Ama-Aspleniums angama-ferns angenasizotha futhi amahle kakhulu. Ngokwemvelo, esatshalaliswa emhlabeni wonke. E-Russia, kunezinhlobo ezingaba ngu-11. Ezindongeni ezifudumele, izinhlobo eziphansi ezinamaqabunga e-pinnate noma ama-forked kanye nama-rhizomes amafutshane aqhephukile noma ezinwabuzelayo zivame kakhulu; ezindaweni ezishisayo - ezinkulu, ezine-cirrus noma amaqabunga aphelele, ifana nemithombo eluhlaza, ifinyelela ku-2 m ubude.
Izinhlobo ze-asplenium (ama-ossicles) ezikhula endaweni efudumele emadwaleni nasezintabeni zamagquma ezinamadwala zizizwa zimnandi endaweni evulekile ekugcinweni kwezindonga, emagqumeni ase-alpine nasezivandeni ezinamadwala, emthunzini onomswakama owanele. Izinhlobo zezitshalo ezishisayo, okuzoxoxwa ngazo kamuva kulokhu okuqukethwe ziyizitshalo ezithandwayo zasendlini.
Asplenium, noma i-Kostenets, noma i-Asplenius (Asplenium) luhlobo lweferns lomndeni wakwaKostenets.
I-Asplenium nesting, noma i-Nesting ossicles (Asplenium nidus) (kwesobunxele) ne-Asplenium yasendulo, noma i-ossicles yasendulo (Asplenium antiquum) (kwesokudla). © uBarbaraIncazelo ye-Asplenium
Umusa I-Asplenium, noma i-Kostenets (Asplenium) ihlanganisa izinhlobo ezingama-500 zama-ferns omndeni wakwa-Asplenius (Bony). Lezi izitshalo ze-herbaceous zonyaka, ama-epiphytes asemhlabeni; i-rhizome iyakhamba, imfishane, iyabonakala, kwesinye isikhathi iqondile, isikali esithambile. Amaqabunga alula, aphelele ukuze ahluzeke ngokungafani nalutho, abushelelezi. ISporangia (izitho zokuzala) itholakala ngaphansi kwamaqabunga, emithanjeni yamahhala. I-Petiole iminyene.
Ama-Aspleniums ajwayelekile kuzo zonke izindawo zama-hemispheres asentshonalanga nasempumalanga, phakathi kwabameleli bohlobo kukhona izinhlobo ezinqabayo, kanye nokungahambelani nobusika obungaqinile.
Ngokwesiko, amelelwa izinhlobo ezibonakala zihluke kakhulu komunye nomunye. Ngokwesiko elingaphakathi endlini, izinhlobo zezitshalo ezishisayo ezihlala ziluhlaza zivame ukutshalwa.
Izinhlobo ezithandwayo ze-asplenium yangaphakathi
I-Asplenium South Asia (Asplenium australasicum)
Ezweni lasekhaya - i-Eastern Australia, Polynesia. Isitshalo se-Epiphytic esinamaqabunga amakhulu afinyelela ku-1.5 m ubude nama-20 cm ububanzi. Baqoqwe endaweni eminyene, endaweni emincane eyenziwe njengobumba. I-rhizome iqondile, iminyene, imbozwe esikalini nezimpande eziningi ezingaphansi ezingaphansi. Amaqabunga aphelele, ngesinye isikhathi asikwe ngokungafanele, ahlanze i-lanceolate, ngobubanzi obukhulu phakathi nendawo noma kancane ngaphezulu phakathi kwepuleti, esikhundleni salokho abukhali ngokuqinile abhekise ezansi kwisisekelo esincane kakhulu. Ama-Soruses (izitho ezithinta umgogodla) zilayini, zitholakala zingalingani nethambo eliphakathi leqabunga.
I-Asplenium yiNingizimu Asia, noma iKostenets South Asia (Asplenium australasicum). © Tony RoddIsidleke se-Asplenium (Asplenium nidus)
Homeland - amahlathi ashisayo aswakeme ase-Afrika, e-Asia nasePolynesia. Emvelweni, le fern ihola indlela yokuphila ye-epiphytic, iziqu kanye namagatsha ezinye izitshalo. Inobukhulu obukhulu futhi bunesikhumba esikhulu, sonke, sinamaqabunga e-xiphoid, afinyelela osayizi abakhulu. Bakha irosette eminyene ekuphethweni kwephisi. Ezikhondweni ezingathandeki, ezinamaqabunga aluhlaza, kudlula i-vein emnyama emnyama. Amaqabunga, kanye nethanga lokuqina kanye nezimpande ezicijile zakha uhlobo “lwendlala”, ngakho-ke kwesinye isikhathi kuthiwa yidleke yenyoni ye-fern. I-Asplenium nesting kulula ukuzalanisa ngaphakathi ezindlini. Ngokwesiko, akuyona into enkulu kangako, kepha ibukeka umxhwele kakhulu.
