukugcwaliswa ngomxube womhlaba (ukwakheka kuchazwe ngenhla) futhi kuhlanganiswe kahle. Isitshalo esitshaliwe kumele siniselwe. Uma kwenzeka utshala i-fir alley, ibanga phakathi kwezithombo kufanele lisuke kumamitha amane kuya kwayi-5. Ngokutshala kweqembu, ibanga phakathi kwezitshalo kufanele lisuke kumamitha amathathu kuya kwayi-3,5 - kumaqembu ahlukene namamitha ayi-2,5 - kumaqembu aminyene.

Ukunakekelwa Kwe-Fir Engadini

Ngemuva kokunisela ngakunye, ukudambisa inhlabathi akudingeki ngaphezulu kwamasentimitha ayi-10,5, ngenkathi ukhula kumele lususwe. Ezihlahleni ezincane, kunconywa ukufafaza umbuthano osondelene nobubanzi besigamu semitha nge-mulch (sawdust, chips Chip noma peat). Ungqimba lwe-mulch kufanele luhluke kusuka kumasentimitha amahlanu kuya kwayi-8. Ngaso leso sikhathi, qiniseka ukuthi intamo yezimpande yesitshalo ayinayo imbobo yezithelo. I-fir etshaliwe izodinga ukondliwa kuphela emva kweminyaka engama-2-3, kumele yenziwe entwasahlobo, ingeze amagremu ayi-100 kuye kwangama-125 enqola yesiteshi saseKemira emhlabathini wesiyingi sesiqu. Izinhlobo kuphela zomswakama ezithanda umswakama ezidinga ukuthambisa. Isibonelo, ibhalsamu fir iyadingeka ukuniselwa izikhathi ezi-2 noma ezi-3 isizini yonke, kepha kuphela ngesikhathi sesomiso. Ukunisela okukodwa ngaphansi kwesihlahla ngasinye, udinga ukuthulula amabhakede ayi-1.5-2. Ezinye izinhlobo zemvelo azidingi kuniselwa, ngoba zisabela kabi ekungeneni kwamanzi, futhi zinemvula eyanele yemvelo.

Izihlahla

Ukuthena kwenziwa entwasahlobo ngaphambi kokuqala kokugeleza, futhi wonke amagatsha omile nalimele kumele asuswe. Futhi ngalesi sikhathi, uma kunesidingo, ungakwenza ukwakheka komqhele. Ukunquma usebenzisa izingulube zensimu. Kufanele kukhunjulwe ukuthi ngesikhathi sokukhumula izinwele esisodwa, isiqu singafinyezwa kungabi ngaphezu kuka-1/3. Njengomthetho, umqhele wesihlahla esinjalo ucocekile kakhulu, futhi awudingi ukwakheka.

Ukufakelwa

AmaConifers, uma eqhathaniswa nezinye izitshalo, ayakubekezelela ukufakelwa kahle futhi ngokushesha kumila izimpande endaweni entsha. Esimweni lapho isitshalo esisha sithathelwa indawo, kuyadingeka ukubhoboza inhlabathi isiyingi, kusuka esiqwini kusuka kumamitha angama-0.3 kuya kwangama-0.4, kusetshenziswa ifosholo elibukhali. Ngemuva kwalokho, ngefosholo efanayo, kuyadingeka ukusula umbuthano obonisiwe, uwuthele emhlabathini kuze kufike ekujuleni kwe-bayonet. I-Fir ikhishwa kanye nenhlama yomhlaba bese ihanjiswa ngesihlalo esinamasondo endaweni entsha yokubekwa, ngenkathi kufanele ibekwe ngokucophelela emgodini wokufika.

Uma i-fir isivele isikhulile, khona-ke ngaphambi kokuqhubeka nokufakelwa, iyalungiswa. Ukuze benze lokhu, banciphisa inhlabathi isiyingi ezinyangeni eziyi-12 ngaphambi kokufakelwa okuhlosiwe, kanti okungaphezulu kwecala lokuqala kufanele kubuyiselwe esiqwini. Ungakapheli unyaka, izimpande ezincane zizokhula esihlahleni ngaphakathi kwendilinga ebekiwe, ezizoyivumela ukuthi idlulise kalula ukufakelwa. Kufanele kubhekwe ngokushesha ukuthi umuntu oyedwa akakwazi ukubhekana nokudluliswa kwefir esekhulile, ngakho-ke thola umsizi kusengaphambili. Kubaluleke kakhulu ukungavumeli inhlama yobumba iwele ngesikhathi sokufakelwa.

