Isitshalo saminyaka yonke esinjalo se-herbaceous esinjenge-monarda (iMonarda) singesomndeni uLabiaceae (Lamiaceae). Lolu hlobo luhlanganisa izinhlobo ezingama-20. Indawo okwazalelwa kuyo isitshalo esinjalo yiNyakatho Melika, lapho ingahlangatshezwa kusuka eMexico kuya eCanada. Wabeka igama lalesi sitshalo u-K. Linnaeus ukuhlonipha uSpaniard Nicholas Monardes, owayengudokotela wezitshalo nodokotela, ngo-1574 washicilela incwadi echaza izitshalo zaseMelika. UMonardes wabiza lembali ngokuthi uCymban waseCanada noma isazi sezengqondo saseVerginsky. Emazweni aseYurophu, i-monarda yayilinywa njengesiko elibalulekile le-oyili, futhi ngekhulu le-19 lase selaziwa emhlabeni wonke njenge-bergamot, i-balm yamalamoni aseMelika noma ummbila welamula.
Izici zeMonarda
Isitshalo esinjalo sezimbali njenge-bergamot monarda siyinto yonyaka noma ehlala njalo. Amahlumela ahlanganisiwe noma aqondile ukuphakama angafinyelela kumasentimitha ayi-150. Amapuleti amaqabunga aqondile we-oblong-lanceolate ahlanganisiwe ngokuvamile anephunga elimnandi kakhulu. Izimbali ezincane ezinamaphawu amabili anephunga elimnandi zingaba nsomi, ziphuzi ngokukhanyayo, zimhlophe, zibomvu futhi zibe nezintambo. Bayingxenye yama-inflorescence aminyene wefomu lomjaho noma impophoma, efinyelela ububanzi obungamasentimitha ayi-6 kuya kwayi-7. Zivame ukubekwa empunzini enye ngaphezu kwenye. Izithelo zingamantongomane, kuyilapho imbewu ekuwo ihlala ikhula iye kufinyelela eminyakeni emi-3. Endaweni efanayo yokutshala isitshalo esinjalo kungaba yiminyaka emi-5 kuye kweli-7. Unezimbali ezihehayo kakhulu ezidonsela ukunaka, kanye nephunga elimnandi elihlukile. IMonarda ivame ukungezelelwa itiya, isetshenziswa njengesinongo, futhi futhi iyisitshalo esihle kakhulu soju.
Ukukhula kwe-monarda kusuka ezinhlanyelweni
Ukuhlwanyela
Ezifundeni eziseningizimu, ukuhlwanyelwa kwembewu yesitshalo esinjalo kwenziwa ngqo emhlabathini ovulekile ngosuku oluhle lwangoFebhuwari. Ezinyangeni ezimbalwa ezibandayo, imbewu izophinda ihlukane nemvelo. Amahlumela obungani kufanele avele ngo-Ephreli, azodinga ukuncishiswa ngaphandle. Uma kwenzeka isiza simboza iqhwa, kufanele sisuswe. Ngemuva kwalokho umhlabathi kufanele umbozwe ngefilimu ukuze ifudumale kahle. Ngemuva kokuba umhlabathi udedelwe, wenze inani elincane lesihlabathi kuyo. Ngemuva kwalokho, imbewu ihlanganiswa nesihlabathi (1: 4) futhi ihlwanyelwe. Phezu kwembewu, kudingeka futhi uthele ungqimba lwesihlabathi. Imbewu akufanele itshalwe emhlabathini hhayi ngaphezu kwama-25 mm. Ukuhlwanyela emhlabathini ovulekile kwesinye isikhathi kwenziwa ekwindla, ngemuva kokuba imbewu ivuniwe. Entwasahlobo, lapho kuvela izithombo, kuzodingeka ukuthi zizitshale kuphela. Ngemuva konyaka, i-monarda izokhula, ibe namandla futhi iqale ukuqhakaza. Amahlumela avela kancane kakhulu.