Isidleke se-Asplenium, noma iNostril napkin (Asplenium nidus). © Waqas AleemAsplenium skolopendrovy (Asplenium scolopendrium)
I-Asplenium skolopendrovy ifana kakhulu ne-asplenium nest-nest. Kwesinye isikhathi kutholakala njengokuthi skolopendrovy ipheshana (I-Phyllitis scolopendrium), bayibiza nangokuthi "ulimi lwenyoka." ENgilandi naseJalimane, lesi sitshalo sitholakala endle, kunezinhlobo zazo eziningi zohlobo lwe-hybrid. Amacembe afana ne-Belt aqala ukukhula abe phezulu, bese ekugcineni agobeka ku-arc. Emaphethelweni amaqabunga kukhona ama-wavy, ezinhlotsheni ze-crispum ne-undulatum - curly. Isitshalo silungele izingadi eziluhlaza okwesibhakabhaka namakamelo apholile.
I-Asplenium scolopendra, noma i-Kostenets scolopendra (Asplenium scolopendrium). © Leonora EnkingI-Asplenium bulbous (I-Asplenium bulbiferum)
Ezweni lasekhaya - New Zealand, Australia, India. I-Grassy i-fern deciduous. Amaqabunga aphindwe kathathu i-pinnate, i-oblong-triangular, i-30-60 cm ubude ne-20-30 cm ububanzi, okuluhlaza okukhanyayo, okulengiswe phezulu; I-Petiole iqonde, ifinyelela ku-30 cm ubude, imnyama. ISporangia itholakala ngaphansi komfula, owodwa ku-lobe ngayinye. Ngasohlangothini olungaphezulu lwamaqabunga, kwakhiwa ama-brood buds; zihluma kumila womama. I-Asplenium bulbous niroko esatshalaliswa emasikweni; ikhula kahle emakamelweni futhi inamagumbi afudumele afudumele.
I-Asplenium bulbous, noma i-Kostenets bulbousum (Asplenium bulbiferum). © uMariya PaulAsplenium viviparous (Asplenium viviparum)
Indawo okwazalelwa kuyo i-viviparous asplenium isiqhingi saseMadagascar, iMacarens. Isitshalo se-rosette esingaphansi komhlaba. Kushiya ama-petioles amafushane, aphindwe kabili futhi amane, ubude be-40-60 cm, ububanzi be-15-20 cm, i-arcuate. Izingxenye zincane kakhulu, ziqondile futhi zicishe ziyifilimu, ifinyelela ku-1 cm ubude, cishe 1 mm ububanzi. Ama-Soruses asemaphethelweni wezigaba. Ngasohlangothini olungaphezulu lwamaqabunga e-fern, ama-brood buds akhula esimila kumama wesithombo. Bawela emhlabathini, bathatha izimpande.
I-Asplenium viviparous, noma i-Kostenets viviparous (Asplenium viviparum)Izici zokunakekelwa kwe-asplenium yangaphakathi
Ukushisa: I-Asplenium ingeyama-ferns we-thermophilic, kufiseleka ukuthi ikholomu ye-thermometer icishe ibe ngu-20 ... 25 ° C, ebusika okungenani i-18 ° C. Ayikubekezeleli okusalungiswa
Isibani: Indawo ye-asplenium kufanele ikhanye kahle, kepha uma ishibilika ukukhanya kwelanga, ungakhanyisa i-penumbra, kepha hhayi indawo emnyama.
UkuniselaUkuchelela maningi kusuka entwasahlobo kuye ekwindla futhi ngokulinganisela ebusika. Esikhundleni sokuchelela okujwayelekile, kunconywa ngezikhathi ezithile ukucwilisa amabhodwe nesitshalo esitsheni samanzi. I-Asplenium ayibekezeleli amanzi anzima futhi e-chlorine; ukusebenzisa amanzi ekunikezelweni okushisa kwegumbi, osezinze amahora okungenani ayi-12.
Umanyolo: UFern wondliwa kanye ngenyanga ukusukela ngo-Ephreli kuya kuSepthemba ngesixazululo somanyolo esigaxekile (cishe isigamu somuthi wezitshalo ezifana nama-philodendrons noma ama-ficuses).
Umswakama womoya: Ama-Aspleniums adinga umoya omanzi, cishe ama-60%. Ngomoya owomile, amaqabunga esitshalo omile. Kungcono ukubeka kwiphallet ebanzi embozwe ngobumba noma nge-gravel eyandisiwe. Banisele umhlaba ebhodweni futhi bathela amanzi epanini. Uma ibhethri lokushisa eliphakathi liseduze, kufanele lihlale lifakwe ngethawula noma ishidi.