Izinambuzane nezifo

Ukutshala nokukhula fir akuyona into enkulu. Lesi sitshalo sibuye simelane kakhulu nezifo nezinambuzane eziyingozi. Kodwa-ke, kwesinye isikhathi ingaqala ukuphenduka iphuzi, ngenxa yokuthi i-hermes (izinhlobo ze-aphid) zihlala kuyo. Ukuqeda izinambuzane ezinjalo sebenzisa i-Antio noma i-Rogor. Ekuqaleni kwentwasahlobo, izintokazi zezimfene zivuswa, futhi kungalesi sikhathi lapho lesi sitshalo kufanele siphathwe ngaso nesixazululo somunye walaba ma-ejenti, bese kuthathwa amagremu angama-20 omuthi ebhakedeni lamanzi. Futhi, le mishanguzo izosiza ukuqeda izinambuzane ezinjengotshani be-fir cone kanye ne-fir shoot moth.

Kwesinye isikhathi, kuphuzi izinaliti ziqala esihlahleni, kuthi kuvele imicamelo yokugqwala ezihlahleni. Lokhu kukhombisa ukuthi i-fir itheleleke ngesifo se-fungal esifana nokugqwala. Amagatsha athelelekile kudingeka asikwe futhi abhujiswe, kanye nezinaliti ezi-opal, khona-ke acubungula izindawo zokusika kusetshenziswa i-var var engadini. Umqhele kufanele futhi uphathwe futhi isixazululo seBordeaux liquid (2%) sisetshenziselwe lokhu. Hlola kahle indawo ikhula kuyo i-fir, uma ine-asterisk noma isiqu, khona-ke lezi zitshalo kumele zimbiwe bese zichithwa.

Ukuzala kabusha kwefir

Uma i-fir ihlangene nezinhlobo zezitshalo, lapho-ke isitshalo sayo kusetshenziswa indlela yokukhiqiza (imbewu), bese imbewu ivunwa ngokushesha nje lapho kuvuthwa izigaxa. Ukuze kusakazeke i-fir yokuhlobisa usebenzisa indlela yokusika.

Ukusakazeka kwama-cut cut wefir

Ubude bezokusika kufanele bube ngamasentimitha amahlanu kuya kwayi-8. Kufanele zisikwe kuphela ezihlahleni ezincane, kuyilapho zisebenzisa amahlumela wonyaka kuphela anelinye (hhayi amabili!) Ama-aplic aplic. Futhi, isibambo kufanele sithathwe ngesithende, ngoba lokhu kutuswa ukuba ungakusikhi, kepha ukusikhiphe ngokunyakaza okuvulekile, kuyilapho kuqhamuke ucezu lwamagxolo nezinkuni kusuka kudubulo oludala. Ukutholwa kwezithelo zokusika kwenziwa entwasahlobo, kukhethwa ekuseni enamafu kulokhu. Zidinga ukuthathwa ezingxenyeni eziphakathi zomqhele ohlangothini lwasenyakatho.

Ngaphambi kokutshala isiqu sokusulwa kwe-rooting, wonke ama-burrs kufanele asuswe ngokucophelela esithendeni. Bheka futhi ngokucophelela amagxolo, akufanele avele ngaphandle kwezinkuni. Ngenhloso ye-prophylactic, izifo zesikhunta zizodinga ukwelashwa kwe-cutways. Ukuze wenze lokhu, bacwiliswa amahora ama-6 kusisombululo se-2% se-baseazole noma i-Captan, futhi ungasebenzisa isisombululo esimnyama se-potasium manganese. Ngemuva kokusikwa okutshaliwe kungxube yomhlaba enomhlabathi we-humus, isihlabathi nomhlabathi onamaqabunga (1: 1: 1). Ukufakelwa embozwe nge cap, okufanele kube sobala. Ukusheshisa inqubo yokubhula kwezingcambu, kunconywa ukuthi kunikeze ukushisa kwenhlabathi ephansi, izinga lokushisa lakhona kufanele lidlule ekushiseni kwegumbi ngamadigri angama-2-3. Susa ukusika endaweni ekhanyiswe kahle, kuvikelwe elangeni eliqondile, kuyilapho kufanele kuthunyelwe nsuku zonke. Ukuze ubusika bube busikiwe, ukusikeka kufanele kudluliselwe engaphansi, kuthi entwasahlobo kukhishwe kumgwaqo. Ukhula lwenqubo yokusikwa okunjalo yinqubo ende. Ngakho-ke, ekuqaleni nje kukhona ukwanda kwe-callus, futhi kuphela ngonyaka wesibili izimpande zakheka.