Izithombo
Kepha imvamisa imbali enjalo ikhula ngezithombo. Kuzithombo zezitshalo ezinjalo zazikulungele ukutshala kwentwasahlobo, kufanele itshalwe ngoJanuwari -Febhuwari, kuyilapho amabhokisi kufanele agcwaliswe ngenhlanganisela yenhlabathi yezilimo zemifino. Kuyadingeka ukujula imbewu ngo-20-25 mm. Isitsha sihlanzwa endaweni ebamba ukushisa, lapho izinga lokushisa lomoya lingafanele liwele ngaphansi kwama-degrees angama-20. Izithombo zokuqala zingabonakala ngemuva kwezinsuku ezingama-20, bese ziqala ukuntywila emva kwezinsuku ezingama-20, ngenkathi zisebenzisa uhlelo lwe-4x4 noma u-3x3.
Lard monarda emhlabathini ovulekile
Isikhathi sokufika emhlabeni
Ukutshala i-monard nokuyitshala engadini kulula kakhulu. Kuhle kuye ukuthi akhethe indawo enokhanyo kahle ozovikeleka emithambekeni yomoya, kodwa futhi ingatshalwa endaweni enemibala. Isitshalo asinazidingo ezikhethekile zenhlabathi, kepha inhlabathi ekhanyayo iyifanelekela ngokuphelele. Ngaphezu kwalokho, enhlabathini enomswakama acidic, ikhula futhi ikhule kabi. Ukufakelwa indawo kunconywa entwasahlobo, kodwa ukulungiselela leli sayithi kufanele kube ekwindla. Ukuze wenze lokhu, bambe futhi uyihlanze ngotshani bokhula, namakhilogremu ama-2-3 womquba, we-peat noma womquba, amagremu ama-40-50 we-superphosphate, amagremu angama-20-30 kasawoti we-potassium kanye nama-gramu angama-40 of lime afakwa kumitha elilodwa lesikwele. Entwasahlobo, ngaphambi kokuqala ukutshala i-monarda, amagremu ama-20-30 omanyolo we-nitrogen kumitha-skwele elilodwa kufanele afakwe emhlabathini.
Ungatshala kanjani
Ezinyangeni ezimbalwa ngemuva kokuvela kwezithombo, futhi zinezimbambo ezi-3 zamaqabunga angempela ngayinye, lesi sitshalo sizodinga ukufakelwa endaweni evulekile siyiswe endaweni engapheli, kanti ibanga phakathi kwezihlahla kufanele libe okungenani amamitha ayi-0.6. Izitshalo ezitshaliwe kumele ziniselwe kakhulu. Amafrimu amancane ngesikhathi sentwasahlobo (hhayi ngaphezu kwama-5 degrees) awesabisi ku-monarda. Ukuqhakaza kwe-monarda enjalo, njengomthetho, kungabonakala kuphela ngemuva kwezinyanga eziyi-12, kepha ezinye zezinhlobo ezithuthukisiwe kakhulu eziqhakaza kulo nyaka.
Ukunakekela i-monarda engadini
Le mbali kufanele iniselwe ngokwejwayelekile, kepha ngasikhathi sinye ngokulinganisa, ikakhulukazi ngezinsuku ezishisayo, uma kungenjalo ingozi yezitshalo ingenwa yimpuphu ye-powdery iyanda. Ngesikhathi sokushisa okukhulu kunconywa ukukunisela nsuku zonke. Uma isikhathi sasehlobo sishisa kakhulu futhi sinomile, khona-ke inhlabathi lapho ikhula khona i-monard, ochwepheshe beluleka ngokufafaza nge-mulch (peat noma humus). Kuyadingeka ukukhulula umhlaba esikhathini esithile kanye nokhula. Kufanele futhi ondle izitshalo ezinjalo nge-Agricola noma i-Kemira (granular) ngokuvama kwezikhathi ezi-2 ngenyanga ukusuka engxenyeni yesibili kaMeyi kuze kufike ezinsukwini zokuqala ekwindla. Futhi, i-monarda izothokoza uma ufaka umanyolo we-organic enhlabathini (isibonelo, i-mullein exutshwe namanzi ngesilinganiso esingu-1: 10). Entwasahlobo nasekwindla, kuyadingeka ukuthi i-prophylaxis iphathe isitshalo nge-sulfate yethusi noma neFundazole.