Ukufakelwa: Kuthunyelwe i-asplenium njalo ngonyaka noma unyaka kamuva. Akakubekezeleli ukutshala esitsheni esikhulu kakhulu. Inhlabathi kufanele ibe nokusabela okuncane. Inhlabathi isoluliwe - iqabunga eliyingxenye 1, izingxenye ezi-2 zo-peat, izingxenye eziyi-0.5 humus kanye nesihlabathi esiyingxenye. Ungasebenzisa ingxube yenhlabathi ethengiwe yama-orchid.
UkuzalaI-Asplenia, njengawo wonke amanye ama-ferns, isakazwa ngama-spores kanye nokuhlukaniswa kwesihlahla.
Isidleke se-Asplenium, noma uNostril ossicle (Asplenium nidus) (kwesobunxele). © ohippoUkukhula kwe-Asplenium Ekhaya
I-Aspleniums - ayithandi ukukhanya kwelanga okukhulu kakhulu. Ukukhanya kwelanga kubangela ukufiphala kwe-browning neqabunga - (wai). Zikhula kahle eduze kwamafasitela asenyakatho enyakatho.
Ngokukhula okuhle kwe-asplenium ehlobo, izinga lokushisa elilungile lingama-22 ° C; kumswakama ophansi, isitshalo asibekezeleli amazinga okushisa angaphezu kwama-25 ° C. Ebusika, izinga lokushisa elikhulu lingaphakathi kuka-15 ... 20 ° C, ukwehlisa izinga lokushisa ngaphansi kuka-10 ° C kungaholela ekufeni kwe-wai, kwesinye isikhathi kuze kufe isitshalo. Izitshalo azikubekezeleli okusalungiswa, umoya obandayo nothuli.
Ehlobo, i-asplenium iniselwa njalo, isigaxa sobumba akufanele some, lokhu kungaholela ekufeni kwe-wai, futhi ukugcotshwa kwamanzi nakho akumele kuvunyelwe. Kusezingeni eliphezulu amanzi ngokunisela isitshalo esitsheni esinamanzi; lapho nje ungqimba oluphezulu lukhanya ngomswakama, ibhodwe lisuswe, amanzi amaningi ngokweqile avunyelwe ukudonsa futhi abekwe endaweni engapheli. Ebusika, i-fern iniselwa kancane, kuya ngezidingo zesitshalo nomoya owomile. Ngokunisela sebenzisa amanzi athambile at lokushisa kwasekamelweni. Kumele kukhunjulwe ukuthi ukweqa ngokweqile, kanye nokugcwala ngokweqile kwethambo lobumba, kuyalimaza isitshalo.
I-Asplenium ithanda ukufafaza njalo, ehlobo emazingeni okushisa aphakeme (ngenhla kwama-22 ° C) umoya owomile ungaholela ekufeni kwe-wai, uma lokhu kwenzeka, kubanqume. Fafaza isitshalo njalo, futhi kungekudala kuzovela ama-vaiyas amasha. Faka ibhodwe le-fern esitsheni esikhudlwana esigcwaliswe nge-peat emanzi, noma kutrayini onamatshe amanzi. Ebusika, i-asplenium kufanele ifafazwe ngamanzi athambileko afudumele nsuku zonke; uma igumbi lipholile, ukufafaza kufanele kuncishiswe ukuvikela isikhunta.
Ehlobo, kanye ngenyanga, lapho unisela, nikeza i-asplenium ngomanyolo we-mineral kanye ne-organic fertilizer.
Kuphela amaqabunga owonakalisiwe noma amadala kakhulu afuna ukwenziwa. Uma isihlahla se-asplenium soma ngengozi, sinqume amaqabunga omisiwe, futhi okusele kufanele kuniselwe njalo futhi kufafazwe kabili ngosuku, kungekudala kuzovela amaqabunga amasha. Phakathi kokunye, ukufafaza nsuku zonke kwama-ferns kugcina isitshalo sihlanzekile. Musa ukusebenzisa noma yimaphi amalungiselelo ukunikeza isicwebezelisi amaqabunga.
I-Asplenium itshalwa entwasahlobo (uma isitshalo siminyene ngembiza), ngemuva kokuba isitshalo siqale ukukhula. Kwizitshalo ezincane ezinezimpande ezintekenteke, sebenzisa ingxube equkethe i-peat, iqabunga, inhlabathi ye-humus nesihlabathi (2: 2: 2: 1). Ama-fern amakhulu amakhulu atshalwe engxube ye-turf, iqabunga, i-peat, inhlabathi ye-humus nesihlabathi (2: 3: 3: 1: 1). Kufakwe amashadi amancane nezicucu zamalahle kule ngxube; i-sphagnum moss ehlanganisiwe nayo ingangezwa.