Ukukhula kwefir kusuka ezinhlanyelweni

Ukuvuna imbewu yefir akuwona neze umsebenzi olula. Iqiniso ngukuthi emibonweni yabantu abadala izigaxa zokuvuthwa ziphezulu kakhulu, futhi ngisho nembewu enamaphiko avuthiwe ihlakazeka cishe ngokushesha. Ukuze ukhiphe imbewu, udinga ukukhetha isigaxa esingajwayelekile, esomile bese kuphela lapho imbewu ikhishwe. Imbewu enjalo idinga i-stratation, ngoba ngokushesha lokhu kuqoqwa zifakwa egumbini elingaphansi ngomswakama ophakeme noma eshalofini lesiqandisi. Ukuhlwanyela imbewu enhlabathini evulekile embhedeni olungiselelwe we-turf nesihlabathi kwenziwa ngo-Ephreli, kuyilapho zidinga ukungcwatshwa emhlabathini amasentimitha ambalwa nje. Izilimo azinkcenkceshelwa, kepha zimbozwe ngokushesha ngefilimu esobala, kulokhu i-crust ayakhi ngaphezu kwenhlabathi, futhi izithombo zizovela ngokushesha okukhulu. Izithombo zokuqala kufanele zivele ngemuva kwezinsuku ezingama-20-30. Kusukela kulesi sikhathi kubalulekile ukuqala ukuthambisa, ukhula nokukhulula umhlabathi. Ukuze izithombo zisinde ubusika bokuqala, kufanele zimbozwe ngamagatsha e-spruce. Ngonyaka olandelayo, ungaqala ngokudlulisa izithombo ezisencane endaweni engapheli. Isithombo esitholakala embewu ekuqaleni sehluka ngokukhula okuhamba kancane, ngoba ekuqaleni kukhona ukunwetshwa kohlelo lwezimpande. Ngakho-ke, ifiridi eneminyaka emine ukuphakama ingafinyelela kumamitha ayi-0.3 kuya kwangama-0.4. Kodwa-ke, izitshalo ezindala zikhula ngokushesha okukhulu.

I-fir yasebusika

Ukulungiselela ubusika

Lezo zinhlavu ezelulekwa ngabachwepheshe ekutshaleni emzileni ophakathi ziphawulwa ngokumelana nesithwathwa okuphezulu. Kepha izinhlobonhlobo ezisencane zisadinga ukumbozwa ngamagatsha e-spruce, kanti ingaphezulu lombuthano wesiqu kufanele limbozwe ngesendlalelo se-mulch (amaqabunga omisiwe noma i-peat), ubukhulu bawo okufanele bube ukusuka kumasentimitha ayi-10 kuye kwayi-12.

Ubusika ezweni

Izindimbane zabantu abadala zingabekezelela ubusika ngaphandle kwendawo yokukhosela. Kepha ezinsukwini zokugcina zobusika kunconywa ukuthi ubavikele elangeni elisentwasahlobo elisebenza ngokweqile, ngoba lezi zitshalo zimbozwe ngezinto ezingezona ezilukiwe.

Izinhlobo nezinhlobonhlobo zefir ngezithombe namagama

Kukhona inani elikhulu kakhulu lezinhlobo nezinhlobonhlobo zefir, kodwa hhayi zonke zazo ezithandwa ngabalimi. Ngezansi kuzochazwa ngalezo ezidingwa kakhulu noma ezingaphansi kwesiko.