Ukuzalaniswa kweMonarda
Njengoba kushiwo ngenhla, izimbali ezinjalo zingatshalwa kusuka ezinhlanyelweni, kodwa kulokhu ngeke zikwazi ukugcina izici zokuhlukahluka. Kulokhu, inani elikhulu labalimi lithanda ukusabalalisa isilo ngokuhlukanisa isihlahla, okufanele sibe yiminyaka emithathu noma engu-4. Ukuhlukaniswa kwenziwa ngo-Ephreli, ngemuva kokuba umhlaba ufudumele kahle kakhulu, noma ezinsukwini zokuqala zekwindla. Isihlahla kumele sisuswe ngokucophelela emhlabathini, isistimu yezimpande ihlanzwa kahle ngaphansi kwamanzi agobhozayo futhi ihlukaniswe izingxenye ezilinganayo. Kuyadingeka ukwenza ukufezekiswa kwezindawo zokusika ngamalahle ochotshoziwe. Ngemuva kwalokho amasheya atshalwa endaweni ehlala njalo. Njengomthetho, abalimi benza ukufakelwa kokuhlukaniswa kaningi (cishe isikhathi esingu-1 eminyakeni emi-2 noma emi-3), iqiniso ngukuthi i-Delenes ikhula ngokushesha kakhulu kuya ku-100 cm ububanzi.
Futhi, ekusakazweni kwalesi sitshalo, kusetshenziswa indlela yokusika. Izimbambo zivunwa kusuka emahlumela aluhlaza ngaphambi kokuqhakaza kwezimbali, futhi ubude bazo bunghluka kusuka kumasentimitha ayi-8 kuya kwayi-10. Amapuleti amaqabunga avela ngezansi kufanele anqunywe, futhi lawo aqhamuka ngaphezulu kufanele ancishiswe ngo-1/3. Izindlela zokusika ukhula lwenhlanganisela yezitshalo kufanele zitshalwe ebhokisini eligcwele isihlabathi esimanzi somfula. Isitsha sizodinga ukumbozwa nge-agril futhi sisuswe endaweni emnyama. Isitshalo kufanele simile ngokuphelele ezinsukwini eziyi-15-20. Kusukela maphakathi nenkathi yehlobo, ungaqala ukudlulisa ukusika endaweni evulekile kuya endaweni ehlala njalo.
Izifo nezinambuzane
Le mbali imelana kakhulu nezifo nezinambuzane ezilimazayo, noma kunjalo, uma ihlala ihlupheka ngenxa yokuntuleka kwamanzi, khona-ke kukhona okungenzeka okukhulu kokutheleleka nge-powdery hlobo. Ukuvimbela lokhu, kuyadingeka ukunisela i-monarda njalo, futhi kungcono futhi ukugcwalisa le ndawo ngesendlalelo se-mulch, esingeke sivumele uketshezi oluvela emhlabathini luphume ngokushesha okungaka. Kwezinye izimo, lesi sitshalo siyagula ngokugqwala noma i-mosaic kagwayi, futhi sihehe nobunzima. Kodwa uma le mbali inamandla futhi ilungiswe kahle, khona-ke ayesabi noma yisiphi isifo. Ngaphezu kwalokho, izinambuzane eziyingozi azibekezeleli iphunga lalesi sitshalo, futhi ngisho nasezimpandeni kukhona uwoyela obalulekile, ophinda uxoshe izinambuzane.