Ngesikhathi sokufakelwa, izimpande ezifile ziyasuswa, kepha eziphilayo azidalwanga futhi, uma kungenzeka, azonakaliswa, ngoba zikhula kancane kakhulu. Musa ukuchoboza umhlabathi kakhulu - ama-ferns athanda lapho inhlabathi ezimpandeni isikhululekile. Ngemuva kokufakelwa, lesi sitshalo siniselwa ngamanzi afudumele bese sifafazwa. Imbiza yokutshala kufanele ikhethwe kabanzi.
Isidleke se-Asplenium, noma iNostril napkin (Asplenium nidus). © uLinda RossUkuzala kabusha kwe-Asplenia
I-Asplenium isakazwa ngokwahlukaniswa kwethanga, isithombo sezinhlwathi neziqholo.
Ngokuhlukanisa isihlahla, i-asplenium ekhulisiwe isakazeka entwasahlobo, ngesikhathi sokufakelwa. Isihlahla sihlukaniswe ngokucophelela ngezandla, sinake inani lamaphuzu wokukhula. Uma kunephuzu elilodwa lokukhula noma bambalwa ngenani, khona-ke i-fern ngeke ihlukaniswe, lokhu kungaholela ekufeni. Izitshalo ezisencane ngemuva kokuhlukaniswa aziqali ukukhula ngokushesha.
Ezinhlotsheni ze-asplenium ze-viviparous, ama-tubercle meristematic avela emithanjeni, okwenza kube nezinso ezinwetshiwe. Isitshalo sendodakazi sikhula kusuka kwezinso ezinamaqabunga angahlafuneki kanye nama-petioles amafushane. Ukwehlukanisa nokuwa, kudlulela ekubeni khona okuzimele. Ungaphula imiqumbe yezinsana zefern kanye nezicucu ze-eyizinkulungwane bese uzifaka ezilinganiselweni. Ungasebenzisa futhi izitshalo ezincane ezivele zikhule ngokuzimela.
Ungazama ukukhulisa i-asplenium kusuka ezinhlamvwini ezenziwe endaweni engezansi yamaqabunga. Kuhlwanyelwa ekuqaleni kwentwasahlobo, okuhle kunakho konke enkulisa efudumele kusuka phansi, lapho kugcinwa khona izinga lokushisa lama-22 ° C.
Sika iqabunga le-fern bese usula izinhlamvu ephepheni. Thela enkulisa ungqimba lwamanzi kanye nenhlabathi yegciwane lokutshala imbewu. Nisela inhlabathi kahle bese usabalalisa izinhlamvu ngokulinganayo ngangokunokwenzeka. Mboza i-nursery ngengilazi bese uyibeka endaweni emnyama, efudumele. Nsuku zonke, susa kafushane ingilazi ukuze ungene umoya omncane, kepha ungavumeli umhlaba womile. I-nursery kufanele igcinwe ebumnyameni kuze kubonakale izitshalo (lokhu kuzokwenzeka ngemuva kwamasonto angama-4 ukuya ku-12). Bese uyidlulisela endaweni ekhanyayo bese ususa ingilazi. Lapho izitshalo zikhula, zimbambe, zishiya eziqine kakhulu ziqhelelane no-2,5 cm zisuka komunye. Izinsizakusebenza ezintsha ezikhula kahle ngemuva kokuncipha zingadluliselwa ezimbizeni ezinomhlabathi we-peaty - izitshalo ezi-2-3 ngayinye.
Izifo kanye nezinambuzane ze-asplenium
Ukuvela kwezifo ezivame kakhulu, ezifana nokubola okungwevu kanye ne-bacteriosis yamaqabunga, okuholela ekumeni kwawo, kungavinjelwa ngokukhawulelwa kokunisela kwama-ferns. Ukubonakala kwezindawo ezenzeka ngenxa yokwehlula i-phylosticta (Phillosticta) ne-tafina (Taphina) kungaqedwa ngama-fungicides asuselwa ku-cineb ne-maneb. Ukubona indawo yamaqabunga kungahlotshaniswa nokusetshenziswa okungafanele komanyolo (okwedlula umthamo odingekayo) noma ukwakheka kwenhlabathi okungafanele ngamafern: kumele kube ne-acidity ephansi.
Amabala ansundu angaba isibonakaliso sokubonakala kwe-nematode yamaqabunga - kulokhu, kungcono ukulahla lesi sitshalo - kunzima kakhulu ukulwa ne-nematode. Imiphetho yamaqabunga eyonakalisiwe ingakhombisa izimo ezingezinhle zemvelo (umoya owomile, ukuthambisa okungahambisani, njll.). Akunconywa ukufaka isicwebezelisi zamahlamvu!