Ibhalsamu Fir (Abies balsamea)

Ngaphansi kwezimo zemvelo, i-fir enjalo ingahlangana e-United States naseCanada, ngenkathi indawo yayo enyakatho ilinganiselwe kwi-tundra. Ezindaweni ezinezintaba, isihlahla esinjalo singabonakala sikhula endaweni ephakeme ngamamitha ayi-1.5-2. Lesi sitshalo esithanda ukumelana nesithwathwa asiphili isikhathi eside, kuphela iminyaka engamakhulu amabili. Ukuphakama kwesitshalo esinjalo kungahluka kusuka kumamitha ayi-15 kuye kwangama-25, futhi isiqu saso ekuqineni sifinyelela kumamitha ayi-0,5-0.7. Izinduku ezincane zimbozwe ngokhuni olugrey-ash. Izihlahla ezindala zinamagxolo abomvu ansundu. Ama-buds aluhlaza okwesibhakabhaka agqamile anombala onsomi okhanyayo nomumo oyindilinga noma ovoid. Izinaliti eziluhlaza okotshani obumnyama zingafinyelela ngamasentimitha ayi-1,5, ubude, imigqa ye-membatal isebenza ebusweni bawo bonke. Izinaliti zingabuyiselwa kancane eziqongweni noma ezimfushane, ziyafa emva kweminyaka engama-4-7. Uma uzigaya, ungazizwa unephunga elimnandi. Ukuphakama kwezigaxa ezi-oval-cylindrical kungahlukahluka kusuka kumasentimitha amahlanu kuya kwayi-10, futhi ububanzi bawo ngamasentimitha ayi-2-2,5. Izigaxa ezingavuthiwe zipendwe ngombala onsomi omnyama, othi emva kokuvuthwa ungene esikhundleni sombala onsundu. Izigaxa ezivuthiwe ziyasolisa kakhulu. Lolu hlobo selilinyiwe kusukela ngo-1697. Le fir itshalwa ngendlela eyodwa noma isetshenziswe ekutshaleni amaqembu amancane. Amafomu athandwa kakhulu yilawa:

1. Hudson. Lesi sitshalo esimfushane sentaba sinamagatsha aminyene, umqhele obanzi neziqu eziningi ezimfishane. Izinaliti ezimfishane zibanzi futhi ziyisicaba, ingaphambili lazo liluhlaza-mnyama, kanti uhlangothi olungafanele luhlaza okotshani. Kwenziwe kusukela ngo-1810.
2. Nana. Ukuphakama kwesihlahla akudluli isigamu samamitha, ububanzi bomqhele osongoziwe buba amasentimitha ayi-250. Amagatsha asakazayo amancanyana atholakala ngokuqondile. Izinaliti ezimfushane ezinhle zipendiwe ngombala oluhlaza okotshani, kanti endaweni ephansi enombala ophuzi kunemizila emi-2 yombala omhlophe qwa. Itshaliwe kusukela ngo-1850. Lesi sitshalo sisebenza kahle ophahleni oluhlaba umxhwele, amathala nezingadi ezinamadwala.

Izinhlobo ezilandelayo zalesi zinhlobo nazo ziyatshalwa: i-silver grey, i-mosagated, imfushane, isiliva, ikholomu, futhi i-prostrate.

I-Korea Fir (Abies koreana)

Emvelweni, le nhlobo ingatholakala ezintabeni ezingxenyeni eseningizimu yeNhlonhlo yeKorea endaweni ephakeme ngamamitha ayinkulungwane. Lezi zinhlansi zakha amahlathi ahlanzekile futhi ahlanganisiwe. Amafutha amancane akhula kancane. Kodwa-ke, kumampunge amadala, izinga lokukhula liba ngokushesha ngokuhamba kweminyaka. Ekuphakameni, isihlahla esinjalo singafinyelela kumamitha ayi-15, kuyilapho ububanzi besiqu buhlukahluka kusuka kumamitha ayi-0,5 kuya kwayi-0.8. Ukwakheka komqhele kuyabonakala. Izinhlobo zethu ezimbozwe ngegxolo elibushelelezi ngombala we-ashen, kwezinye izikhathi zine-tint ebubende. Izinhlobo zakudala zinegxolo le-chestnut, lapho kukhona khona imifantu ejulile. Cishe ama-buds ayindilinga kuphela i-tarry encane. Izinaliti ezinhle kakhulu. Inalithi ngayinye ibunjiwe njenge-saber futhi ine-notch ekuphakameni kwayo. Ingaphezulu lenaliti linombala oluhlaza okomnyama, futhi phansi yisiliva (ngenxa yamabhande e-2 ububanzi ebanzi kakhulu).Ubude bezigaxa ze-cylindrical cishe ngamasentimitha angama-5-7, futhi ububanzi bungafinyelela amasentimitha amathathu. Izigaxa ezincane zinsomi. Lesi sitshalo silethwe emazweni aseYurophu kuphela ngo-1905. Lolu hlobo luhlobisa kakhulu ngenxa yezinaliti ezinemibala emibili, kanye nokumelana nobusika. Lo mbhalo uchaza ngokufika nokunakekelwa kwalolu hlobo lwefir. Izinhlobo:

1. I-Blue standard. Ihluka ezinhlotsheni zoqobo kuphela kumbala onsomi omnyama wama-cones.
2. IBrevifolia. Lokhu kuhlanganiswa kukhula ngokukhula kancane kancane nomqhele ominyene oyindilinga. Izinaliti azisiwugqinsi kangako uma ziqhathaniswa nezinhlobo zoqobo, ingaphezulu lazo lipendiwe ngombala oluhlaza obomvu, kanti elingezansi linombala onsundu. Umbala wama-cones amancane onsomi.
3. IPiccolo. Isihlahla esiphakeme singafinyelela kuphela kumamitha ayi-0.3. Ngokwesimo esidala, ububanzi bomsqhele ovundlile ongafinyelela kumasentimitha angama-50. Izinaliti ziyefana nezinhlobo eziphambili.

ICaucasian Fir, noma iNordmann Fir (Abies nordmanniana)

Lolu hlobo lubhekwa njengolwengwezi lweCaucasian, ngoba ngokwemvelo lungatholakala kuphela ezintabeni zaseCaucasus. Ekuphakameni, lesi sitshalo singafinyelela kumamitha angama-60, kanti isiqu sinobukhulu obungamasentimitha angama-200. Umqhele we-fluffy ongumgagasi ophansi unesimo esimfishane se-conical. I-apex yomqhele ibukhali, kepha ngezinhlobo ezivuthiwe kahle lokhu akukhulunyelwa kakhulu. Izihlahla zimbozwe ngokhuni olubushelelezi obukhazimulayo, nokho, ngemuva kokuba lesi sitshalo sineminyaka engama-80 ubudala, kufakwa imifantu ejulile kuso. Izinso ezimise okwamaqanda azinazo nhlobo i-resin. Izinaliti zingamasentimitha amane ubude nobude obungamasentimitha angama-0.25, ingaphezulu layo linguhlaza omnyama futhi phansi linemizila emi-2 yombala omhlophe. Kumahlumela obunjiwe wesigaxa, iziqongo zezinalithi zikhonjwe kancane, futhi nakumahlumela wemifino, kukhona i-notch eziqongweni. Ngobude, izigaxa zifinyelela amasentimitha angama-20, futhi ububanzi - amasentimitha ayi-5. Izigaxa ezisencane ziluhlaza, futhi izigaxa ezindala zingumbala onsundu omnyama. Lolu hlobo lukhula ngokushesha, futhi isitshalo esinjalo singaphila iminyaka engaba ngu-500. Izinhlobo zefashini yaseCaucasian: ukukhala, okombala wegolide, ogqamile, omile, osagolide namakhanda amhlophe.

I-Solid Fir (i-Abies concolor)

Ukufakelwa okunjalo phakathi kwabamele uhlobo lwefir kubhekwa njengendlovukazi. Ngaphansi kwezimo zemvelo, ingahlangana eningizimu-ntshonalanga ye-United States nasenyakatho neMexico. Lesi sihlahla sithanda ukukhula emigodini yemifula, nasezintabeni zemithambeka endaweni ephakeme ngamamitha ayi-2 kuye kwangama-3 ngaphezu kolwandle. Lolu hlobo lumelana kakhulu nesomiso, kanti umuthi onjalo ungaphila iminyaka engaba ngu-350. Ukuphakama kwawo kungahluka kusuka kumamitha angama-40 kuye kwangama-60, kuthi ukuqina kwesiqu kufinyelela amasentimitha angama-200. Umqhele owenziwe njengophakathi kwesihlahla esisha ubomvu kakhulu, kepha njengoba ukhula, uncipha kakhulu. Umbala wamagxolo ezintombini ezindala ungwephutha umlotha, kanti mubi kakhulu futhi uqhekekile. Izinso eziluhlaza okotshani obuluhlaza zinesimo esiyindilinga kanye nobubanzi obungu-50 mm. Ubude bezinaliti eziluhlaza-grey bungafinyelela amasentimitha ayi-7, futhi ububanzi bawo - bube ngamasentimitha angama-0.3. Ithiphu yezinaliti liyindilinga futhi alishintshiwe, kuyilapho imigqa ye-membatal isendaweni yazo ephezulu nangaphansi. Ijamo le-cones liyi-cylindrical-oval, ngobude bangafinyelela amasentimitha ayi-14, futhi ububanzi - amasentimitha ayi-5. Umbala wezigaxa ezingavuthiwe uluhlaza okotshani noma onsomi, futhi owamakhonsoni avuthiwe onsundu. Ikhiqizwe kusukela ngonyaka we-1831. Lesi sitshalo sibukeka sihle ngokumelene nesizinda sombala ophuzi ekwindla. Izimo zokuhlobisa ezidumile:

1. I-Compact Fir. I-Dwarf shrub growar, inamagatsha avulekile nezinaliti zombala oluhlaza okwesibhakabhaka. Kwezinye izimo, ibizwa ngokuthi yi-Compact Glauka.
2. Violacea. Ukuphakama kwesitshalo esikhula ngokushesha kangaka kungafinyelela kumamitha ayi-8. Umqhele obanzi unokwakheka okuhlanganayo, kanti izinaliti ezinde zidwetshwe ngombala omhlophe qwa. Le fir ihlobisa kakhulu, futhi iyamelana nesomiso.

I-feri yaseSiberia (i-Abies sibirica)

Ngaphansi kwezimo zemvelo, ungahlangana enyakatho-mpumalanga yeRussia, kanti lesi sihlahla sithanda ukukhula emifuleni, kanye nasezintabeni eziphakemeyo. Lolu hlobo luphawulelwa ukubekezelela ubusika kanye nokuzimela, futhi kungaphansi kokuvikelwa kombuso. I-fir yaseSiberia yizinhlobo ezidumile kunazo zonke ezifakiwe kulolu hlobo lobuzwe. Isitshalo singafinyelela ukuphakama okungamamitha angaphezu kwama-30, futhi umqhele waso omfishane unesimo esibonakalayo. Amagxolo agrey abushelelezi cishe kuwo wonke ubude, kepha aqhekeka phansi kakhulu. Izinaliti ezincane ezicwebezelayo zithambile kakhulu, futhi zifinyelela ubude obungu-30 mm. Ingaphezulu lawo liluhlaza okomnyama, futhi phansi kukhona imivimbo emi-2 yombala omhlophe. Izigaxa ezivuthiwe ziba nsundu. Izinhlobonhlobo zefir yaseSiberia: mhlophe, unomusa, luhlaza okwesibhakabhaka, motley, njll.

Akuzona kuphela izinhlobo ezichazwe ngenhla kuphela ezitshaliwe, kodwa futhi zifaka amafutha afana nalawa: i-subalpine, i-Fraser, enamaqabunga aphelele, alinganayo, uSemenova, uSakhalin, umyra, onomusa, uKefalla noma ongumGreek, omude, uVicha, omhlophe noma onesifo sezinso, omhlophe noma wase-Europe kanye nase-Arizona.

Izakhiwo ze-Fir

Isitshalo esinje njengefir sivele ngokuqinile phakathi kwabo bonke abanye (ngisho nama-conifers). Iqiniso ngukuthi ngokhuni lwalesi sihlahla akukho zinto ezi-resin, futhi lokhu kuyakuvumela ukuthi kusetshenziselwe ukwenza izinsimbi zomculo, nokwakha imikhumbi. Amagxolo e-fir asetshenziselwa ukwenza i-balm ebaluleke kakhulu, kanti uwoyela we-fir uyakhishwa ezinalwaneni nasegatsheni. Isilinganiso esenziwe ngamagxolo nezinaliti singakhulisa ukusebenza kahle, siqinise amasosha omzimba, siqede izinyo, futhi sinciphise i-acid esiswini.

I-resin yalesi sitshalo inomphumela we-antiseptic onamandla, ngakho-ke isetshenziselwa ukwelapha ukusikeka, izilonda, amanxeba nokuqunjelwa. AmaMelika Omdabu, kanye nabahlali bokuqala, bebelokhu belapha izifo ezahlukahlukene isikhathi eside nge-tar tar, ngokwesibonelo: ukukhwehlela, umdlavuza, abezindaba ze-otitis, i-scurvy, i-bronchitis, isifo sofuba, ukuqeda umphimbo obuhlungu, ukuqaqanjelwa kwamalunga, ukuvuvukala kwe-mucosa, ukutheleleka esithweni sangasese, ukuqaqanjelwa, ukuqaqanjelwa, kanye Ubuhlungu obuhlangene nomsipha bebusasuswa.