Monarda ngemuva kwezimbali
Ukuqoqwa kwembewu
Ezinsukwini zokugcina zika-Agasti noma ezokuqala - Septhemba, imbewu esithelweni ivuthwe ngokugcwele. Uma kwenzeka ufuna ukuzizwa njengomfuyi wezitshalo, bese uqoqa imbewu uyihlwanyele ngokushesha enhlabathini evulekile noma ukhule izithombo, lapho entwasahlobo zingadluliselwa endaweni ehlala njalo. Uma kunesifiso, khona-ke ungahlwanyela imbewu hhayi ngokushesha, ngoba ukuhluma kwazo kugcinwa iminyaka emi-3. Indlela yokusabalalisa imbewu inhle kakhulu ezinhlotsheni zemvelo, kanti kuyanconywa ukuhlukahlukahluka okuhlukahlukene.
Ukulungiselela ubusika
Uma kwenzeka ungafuni ukuqoqa imbewu, izithelo ziyosala esihlahleni, bese izinyoni ezilambile zingazijabulisa ekwindla. Uma i-monrad yonyaka ibilinywe esizeni, khona-ke izinsalela zayo kufanele zisuswe kanye nenhlabathi elungiselelwe ukutshala esinye isivuno. Ama-perennials amelana kakhulu nesithwathwa (kuze kufike ku-25 degrees). Uma kulindeleke ubusika obunamaqhwa, kungcono kakhulu ukufaka izithombo endaweni ungqimba noma usimboze ngamagatsha e-spruce.
Izinhlobo nezinhlobonhlobo ze-monarda ezinezithombe namagama
Izinhlobo zonyaka ze-monarda
I-Monarda kalamula noma i-citrus (Monarda citriodora)
Le mbali emndenini ukuphela konyaka. Ekuphakameni, ingafinyelela amasentimitha ayi-15-95. Esihlahleni kukhona amapuleti amaqabunga e-lanceolate. Ukuqanjwa kwama-inflorescence kufaka kusuka kumakhaza angama-5 kuya kwayi-7 ngezimbali ezincane noma ezimibalabala eziluhlaza. Kumahlumela, amahlamvu nezimbali zesitshalo kungamafutha abalulekile, lawo ekwakhiweni kwawo afana neoyela lamafutha kalamula, i-basil neminti. Kulokhu, le nhlobo ayigcini nje ukuhlobisa ingadi yakho, kodwa futhi iyasiza ukwenza izitsha ukuthi zihle futhi zinambitheke ngokwengeziwe.
I-Monarda hybrid Lambada (Monarda lambada)
Lolu hlobo lwazalelwa eNetherlands. Ukuyakha, abafuyi bezinkomo beqa izinhlobo eziningana zeqembu leCitriodora. Amapuleti amaqabunga amasha anokunambitheka okuqinile kalamula.
I-Monarda punctata (iMonarda punctata)
Lolu hlobo lubizwa nangokuthi yi-Horse mint. Ikhulelwelwe imibala impela wokuhlobisa wombala we-salmon egcwele ezungeze i-inflorescence. Ukuphakama kwesihlahla kungafinyelela kumamitha ayi-0.8.
Izinhlobo zasendulo ze-monarda
I-Monarda kabili (iMonarda didyma)
Ngaphansi kwezimo zemvelo, ungahlangana esifundeni samaGreat Lakes. Ukuphakama kwesitshalo esinjalo se-herbaceous singafinyelela kumamitha ayi-0.8. I-rhizome eqhakazayo iqondile, amahlumela anamaqabunga e-tetrahedral aqondile. Amapuleti amaqabunga e-oval aphikisayo ane-pubescence, i-petiole emfushane, onqenqemeni oluhlanganisiwe kanye nokucijiswa e-apex. Anombala oluhlaza okotshani nobude obungamasentimitha ayi-12, kanye nesibalo sombala obomvu. Izimbali ezincane ze-lilac noma ze-violet ziyingxenye yama-inflorescence aminyene wokugcina wefomu lokugoba, lifinyelela ububanzi obungamasentimitha ayi-6. Amabhuloki amakhulu amise okomhluzi apende acishe afane nombala wezimbali. Kwenziwe kusukela ngo-1656.
I-Monarda duodenum, noma i-tubular (Monarda fistulosa)
Ngaphansi kwezimo zemvelo, ungahlangana emahlathini ezindaweni ezisempumalanga yeNyakatho Melika. Emazweni aseYurophu, le nhlobo iyatshalwa, njengomthetho, njengesitshalo sezinongo. I-perennial enjalo inamahlumela amaningi, ifinyelela ukuphakama kwamamitha angu-0.65-1.2. Amapuleti amaqabunga alula anemiphetho ye-serated ane-pubescence yezinwele ezondile. Izimbali ezincane ze-lilac ziqoqwa kumakhompiyutha angamanga azungeza ama-stipule abomvu akhanyayo; ayingxenye yama-inflorescence ama-spherical caplect inflorescence Ekhondeni ngalinye lama-inflorescence ama-5-9 atholakala, afinyelela ku-5 kuye ku-7 amasentimitha. Ikhiqizwe kusukela ngo-1637. Kunefomu eliqhamukayo lalolu hlobo lweVictoria, oluyilungelo labafuyi bezindawo baseRussia.
I-Monarda hybrid (iMonarda x hybrida)
Lolu hlobo luhlanganisa izinhlobo nezinhlobo ezazivinjelwa abafuyi baseMelika, amaJalimane nesiNgisi, ngenkathi besebenza basebenzisa i-duo monad ne-duo monad. Isihlahla singafinyelela ukuphakama kwemitha eyi-1, kanti izimbali zinombala ohluke kakhulu, ngokwesibonelo:
- I-purple kuanzisha: I-Blue stocking, i-Blaustrumpf;
- onsomi: Zinta-Zinta, Fisheye noPony;
- IMagenta: I-Prairie Glow, iLanga, neKhadinali;
- obomvu: ICambridge Scarlett, u-Adamu, uMahogeny, uPetit Delight, uBalance no-squaw;
- pinki: ICroftway Pink, iCreightley Pink neRose Queen;
- mhlophe: I-Snow White, i-Snow Maiden noSchneevithen;
- burgundy: Burgundy Moldova nase Prerienaht;
- I-Lavender: U-Elsiz Lavende.
Kukhona nePanorama enabantu abahlukahlukene, okubandakanya izilo ezinezimbali ezinemibala ehlukahlukene: mhlophe, pink, raspberry, onsomi, burgundy nobomvu.
Izakhiwo zeMonarda
Izici zokwelapha
Zonke izingxenye ze-monarda ziqukethe amavithamini B1, B2 no-C, uwoyela obalulekile nezinye izinto ezisebenza ngokusebenza. Ngakho-ke, isetshenziswa kabanzi komunye umuthi. Amafutha abalulekile atholakala kulesi sitshalo abaluleke kakhulu. Inezakhiwo ezinjenge: antibacterial, sedative, antioxidant, ukuzala kanye ne-antianemic. Uma uphuza i-oyili ohlelekile, khona-ke ungasusa ama-atherosselotic plaque ku-aorta, welaphe umkhuhlane, umkhuhlane kanye nokugula kwemisebe, futhi uthuthukise amasosha omzimba futhi uxhase umzimba ngemuva kokuthola amakhemikhali. Futhi, i-monarda isetshenziselwa i-cystitis, inyumoniya, imidiya ye-otitis, i-sinusitis kanye nokuphazamiseka kokugaya ukudla. Futhi kusetshenziselwa ubuhlungu ekhanda, izifo zesifo somlomo wesibeletho, isipikili kanye nesikhunta sonyawo. Imbali enjalo isetshenziswa futhi ku-cosmetology, yengezwa okhilimu kwesikhumba esivuthiwe, kanye nokunakekela inkinga nesikhumba esinamafutha.
Amahlamvu wesitshalo angafakwa kumasaladi, itiye kanye nesobho, futhi nendishi eseceleni ilungiselelwe izitsha zezinhlanzi noma zemifino.
Contraindication
Ochwepheshe abancomi ukusebenzisa iMonarda ukwelapha izingane ezingaphansi kweminyaka emihlanu, kanye nabesifazane abakhulelwe nangesikhathi sokuncelisa. Ngasikhathi sinye, ayikwazi ukusetshenziselwa ukuphatha ngomlomo kanye namalambu ephunga.