Imithi, efaka ukukhishwa kwe-fir cell juice, isetshenziswa ezinhlotsheni ezahlukahlukene zokuvuvukala, ukwehluleka kwenhliziyo okukhaliphile nokungapheli, i-rheumatism nezifo ezithathelanayo. Ijusi yeseli ye-Fir iyakwazi:

• thuthukisa ukwakheka kwegazi;
• qinisa ukungatheleleki;
• ukulwa nezinqubo zokuvuvukala (ezisetshenziselwa ukwelashwa kwezifo zamaphaphu);
• vimbela ukuthuthukiswa kwe-hypertension;
• hlela futhi uthuthukise kakhulu umsebenzi wezitho zomzimba;
• ukulungisa umsebenzi wokugaya ukudla okujwayelekile;
• ukwanelisa umzimba ngama-macro- nama-microelements abalahlekile, kanye namavithamini;
• vikela emisebeni;
• ukuba nomphumela we-sedative and antioxidant, kanye nokwandisa ukumelana komzimba kumathonya amabi emvelo.

Iphinde isetshenziswe ekuvinjelweni kwezifo zenhliziyo nezinsipha kanye ne-oncology.

Ungathenga ijusi le-fir ngesimo se-phytococktail, isilungele ngokuphelele ukusetshenziswa. Ungayithenga futhi nangendlela yayo yemvelo, kepha lolu hlobo lwejusi lungadakwa luhlanjululwe kuphela.

Amafutha amafutha abalulekile akhombisa imiphumela emihle kakhulu yize ezimweni lapho izidakamizwa ezahlukahlukene ze-chemotherapeutic zingenamandla ngokuphelele. Isibonelo, uwoyela onjalo usiza ukwehlisa ijubane, futhi kwezinye izimo, ubopha ukukhula kwamaseli womdlavuza. Amafutha angena ngqo egazini futhi aqoqana ekugxileni kwesifo, kuyilapho egcina ngokuphelele izici zayo zokuphulukisa, njengoba zidlula izitho zokugaya ukudla. Isakhi esisebenzayo sale nto yi-camphor. Amafutha e-Fir asetshenziswa kabanzi kwezokwelapha zendabuko, ngoba inemiphumela emelana ne-antibacterial, anti-inflammatory, sedative, bactericidal, analgesic, restorative and tonic. Kuyaziwa futhi e-cosmetology, isetshenziselwa ukuqeda: i-lichens, i-edema, i-sagging epermermis, induna, amathumba, imibimbi, ama-warts, njll.

Ngaphambi kokuthi uqale usebenzise izidakamizwa noma amakhambi abantu alungiselelwe ngesisekelo sefirishi, kufanele uzijwayeze neminye imithetho:

1. Kuyadingeka ukuthi isikhathi sokwelashwa senqabe iziphuzo eziqukethe ngisho nedosi elincane lotshwala.
2. Awukwazi ukuthatha imali enjalo phambi kokungabekezelelani komuntu ngamunye ozokundiza.
3. Awungeke usebenzise lezi zidakamizwa ukwelapha abantu abane-pathology yezinso, kanye neziguli ezinesifo sokuwa, nokuba nesilonda noma i-gastritis yesisu. Futhi kufanele zilahlwe ngokukhulelwa nokuncelisa, kanye nezingane.
4. Uma usebenzisa umkhiqizo ngokungalungile noma weqa umthamo, khona-ke lokhu kungaholela ekusabeleni. Uma amabala abomvu, ukulunywa nokuvuvukala kuvela esikhunjeni, umuthi kufanele ume ngokushesha.

Ukubheka ukuthi umkhiqizo uzodala ukungahambi kahle noma cha, udinga ukufaka amathonsi awu-10 kuya kwayi-15 alo muthi esikhunjeni sangemuva sesandla sakho bese usihlikihla ngokuphelele. Ungahlola umphumela ngemuva kwezinsuku ezingama-2-3. Kodwa noma ngabe ungahambisani nomkhiqizo wefir, vele, ngaphambi kokuwuthatha, kufanele uthintane nodokotela wakho mayelana nomthamo.